The advantages of a gendersensitive. youth unemployment

Transcription

1 DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES GENDER EQUALITY The advantages of a gendersensitive approach to tackle youth unemployment

2 Opening Welcome and opening remarks by the Chair Mikael Gustafsson Introduction by Vice-President Roberta Angelilli, rapporteur of the FEMM opinion on "Tackling youth unemployment: possible ways out The conditions of unemployed young men and women in Europe Manuela Samek, IRS, Italy Elisabeth Morin-Chartier, rapporteur of the FEMM report on "The impact of the economic crisis on gender equality and women s rights" Q+A session with Members

3 DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES GENDER EQUALITY The conditions of unemployed young men and women in Europe

4 Gender differences in the effects of the crisis Young men have been hit first and hardest by the crisis..but (young) women still present higher NEET rates in most countries and are likely to be more affected by the long term consequences of the crisis due to fiscal consolidation and welfare cuts.

5 Youth Unemployment and NEET rates, EU-27 average, by sex and age ( *) *First three quarters average Source: Eurostat, LFS

6 Wide country differences in NEET rates Share of young people (aged 15-24) not in employment, education of training (NEET rate), by country and sex, 2011 Source: Eurostat, LFS

7 Gender differences in NEET composition and reasons for not seeking work Young NEET women are more likely to be inactive (particularly the 25-29), while young NEET men unemployed Gender differences in the reasons for not seeking employment among young inactive NEETs: Family responsibilities for young women vs discouragement for young men.

8 NEET composition by status and age, (%) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Males EE UK PL IT FR AT DK ES FI LV NL DE SE SI IE SK RO LT PT BG CY GR HU BE CZ Unempoyed Inactive WW Inactive NWW 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Females IT PL FR AT ES DK EE LV UK SI PT SE NL DE GR FI IE RO CY SK LT BG BE HU CZ Unempoyed Inactive WW Inactive NWW 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Males LV ES GR EE IT IE AT SK HU FR PL PT CY SI DK RO DE LT CZ BG NL FI UK BE SE Unempoyed Inactive WW Inactive NWW 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Females ES SI LV PT DK GR IT PL LT AT FR CY EE BE IE RO SE NL HU DE BG UK SK FI CZ Unempoyed Inactive WW Inactive NWW Note: no data available for MT, LU; WW is wanting work, NWW is not wanting work. Source: calculations on Eurostat, EU LFS yearly micro data, average 2010/2011

9 NEET inactive rates by gender and presence of children, Males Females EU27 AT BE BG CY CZ DE EE ES FR GR HU IE IT LT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SI SK UK AT BE BG CY CZ DE EE ES FR GR HU IE IT LT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SI SK UK No children With children No children With children Note: no data available for DK, FI, SE; Source: calculations on Eurostat, EU LFS yearly micro data, average 2010/2011

10 Determinants of gender differences Gender segregation in education and training Care responsibilities Gender stereotypes and discrimination Labour market regulations and policies

11 Different criteria in the recruitment process (% of answer to question Q4a and Q4b) The fact that she/he has children 7% 49% Flexibility in terms of working hours General physical appearance, the look 12% 31% 35% 33% Level of qualifications Professional experience 22% 20% 38% 40% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Women Source: Eurobarometer, Women and gender inequalities in the context of the crisis, 2013 Men

12 Consequences of prolonged labour market difficulties The long term scarring effects of early labour market exclusion are particularly high for young women: Higher poverty risk and deterioration of in long term life chances Lower access to social protection Waste of qualified human resources and growth potential

13 Young people (18-24) at risk of poverty or social exclusion Source: Eurostat, EU-SILC

14 Young NEETs receiving welfare assistance by gender EU 27 BE DE FR LU AT DK FI SE GR ES IT CY PT CZ EE HU LT LV PL RO SI SK M F Source: IRS elaboration on yearly micro-data ELFS, average 2010/2011

15 Many thanks for your attention!

16 Presentation by Manuela Samek Lodovici IRS- Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale Policy Department C Responsible Administrator: Erika SCHULZE erika.schulze@europarl.europa.eu

17 Analysis of Gender-Sensitive Aspects of the Labour Market Relevant for the Employability of Young Men and Women Effects of educational attainments on employability: do young women have an advantage compared to young men? Agneta Stark, professor emerita, Sweden Katarina Nevedalova, shadow rapporteur of the FEMM opinion on "Tackling youth unemployment: possible ways out Q+A session with Members

18 DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES GENDER EQUALITY Effects of educational attainments on employability: do young women have an advantage compared to young men?

19 Early school leavers not finished upper secondary level

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22 Presentation by Agneta Stark Professor emerita, Sweden Policy Department C Responsible Administrator: Erika SCHULZE erika.schulze@europarl.europa.eu

23 Analysis of Gender-Sensitive Aspects of the Labour Market Relevant for the Employability of Young Men and Women (cont d) The effects of (future) care for children and other dependent family members on the employability of young men and women Daniel Molinuevo, Eurofound, Ireland Q + A session with Members How to be successful on the labour market: Gender differences in competition which emerge early in life Matthias Sutter, University of Innsbruck, Austria Q + A session with Members

24 DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES GENDER EQUALITY The effects of care for children and other dependent family members on the employability of young men and women

25 Overview Analysis of the data available from the 2011 European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), the 2013 European Labour Force Survey (LFS) and the 2011 Eurobarometer. Studies regarding the impact of childcare on the labour market decisions of women. Estimate of the returns of investing on childcare services in Austria.

26 Young carers of older relatives 11% of people aged take care of an older relative Most young full time carers are women, with part time care being more gender balanced. Young people caring for an older relative are more pessimistic about the possibility of finding a new job in six months time if laid off. 9%, 11% and 15% of the full-time, part-time and past experience of caring respectively have changed employers more than five times, compared to only 8% among those who never had to give care to an older relative.

27 Caring for children Involuntary inactivity: around 80% of young (18-29) parents who are inactive would like to work if they could freely choose their working hours. Involuntary part time: 18% of young parents would like to work more. Having childcare responsibilities doubles the likelihood of having work-life balance conflicts. Young parents working are more likely to feel that their job is insecure than people without childcare responsibilities.

28 Access to childcare services Over two thirds of young parents have used or would have liked to use childcare services: For 62%, cost was a factor that made it difficult to access childcare services, Availability of childcare facilities or places was an issue for 58% Physical access (e.g. distance) remained a barrier for 40%. Quality of care was less of an issue, mentioned by 27% of young parents.

29 Childcare and employment Careful with causality! The new discrimination : disincentives in tax and welfare reforms can have a particularly negative impact on mothers (Apps 2007). In those countries with already well developed systems of subsidised childcare, the focus should be on enabling flexible working conditions and parental leave schemes (Havnes and Mogstad 2011).

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33 Conclusions Care responsibilities for children and other dependent relatives are one of the main reasons for not being able to take up paid employment Cost is the main barrier to access childcare services, aggravated by the crisis. Policies helping young parents enter the labour market also need to take into account the aggregated effects that childcare fees, welfare and tax reforms have on the incentives to work for these families

34 Presentation by Daniel Molinuevo European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions Policy Department C Responsible Administrator: Erika SCHULZE erika.schulze@europarl.europa.eu

35 DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES GENDER EQUALITY Gender differences in the willingness to compete Origins and the effects of policy interventions

36 Motivation I In recent years, gender differences in the willingness to compete have attracted a lot of interest, mainly because they might contribute to a better understanding of gender differences in the labor market.

37 Motivation II If women are less willing to compete even if they have the same level of qualifications on average! then it could be explained why less women are promoted or get a wage increase (holding constant other possible explanations, like discrimination or qualification).

38 When does a gap emerge? We run experiments with 1,570 children and teenagers, aged 3 to 18 years. 3 different tasks Maths (2009, repeated 2011 with subset of subjects) Running ( ) Picking items from basket ( )

39 Task I Adding numbers (9-18 years old) Subjects have to add three two-digit numbers, all of them drawn randomly from the interval {10,, 99}. Subjects can decide whether they want to be paid according to a piece rate or in competition.

40 Task I Adding numbers (9-18 years old)

41 Results Performance in Part 1 (piece-rate)

42 Willigness to compete (Part 3)

43 Repetition of experiment two years later We often got the question whether what we measure is stable within subjects. Hence we went back to a 316 out of 717 teenagers who had participated in task I. 77% of teenagers make the same choice (on piece-rate vs. competition) two years later!

44 Willingness to compete

45 Task II Running a distance (3-8 year olds) Subjects have to run in their gym (30 meters). They have to choose whether to compete against another child (with double incentives) or run on their own.

46 Performance in Part 1 (running on your own)

47 Willingness to compete

48 Task III Picking items (3-8 year olds) Let children pick all items with a cylindric form from a basket with a plethora of different forms. One minute time to pick all respective items from as many baskets as possible. Again, choice between competition and piece-rate.

49 Task III Picking items (3-8 year olds)

50 Performance (correct baskets)

51 Entry into competition

52 Do policy interventions work? I Same task as task I (adding numbers). 360 university students.

53 Do policy interventions work? II Five different ways of determining two winners in competition (in group of six; 3 male and 3 female): 1. Control (CTR): The two winners are the two group members with the best performances 2. Repetition of the tournament (REP): Tournament is repeated once if both winners are male.

54 Do policy interventions work? III 3. Minimum quota (QUO): At least one woman among the two winners, i.e., best-performing woman always a winner 4. Preferential treatment 1 (PT1): All three women in a group receive one extra (bonus) point (tie-breaking rule) 5. Preferential treatment 2 (PT2): All three women in a group receive two extra (bonus) points

55 Entry into competition

56 Conclusion I Competition under time pressure is something that women dislike much more than men, starting in kindergarten age, even in tasks where women are better and expected to be better.

57 Conclusion II The gender gap consistently persists until the age of 18 years, and it is largely persistent within subjects. Affirmative action can help induce women (in particular the good performing ones) to compete.

58 Presentation by Matthias Sutter University of Innsbruck and University of Gothenburg Policy Department C Responsible Administrator: Erika SCHULZE erika.schulze@europarl.europa.eu

59 Conclusions Will the measures proposed in the youth employment package, in particular the youth guarantee, help young men and women equally to integrate into the labour market? Professor Antigone Lyberaki, OpCit Research, UK Lucie Davoine, European Commission Marije Cornelissen, shadow rapporteur of the FEMM opinion on "Tackling youth unemployment: possible ways out

60 DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES GENDER EQUALITY THE YOUTH EMPLOYMENT PACKAGE: EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE FOR BOTH YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN TO INTEGRATE INTO THE LABOUR MARKET?

61 Presentation by Professor Antigone Lyberaki OpCit Research, London Policy Department C Responsible Administrator: Erika SCHULZE erika.schulze@europarl.europa.eu

62 The problem at hand: strengthening the links of young people with society The impacts of the crisis on unemployment are heterogeneous and complex, intersecting with age, gender, sector and educational status. Strategies must be sensitive to these complexities. Policy tools work at macro economic level, as well as structural reforms to the supply of labour. Policy choices have profound implications for social structures. Thus, effective strategies must be qualitatively different for young men and women.

63 What can we see? Youth unemployment increases in all countries during the crisis. In high unemployment countries the rate of increase is higher (in absolute and percentage terms). No discernible gender pattern GR young women more by 17% Spain: balanced Ireland: men more

64 Stylised facts 1: Youth Unemployment, gender and the crisis: Unemployment rate (%) of persons aged 15 24, by gender, 2012q3 Males Females Total EU 27 GR ES PT SK IT IE LV HU LT CY PL BG FR RO BE UK SI SE CZ EE LU MT DK FI AT NL DE

65 Stylised facts 2: NEET rate (%) of persons 15 25, by gender2013) 25 NEET rate (%) of persons aged 15 24, by gender, 2011 Males Females Total EU 27 BG IT IE ES GR RO LV CY UK SK HU PT FR BE EE PL LT MT FI CZ DE SE SI AT DK LU NL

66 One obvious gender aspect in NEETs: young carers EU27, 2011 Inactive population (15-14) not in education etcmain reason for not seeking employment Own illness/disability Total Males Females Family/personal responsibilities caring No work available Other

67 Risk factors in becoming a NEET: disability (40% more likely) Immigration background (70% more likely than indigenous) Low education (3 times more likely) Also: living in remote areas, poor families, parents in unemployment Crisis adds 2 more risk factors: In countries exposed to extreme crisis In strong family countries

68 Are young women different? When examining the 2 possible responses to higher unemployment Discouraged worker effect, and Added worker effect. Women in general opt for the latter (and men for the former) BUT: this is not the case for the young. They tend to be mostly discouraged.

69 Lessons from research on gender, training and apprenticeships A growing number of employers wish to recruit non-traditional learners when faced with skills shortages Gender segregation in training reflects the situation in the labour market Women have lower status and wages due to gender-segregated training Female apprentices are engaged in lower level programs with shorter duration

70 How to improve gender equality in training and apprenticeships Reduce gender segregation Large employers with history in apprenticeships are closer to gender diversity Family member s engagement in atypical occupations is a strong predictor for taking up atypical apprenticeship Crisis may improve gender diversity in apprenticeships Improving gender mainstreaming in education is key

71 Recommendations YEP must coordinate with youth priorities and address gender dimensions Gender Impact Assessment at a high level is crucial when designing YEP Gender implications should be addressed when developing the Quality Framework for Traineeships Sharing good practice in breaking down social and structural barriers in gender-atypical apprenticeships Particular emphasis on the situation of young carers.

72 Conclusions (cont d) The advantages of an integrated and gendersensitive approach to youth unemployment Flavia Pesce, IRS, Italy Inês Zuber, shadow rapporteur of the FEMM opinion on "Tackling youth unemployment: possible ways out Q + A session with Members :30 Closure of the Workshop by the Chair

73 DOCUMENTATION The briefing notes are also available on the EP website:

74 European Parliament Policy Department C Citizens Rights & Constitutional Affairs Responsible Administrator: Erika SCHULZE poldep-citizens@europarl.europa.eu Committee on Women s Rights and Gender Equality (FEMM)