Migra'on from the New EU Member States in CEE to the Vienna Urban Region: Migra'on Types and Implica'ons. Ursula Reeger. Maria Luzia Enengel

Transcription

1 Migra'on from the New EU Member States in CEE to the Vienna Urban Region: Migra'on Types and Implica'ons Ursula Reeger Maria Luzia Enengel Ursula Reeger Institut für Stadt- und Regionalforschung Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften

2 Outline of the presenta'on Details on the project Points of departure and research ques:on Types of migra:on CEE migrants and Hungarians in the Vienna urban region Analysis of implica:ons o Methodology of data gathering o Implica:ons in various domains - Labour market - Housing and neighbourhood consequences - Registra:on, social security and par:cipa:on - Language and educa:on Conclusion 2

3 Project details IMAGINATION Urban Implica:ons and Governance of CEE Migra'on in Europe è Accession countries of 2004 (CZ, EST, HU, LT, LVA, PL, SK, SLO) and 2007 (BG, RO) è 8 urban regions across Europe receiving CEE migrants Project consor'um - Netherlands: Erasmus University RoYerdam (lead partner) - Sweden: University of Gothenburg - Turkey: Koc- University and Özyeğin University - Austria: Ins:tute for Urban and Regional Research, ÖAW Dura'on 3 years, June 2013 May 2016 Funding JPI Urban Europe 3

4 Points of departure and research ques'on Migra:on from CEE to Western Europe has evolved into one of the most important migra'on flows in Europe EU- paradigm of freedom of movement è internal migra:on è not considered as a target of integra:on (like TCNs) è But: Social and other implica:ons are becoming increasingly manifest, varying according to different migra:on types Research ques'ons: 1. What types of migra'on from CEE can be discerned? 2. What implica'ons can be iden:fied for the urban regions? 3. What kind of governance approaches have emerged to cope with these implica:ons? 4

5 Migra'on types Typology star:ng out from two basic dimensions 1. Length of stay (short/long term) 2. Socio- economic status at the des'na'on (formal, informal, non- working) è Different migra:on types result in different implica:ons in the receiving urban regions For the migrants For the urban regions Addi:onal important factor most of all in the case of Hungary: spa'al proximity (e.g. daily commu:ng) 5

6 Migra'on types On the labour market (formal, informal) - Knowledge workers, skilled persons in skilled jobs - Entrepreneurs - Manual workers - Persons working in private households (care sector) Not on the labour market - Students - Non- working spouses/partners, children - Beggars, homeless persons 6

7 Hungarians in the Vienna urban region Share of persons born in Hungary in the total popula:on, 2013 Anteil der in CEE- 10 geborenen Bevölkerung an der Gesamtbevölkerung 2013 Hungarians registered in Austria 2013: abs., 34% in the Vienna urban region 2013 Urban region Core city In % CEE 168, , Hungary 21,782 16, Hungary in % Source: Popula:on Register, Sta:s:cs Austria. 7

8 Analysis of implica'ons Methodology Stakeholder- based, experts from different fields: Public sector Semi- public and private agencies NGOs 3- step approach Online survey è gathering relevant themes (n = 23) Expert interviews è gathering in- depth informa:on on the relevant themes (n = 9) Focus group è final reflexion of the results of stages 1 and 2 8

9 Analysis of implica'ons 8 broad domains where implica'on (may) occur: Labour market Housing Neighbourhood Registra:on Social security and welfare Societal and poli:cal par:cipa:on Language (learning) Educa:on 9

10 Labour market I Dequalifica'on - Open accepted as price for entering the labour market - Language barrier - Mismatch: LM s needs vs. migrants qualifica:ons - But also related to problems with è Nostrifica'on/recogni'on of qualifica'ons - Non- transparency, depending on migrants informa:on - Lack of informa:on, administra:ve burdens - Non- EU qualifica:ons Wage levels and remunera'on - Informal work arrangements, low wage branches 10

11 Labour market II Blurred lines between formal and informal employment - Mainly in service and cleaning sector - Persons involved remain socially under- secured Posi've and s'mula'ng effects for the economy *** Entrepreneurs - Pathway into the labour market during transi:onal provisions - Bogus self- employment versus very posi:ve effects - CEE migrants forced into self- employment, cheaper for the employer, risk of exploita:on Persons working in private households - Vulnerable posi:ons due to informal work arrangements 11

12 Housing and neighbourhood implica'ons Housing - Lack of affordable housing, strong compe::on - Weak chances on the housing market - Access to social housing takes :me (aper 2 years + wai:ng lists) - Lack of informa:on - Lack of emergency shelters Neighbourhood consequences - Posi:ve: cultural diversity, enrichment of society - Neutral: normality, non- visibility - Nega:ve: visibility of vulnerable TOMs, partly obtrusive behaviour 12

13 Registra'on and social security Registra'on - Challenge for both administra:on and migrants - Lack of knowledge on procedures, required documents - Residence cer:ficate as a financial challenge for poor migrants Social security - Strictly linked to (previous) employment, based on contribu:ons - Informal workers socially under- secured (sickness, invalidity, maternity, unemployment, old age, nursing care and social need) - Lack of informa:on, administra:ve challenge (transfer of benefits) - Poverty migrants: need special ayen:on, challenge for the health system 13

14 Societal and poli'cal par'cipa'on - Pronounced willingness to integrate in all domains (length of stay) - Enrichment of society (diversity, mul:lingualism) - Limited rights to poli:cal par:cipa:on (vo:ng rights) 14

15 Language - Prerequiste for integra:on in all domains - Asset mul:lingualism - Accessibility and costs of language courses problema:c - Need for more, low- priced, group/job- specific language courses - Lack of infrastructure in the rural surroundings - Problems with language (learning) for non- working partners, vulnerable TOMs 15

16 Educa'on CEE pupils Living in the Vienna urban region or Commuters ayending compulsory/voca:onal school Challenge for schools, leads to changing needs and focuses 1) young- aged children integrate very quickly 2) teenage pupils face more difficul:es due to a lack of language proficiency and assistance 16

17 Conclusion HU and AT: Long common (migra:on) history, common border - (Re- )emergence of migra:on is not surprising - Most CEE migrants integrate self- evidently - Informal migrants in more vulnerable posi:ons - Vulnerable groups (beggars, homeless) as a special challenge for ci:es Clear need for more awareness of - the importance of CEE migra:on and related implica:ons - the heterogeneity of migra:on from CEE 17