European Anti-Discrimination and the Politics of Citizenship

Transcription

1 European Anti-Discrimination and the Politics of Citizenship

2 European Anti-Discrimination and the Politics of Citizenship Britain and France Edited by Christophe Bertossi Senior Research Fellow Institut Fran(ais des Relations Intemationales (IFRI)

3 * Christophe Bertossi 2007 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Totten ham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published in 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN ISBN ( ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data European anti-discrimination and the politics of citizenship : Britain and France I edited by Christophe Bertossi. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Citizenship- Great Britain. 2. Citizenship- France. 3. Discrimination Government policy- Great Britain. 4. Discrimination- Government policy- France. 5. Multiculturalism - Great Britain. 6. Multiculturalism - France. I. Bertossi, Christophe. JN906.E d :

4 ToZ.

5 Contents Acknowledgments Notes on Contributors 1 Introduction Christophe Bertossi ix X 1 Part I From Citizenship to Discrimination: The Limits of Inclusion 2 Nation and Empire: Hierarchies of Citizenship in the New Global Order Stephen Castles 3 Cultures of Equality, Traditions of Belonging Anja Rudiger 4 Does Anti-Discrimination Require Recognition? Estelle Ferrarese 5 Social Citizenship, Ethnic Minorities, and the Welfare State John Rex Part II The EU Fight against Discrimination 6 Social Exclusion, Diversity, and the EU's Anti-Discrimination Agenda Carl-Ulrik Schierup 7 The Europeanization of Anti-Discrimination in Britain and France Andrew Geddes and Virginie Guiraudon 8 Religious Discrimination: Muslims Claiming Equality in the EU Valerie Amiraux vii

6 viii Contents Part III Discriminations in French and British Contexts 9 Societal Framework in Britain and France: Muslims in Prison 171 Jim Beckford and Daniele foly 10 Ethnicity, Islam, and Allegiances in the French Military 193 Christophe Bertossi 11 Refugees, Gender, and Citizenship in Britain and France 217 Klzurslzeed Wactia Postface 23 7 Etienne Balibar Index 243

7 Acknowledgments This book is the outcome of my stay at the Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations (CRER), University of Warwick (UK) between 2001 and It would never have existed without the constant encouragements of its Director, Professor Daniele Joly, and my colleagues and friends at CRER: Professor John Rex, Dr Khursheed Wadia, Edgar Hassan, Mike McLeod, Dr Bob Carter, Sam Hundal, and Caroline Oakman. Professor Catherine Wihtol de Wenden from the Centre d'etudes et de Recherches Internationales (Sciences Po in Paris) and Dr Khadija Mohsen-Finan from the French Institute of International Relations (IFRI) further supported me, and provided me with thoughtful and always useful comments. In this process, I crossed paths with many others with whom my initial propositions were discussed, reformulated, and clarified, notably Professor Hideki Tarumoto (Hokkaido University), Professor Mats Andren (Goteborg University), Professor Gunther Dietz (Grenada University), Professor Jean Bauberot (Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes), and Jean-Michel Belorgey (Conseil d'etat). As editor of the book, I am much indebted to all the contributors for their friendly willingness to participate in this project. I would also like to thank Rania Nader, Ziad Bou Akl, and Katharine Hoagland for helping with the final manuscript. Please forgive me if I have missed you out: I thank each and every one of you for conversations and assistance. Finally, when I began this project, I found in Remy Leveau's writings a vivid inspiration, although I had not met him. When I eventually had the chance to work with him at IFRI, this encounter became an even more illuminating experience. He finally left us all suddenly, but he left us with his inspiration. I hope this book will meet his expectations. ix

8 Notes on Contributors Valerie Amiraux is Senior Research Fellow at the French CNRS and affiliated with the CURAPP (University fo Amiens). She currently holds a Marie Curie Fellowship and is based at the Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Studies of the European University Institute in Florence (Italy). She is the author of many books, including (with Gerdien Jonker) Politics of Visiblity. Young Muslims in European Public Spaces (Bielefeld, Transcript Verlag, 2006). Etienne Balibar is curr{ ntly Emeritus Professor of Moral and Political Philosophy at Nanterre, and Distinguished Professor of Humanities at the University of California, Irvine. He has given courses and seminars in various countries, including Italy, the Netherlands, Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Germany, and the United States of America. He has published extensively, including Race, Nation, Class (1988) (with Immanuel Wallerstein), Les frontieres de Ia democratie (1992), Droit de cite. Culture et politique en democratie (1998), Nous, citoyens d'europe? Les frontieres, l'etat, le peuple (We, the People of Europe?) (2001). Forthcoming is Extreme Violence and the Problem of Civility (The Wellek Library Lectures 1996). jim Beckford FBA, Professor of Sociology at the University of Warwick, is author of Social Theory and Religion (2003) and of many other works on sociological aspects of controversial religion. Christophe Bertossi is Senior Research Fellow and head of the "Migrations, Identities, Citizenship" programme at the Institut fran~ais des relations internationales (Ifri) in Paris. He is Associate Research Fellow at the Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations at the University of Warwick, where he was a Marie Curie Research Fellow during He is also Research Associate at the Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California in San Diego. He has extensively published on migrations, citizenship, and multicultural societies in Europe. Stephen Castles is Professor of Migration and Refugee Studies at the International Migration Institute (IMI), University of Oxford. From 2002 to 2006, he was Director of the Refugee Studies Centre at Oxford University. He has carried out research on migration and multicultural X

9 Notes on Contributors xi societies in Europe, Australia, and Asia for many years, and is the author of many books. Estelle Ferrarese is currently Research Fellow at the CERSES (Center for Research of Meaning, Ethics and Society), CNRS- University of Paris V. She was a post-doctoral Research Fellow at the New School for Social Research in New York and an Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation Research Fellow at the Humboldt University in Berlin. Her main research interests concern theory of recognition, theories of democracy and citizenship, nineteenth- and twentieth-century German political thought, and feminist theories. Andrew Geddes is Professor of Politics at the University of Sheffield and author of many works on immigration, including Immigration and European Integration: Towards Fortress Europe? (2000) and The Politics of Migration and Immigration in Europe (2003). Virginie Guiraudon is Marie Curie Professor in Social and Political Sciences at the European University institute, Florence Italy, on leave from the National Center for Scientific Research in France (CNRS) where she holds a permanent research position. She is the author of Les politiques d'immigration en Europe (2000) and co-editor of Controlling a New Migration World (2001) and Immigration Policy in Europe: The Politics of Control (2006). Her current research focuses on the Europeanization of anti-discrimination and immigration policy. Daniele Joly is Director of the Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations and Professor at the University of Warwick. She has published extensively on ethnicity, Islam, and migrations with a particular focus on refugees, including Blacks and Britannity (2001), Haven or Hell: Asylum Policy and Refugees in Europe (1996), Britannia's Crescent: Making a Place for Muslims in British Society (1995). John Rex is Professor Emeritus at the University of Warwick. His long and distinguished career has included posts at the University of Leeds, Birmingham, Durham, Warwick, Aston, Toronto, Capetown, and New York. He has been a member of UNESCO International Experts Committee on Racism and Race Prejudice. He has extensively published, including Key Problems of Sociological Theory, Race Community and Conflict, Colonial Immigrants in a British City, Race Relations in Sociological Theory, Race and Ethnicity. Anja Rudiger is a research consultant specializing in equality, diversity, and migration issues. She set up and led the British Refugee Council's

10 xii Notes on Contributors research unit ( ), provided policy advice to the chairperson of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia ( ), and managed an international gender mainstreaming service ( ). Consultancies have included systematic reviews for the UK Home Office and the European Commission. Carl-Ulrik Schierup is Professor at The National Institute for Working Life (NIWL) and the University of Linkbping (Campus Norrkbping), Department of Ethnic Studies (Sweden). He is Director of the research area "Work, Migration and Citizenship" at NIWL and Director of CEUS (The Centre for Ethnic and Urban Studies), Norrkbping. He is the author of many books and articles in English and the Scandinavian languages. Khursheed Wadia is Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, at the University of Warwick. She has written extensively on gender, politics, and society and is author (with Gill Allwood) of Women and Politics in France: (Routledge, 2000) and of Refugee Women in Britain and France (Manchester University Press, forthcoming 2006).