FORECASTING THE INTERNATIONAL TOURISM DEMAND FROM EAST ASIA TO JAPAN
|
|
- Candice Bryant
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 FORECASTING THE INTERNATIONAL TOURISM DEMAND FROM EAST ASIA TO JAPAN Naohisa OKAMOTO Associate Professor University of Tsukuba Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan Fax: Takeshi KURIHARA Graduate Student University of Tsukuba Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan Fax: Haruo ISHIDA Professor University of Tsukuba Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan Fax: Abstract: This paper suggests a method in forecasting international tourism demand. The forecasting model has two stages of estimation. First stage is the International Trip Generation. We explained this by using a logistic curve. Second, we proceed to find out the travel destination by using the aggregate logit model. Results for the forecast of tourists coming to Japan led to two main conclusions. 1) The number of tourists from every Asian country shows a growing tendency until ) Moreover, the rate of tourist visiting Japan will decrease gradually compared to other regions such as North America where the rate is steadily increasing. Key Words: International tourism, International trip generation, Travel destination 1. INTRODUCTION The 2004 is the first year for Japan to accommodate more the 6 million foreign tourists. (Tourism Report, 2005). Then in year 2005, 6.72 million foreign tourists visited Japan, while Japanese tourists traveling overseas accounted for million. This situation continues to be a serious problem because the international balance of payments of tourism in Japan is at a deficit stage. However, Tourism Report (2005) showed that the problem has improved. The main reasons are 1) various kinds of campaigns to promote and increase the number of foreign tourists coming to Japan like the Visit Japan Campaign since 2003 and 2) increasing number of international tourist from Asian countries according to their economic growth. On the other hand, the rate of tourist visiting Japan from Asian countries decreases, especially Korea (69.41%, 1987 to 28.91%, 1995) (Watanabe, 1997). Generally, although the number of foreign tourist is increasing, it is not clear how many tourists will totally visit Japan in the future. The main aim of this paper is to suggest a method in forecasting international tourism demand. In this paper, the forecasting model takes two stages of estimation. First stage is the International Trip Generation. As Morichi (2001) tackled the international trip generation in 1389
2 Japan. We applied his method for estimating tourism flow from Asian countries. It is explained by using a logistic curve, which is often used as a growth function in economics. The second stage is to find out the travel destination by using the aggregate logit model. 2. EXISTING RESEARCH A series of study established the way for forecasting the international trip generation and travel destination (Morichi, 2001; Nakamura, 2005; Lemire, 1989). There are few studies for international tourism. Like the World Tourism Organization s (WTO) study which forecasted the number of tourists for each country by using the Delphi method. The WTO estimated the international tourism demand for 2020, where in it accounted 140 million in Japan, 21.7 million in Korea and 100 million in China. However, this figure seems to be overestimated. One possible could be population decrease brought by the aging society in every country. The reason for the limited study on international tourism is the lack of statistical data. Given this situation, we tried to forecasting the international tourism from Asian countries by using the data from national governments, private sectors and so on. 3. DATA The data on international tourism is not yet fully collected and also has not been updated for a long period. The analysis of Japanese international tourist uses The Ministry of Justice Annual report on Immigration. The data from Korea National Tourism Organization is used for the analysis of Korean tourism. Hong Kong Tourism Board is used for the analysis of Hong Kong tourism while Thailand National Statistical Office is applied for the analysis of Thailand. Asia-Pacific Tourism Exchange Center World Tourism Statistics is used for the analysis of the other Asian countries not mentioned above. Determination of GDP and other variables uses UN Statistical Yearbook and other materials from official government and private sector. Table 1 shows the data source for the number of tourists in Asian countries. It also presents the data period available for analysis and whether or not it includes the travel destination. More detailed data information for analysis is shown in Appendix. Table 1 Data source of the number of tourist country source year destination Japan Annual Report on Immigration Korea Tour 2 Korea web site Hong Kong A Statistical Review of Hong Kong Tourism Thailand Thailand in figures Singapore Yearbook of Statistics Singapore China Taiwan World Tourism Statistics Malaysia Indonesia
3 4. ANALYSIS ON INTERNATIONAL TRIP GENERATION Morichi (2001) explained about international trip generation in Japan as follows, International trip generation is growing little by little because there is little information about travel abroad or so for first stage. Second stage will face radical increasing number of tourists as the international travel spreading for Japanese residents. However, international trip generation does not increase permanently because international tourism takes a lot of costs including flight time, flight fee, hotel charge and so on. Eventually international trip generation will approach some saturation point in the future. This paper analyzed the international trip generation from Asian countries. It could be possible to apply the above mentioned theory of the process of Japanese international trip generation. Hence, this analysis is explained by using a logistic function. The logistic function is calculated based on the following formula: K y = 1+ exp( ax + b) (1) y :number of travel per year per person K :saturated number of travel x :variables a, b :parameter K presents a saturated number of international travel. Figure 1 shows that international trip generation is growing and approaching to the saturated point K. K number of travel/person/year year Figure 1 S shaped logistic curve and saturation point 4.1 The Analysis Targets and Explanatory Variables The selected countries for this analysis are Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand and China. Although it doesn t have enough data for analysis, China is also included the analysis because China is now watched with keen interest among international tourism market. Explanatory variables are GDP/capita, exchange rate and Gini coefficients. GDP/capita is included since it exhibits its own economic power as it takes a lot of money to travel abroad. Exchange rate (nominal exchange rate) is also significant explanatory variable. If exchange rate 1391
4 falls (e.g. 1$ = 150 yen changes to 1$ = 100 yen), then tourists can take advantage for international travel. Gini coefficient is a zero to one value showing income differential. Income differential may disturb international tourism especially in developing countries. Priori expectation of sign of explanatory variable is; GDP/capita (+), Exchange rate (-) and Gini coefficient (-). 4.2 Parameter Estimation Table 2 shows the results of parameter estimation for each country. R-square is high enough to say that this model was well estimated. Our priority of estimating the forecasting model is to make a simple model. Japan, Korea, Hong Kong and China include GDP and Exchange rate in the model. However, the model wasn t estimated well without Gini Coefficient variable. Parameter sign of exchange rate variable is different from each country. Usually it seems that the number of international tourist increases as the exchange rate depreciates. So the expected parameter sign is negative. China and Hong Kong shows the negative parameter as we expected. On the other hand, the parameter estimation resulted positive for Korea and Thailand. It thought to be caused by the Asian financial crisis occurred in Asian financial crisis adversely affected Korea and Thailand their currency collapsed and it affected the result of estimation. Table 2 Parameter estimation (International Trip Generation) Japan Korea Hong Kong Thailand China saturated number of tourist (number/person/year) (1.96) (2.15) (2.27) (2.07) (4.63) GDP/capita (US$/person) (6.22) (7.93) (2.53) (2.02) (2.96) exchange rate (each currency/us$) (6.79) (-0.10) (1.87) (-1.89) gini coefficient constant (-0.34) (13.67) (17.14) (1.44) (1.72) (0.077) R-squared number of observation ( ) T value 4.3 Forecasting the Number of International Tourist We forecasted the number of international tourist in the future by using the parameter estimated in the last section (4.2) and the future value of each variable estimated by some organizations. Future population data uses the middle estimation of National institute of Population and Social Security Research in Japan, and the middle estimation of UN in other Asian countries (see Table 3). Future GDP data uses Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Socio-Economic Research Center and Japan Center for Economic Research in Japan, and International Energy Agency in other Asian countries (see Table 4). It is difficult to forecast the future exchange rate and Gini coefficient, so we substituted the forecasting value to average value of latest 10 years (see Table 5 for future exchange rate). This paper uses for future Gini coefficient in Thailand. 1392
5 Table 3 Future population (thousand people) Japan 127, , , , , ,580 Hong Kong 7,182 7,537 7,871 8,187 8,490 8,764 Thailand 64,081 66,951 69,568 71,894 73,857 75,421 Korea 48,182 49,080 49,672 50,020 50,171 50,045 China 1,322,273 1,364,875 1,402,321 1,429,473 1,445,100 1,450,521 Table 4 Future GDP average growing rate (%) data 2005~ 2010~ 2015~ 2020~ 2025~ Socio-Economic high Research Center mid low Japan Japan Center of high Economic Research mid low Ministry of land, Infrastructure and Transport Hong Kong Thailand International Energy Agency Korea China Table 5 Future exchange rate Hong Kong Thailand Korea China exchange rate currency HK$/US$ Baht/US$ Won/US$ RMB/US$ Forecasting the number of international tourist in Japan is shown in figure 2. The graph draws real value and estimated value until Real value and estimated value present a similar tendency. The rest is estimated value after The biggest forecast of this paper is 29.4 million Japanese international tourists from Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport in On the other hand, the smallest forecast accounts for 14.5 million from Japan Center for Economic Research. The various forecasts used various GDP forecasting by each organization. The number of international tourist from Japan will range between 20 million to 30 million. Morichi (2001) forecasted the number of Japanese international tourist by airports in Japan. They estimated that the number of international tourist will be double at the Narita international airport in 2020 compared to While in this paper, we estimated that the number of future international tourist would be mostly doubled. Hence, the forecasting value in this analysis estimated with a high accuracy to some extent. Figure 3 shows the number of future international tourist from Asian countries. The number of international tourist from every Asian country shows the growing tendency until We estimated each amount like 16.1 million in China, 10.9 million in Korea, 7.7 million in Hong Kong and 3.5 million in Thailand. The number of Chinese international tourist does not grow constantly after It is possible to undervalue for Chinese tourists because there are not enough data for estimation. 1393
6 million people 50 WTO Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Estimated value Real value Japan Center for Economic Research; Lower estimate year Figure 2 Forecasting future international tourists in Japan million people China 12 8 Korea Hong Kong 4 Thailan year Figure 3 Forecasting future international tourists in Asian 5. ANALYSIS ON TRAVEL DEMAND DISTRIBUTION We estimated the number of international tourist in Asian countries as shown in the last chapter. Then, we proceeded to find out the travel destination by using the aggregate logit model. 1394
7 5.1 The Target Area In this model, nine countries (i.e. Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia) and two regions (i.e. North America and Oceania) were considered as alternatives of travel destinations. Europe does not include in the model due to unavailability of detail data. 5.2 Explanatory Variables and Parameter Estimation Explanatory variables are made up of attractiveness and resistance of the travel and some dummy variables. For attractiveness, the variables World heritage, GDP and Hotel were used. World heritage is one of the most attractive places for tourist to visit. Such world heritages are comprised of natural, cultural and mixed-type places. All types of world heritage are included in this model. GDP - is a variable perceived to contribute high attractiveness in the model. Moreover the analysis of international trip generation uses international GDP. On the other hand, the analysis of travel destination ratio uses GDP of alternative travel destinations. Hotel generally, tourists stay in the hotels during their tour. The quality of the hotels is thought to influence attractiveness to the tourists. Thus, the score of each hotel is computed using the formula below. Score i = 1 n i Rank j j ln( Price j ) Price: stay fee per night of j hotel i : country n i (2) Hotel rank is usually determined by the number of stars. The website hotels.com was utilized to compare the star rank of the hotels all over the world. Consequently, price is calculated in US dollar. Then, average hotel quality in the country is calculated by the summation of the scores of all the hotels in the target area. Finally it is divided by the number of hotels. The target cities are Tokyo (Japan), Seoul (Korea), Beijing (China), Taipei (Taiwan), Hong Kong, Bangkok (Thailand), Singapore, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Sydney (Oceania), New York (North America) which are mostly capitals of the country or mega cities. The number of hotels and price were taken from the Japanese travel guidebook published by Diamond Big Co. Ltd Globe-Trotter Travel Guidebook and Ota Publications Japan Hotel Almanac for Tokyo. The quality of hotel at 2001 is shown in Table 6. Bangkok, Singapore and Jakarta got the highest quality rank. Main reason for this is that 1) star rank is high (Singapore) and 2) price is comparatively cheap (Bangkok and Jakarta). Table 6 Quality index of hotel at 2001 City Quality City Quality Tokyo Hong Kong New York Bangkok 1.02 Sydney Singapore 1.06 Seoul Kuala Lumpur Beijing Jakarta 1.06 Taipei
8 For resistance variables we use Flight time / number of travel, Big Mac Index and Visa. Flight time / number of travel - can be treated as a resistant to individual s travel. Usually it becomes an obstacle for people if the flight time to the destination is longer than normal. In the determination of flight time, we used ABC world airways guide Blue book / Red ABC Travel Guides from 1990 to 1995 and OAG world airways guide The complete guide to air travel from 1996 to The target airports are shown in Table 7 while the minimum flight time for the routes is used for the analysis. North America has four airports, so their average flight time is calculated for the analysis. Flight time changes greatly in the case that whether the route is direct or connecting flight. For example, Seoul Beijing flight had taken 8 hours 45 minutes till Then it has improved to 1 hour 50 minutes since 1995 when the direct flight started. Number of travel was estimated in the last chapter. It represents how the international travel is spread for that country. At first, number of travel is small because the international travel has not yet popularized. Eventually, flight time / number of travel will show a higher tendency. However, flight time / number of travel became smaller and smaller as the international travel is spread widely. Figure 4 shows the future flight time / number of travel in Japan. In the year 2005, North America has the biggest flight time / number of travel and Korea has the smallest. The disparity between North America and Korea turns to be small as the number of Japanese tourist grows. Table 7 Target airport North America Asia New York ( J. F. K airport ) Tokyo ( Narita airport ) San Francisco airport Seoul ( Kimpo airport ) Los Angels airport Beijing airport Chicago ( Ohea airport ) Taipei ( C. K. S airport ) Oceania Hong Kong ( Chek Lap Kok airport Sydney ( Kingsford Smith airport ) Bangkok ( Don Muang airport ) Singapore ( Changi airport ) Kuala Lumpur international airport Jakarta ( Soekarno-Hatta airport ) flight time / number of travel in Japan 6000 North America Korea year Figure 4 Future flight time / number of travel in Japan Big Mac Index - is an annual report published by London Economist Newspaper Ltd. We used it as a consumer price index, since McDonald establishments are widely distributed all over the world. 1396
9 Visa - needed to enter some countries even if the travel is shorter than a week. Visa obligation will also be a resistant of individual s travel because it takes time and cost to acquire it. The following variables are used as a dummy variable in this model. Asia - is a one-zero dummy variable. It takes the value of one if they are Asian countries, and zero other regions. English - is a one-zero dummy variable. It takes the value of one if their mother tongue is English, and zero otherwise. We estimated the parameter with these variables. The result of the estimation is shown in Table 8 below. R-square resulted to be over 0.70, these models can present the travel destination with high accuracy. The T value of each variable is mostly significant. Although not all T value of each variable are not significant, we chose model 2 for our estimation because R-square is resulted to be high. Figure 5 and 6 show the Japanese travel destination ratio in 2001 with model 2.These two graphs are similar in the point; 1) North America presents the highest rate, and 2) the ratio amounts over 70 % with higher 4 countries (North America, Oceania, Korea and China). There is a differential between real ratio and estimated one in Oceania and Korea. This is a future task that could improve the model. Singapore 4% Thailand 6% Hong Kong 6% Taiwan 6% China 11% Table 8 Parameter estimation (travel destination) model 1 model 2 coefficience t value coefficience t value World heritage (5.42) (3.17) GDP(US $/population) (2.16) (2.69) Hotel 2.17 (2.32) 2.37 (2.25) Flight time / number of travel ( LOG ) (-6.94) (-6.80) (hour/number of travel/year/population) Big Mac Index (-1.85) (-2.71) Asia (-1.76) English (-2.05) Visa (-1.47) R-squared Number of observation Malaysia 2% Indonesia 3% North America 39% Malaysia 2% Singapore 4% Thailand 7% Hong Kong 6% Taiwan 4% China 11% Oceania Korea 6% 17% Figure 5 Japanese travel destination ratio in 2001 (real rate) (exclude Europe and other region) Korea 6% Indonesia 6% Oceania 14% Figure 6 Estimated rate North America 40% 1397
10 5.3 Forecasting the Future Travel Destination We proceeded to forecasting the future travel destination by using parameters and future estimated value of variables. Future GDP data uses the same value of international trip generation analysis. Future travel time uses the time in 2001, assumed to be constant after Future number of travel uses the value estimated in the last chapter. Future World heritage, Hotel and Big Mac Index is used the value of 2001 as constant since it is difficult to forecast. Asia and English dummy were also held constant. Figure 7 and 8 show the future travel destination in Korea and China. It can be seen that North America became popular destination for both countries. This suggests that future flight time / number of travel becomes small as the number of travel per person grows. That is to say, the time resistance to North America coming far from Asian countries turns to be small according to the spread of international tourism. These figures also show that many Asian counties diminish its rate including Japan. For example, travel destination rate to Japan by Korean tourist decreases from 11.6 % in 1990 to 10.8% in 2030 and by Chinese tourist decreases from 12.6 % to 11.4 %. 100% 80% 60% Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand Hong Kong Taiwan China Oceania 40% 20% 0% 100% 80% 60% North America Japan year Figure 7 Future travel destination in Korea Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand Hong Kong Taiwan Korea Oceania 40% 20% 0% North America Japan year Figure 8 Future travel destination in China 1398
11 6. FORECASTING THE FUTURE INBOUND TOURISTS IN JAPAN Finally we estimate how many foreign tourists will visit Japan. The forecasting was held only with Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand and China because of the data restriction. Figure 9 shows the number of tourist and the rate (share of total traffic) of tourist visiting Japan from Korea. The number of Korean tourists to visit Japan will increase according to the growth of international tourist (from 0.60 million in 2007 to 1.12 million in 2030). The rate of tourist visiting Japan from Korea will decrease gradually from Figure 10 shows the number of tourist visiting Japan and the rate of tourist visiting Japan from China. The number of Chinese tourists to visit Japan will decrease after The main reason for this is the decrease of rate to visit Japan from Another reason would be the forecast says that the number of Chinese international tourist will not increase so much. The graph presents that the number of tourist to visit Japan will reach 1.73 million in That will increase to a peak value of 1.92 million in 2020 and then will decrease to 1.85 million in thousand people 1600 the number of tourist visiting Japan the rate of tourist visiting Japan % year Figure 9 The number of tourist and the rate of tourist visiting Japan from Korea thousand people 2000 the number of tourist visiting Japan the rate of tourist visiting Japan % year Figure 10 The number of tourist and the rate of tourist visiting Japan from China 1399
12 7. CONCLUSION In this study, the model for forecasting international tourism demand was developed. This model is consisted of two steps 1) demand generation and 2) demand distribution. From modeling analysis, we got two main conclusions from the two estimations. 1) The number of tourist from every Asian country shows the growing tendency until ) The rate of tourist visiting North America showed growing tendency in the future. On the other hand, the rate of tourist visiting Asian countries including Japan will decrease. Eventually, it is possible that Japanese inbound would decline in the future. Japan started inbound campaign since After that, Japanese inbound demand is dramatically increasing now. However, there would be declining number of tourist arrivals from Asian countries going to Japan. So in addition to the promotion of Japanese tourism, it will be needed to consolidate the support policy for foreign visitors such as the equipment of tourist information center. And easing the entry visa for foreign visitors would be required for getting more tourists visit Japan. This model included only external factors and not policy factors. It means that this model is the trend model. Japanese government has started inbound campaign since To understand the effect of these promotions, political variable should be included for further improvement. REFERENCES ABC world airways guide, Blue book / Red ABC Travel Guides, China National Economy Publishing House, Almanac of China s Economy, Directorate General Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Japan External Trade Organization website [GDP Taiwan] ( Globe-Trotter Travel Guidebook, Diamond Big Co. Ltd, [Hotel] Hara Y, (1999), Asia Economic Theory, NTT Publishing Co, Ltd, pp [Gini Coefficients] Hong Kong Tourism Board, A Statistical Review Of Hong Kong Tourism Hotels.com website ( International Energy Agency, (2004), World Energy Outlook 2004 [Future GDP] Japan Center for Economic Research, website [Future GDP] ( Japan Hotel Almanac, Ota Publications, Korea National Tourism Organization, Tour 2 Korea website, ( London Economist Newspaper Ltd, Economist, [Big Mac Index] Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication, Japan Statistical Yearbook, Ministry of Justice, Annual Report on Immigration, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, (2005), Tourism Report 2005 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, website [Future GDP estimation] ( Ministry of the Interior, Taiwan Population Statistics, Morichi S. and Todoroki T, (2001), Analysis on Structure and Future Trend of Regional Disparity for Overseas Tourist Demand of Japan, Transport Policy Studies Review, 1400
13 Vol.4, No.1, 8-18 Nakamura Y. Takebayashi M et al, (2005), An Empirical Analysis of the International Tourism Demand, The 32nd Conference of Infrastructure Planning CD-Rom No.239 National Institute of Population and Social Security Research website [Future population] ( Nicole L. and Tae H. O, (1989), Modeling Destination Choice Of International Tourists With An Application To Japanese Tourists, Proceedings of the 5th World Conference on Transport Research, OAG world airways guide, The complete guide to air travel, OAG, Okamoto N. Morichi. S et al, (1995), A study on Regional Difference of Recreational Destination Choice Behavior, Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol.1, No.1, Singapore Department of Statistics, Yearbook of Statistics Singapore Socio-Economic Research Center, website [Future GDP estimation] ( Thailand National Statistical Office, (2004), Thailand in Figures 2003, Alpha Research Co, Ltd UNESCO website [Number of world heritage] ( United Nations Statistics Division, Demographic Yearbook, United Nations Statistical Division, Statistical Yearbook, United Nations Statistics Division, (2005), World Population Prospects University of British Colombia, PACIFIC Exchange Rate Service website [Exchange rate] ( Watanabe T. and Unuma T, (1997), A Study on Inbound Tourism Policies for Regional Development in Japan, Institute for Transport Policy Studies 2nd research report, World Tourism Organization, (1997), Tourism 2020 Vision Vol.3 East Asia and the Pacific Yai T. Yamada H and Okamoto N, (1995), Nationwide Recreation Travel Survey in Japan: Outline and Modeling Applicability, Transportation Research Record, No.1493,
14 Data source APPENDIX data country source publisher Japan Annual Report on Immigration Ministry of Justice Korea website Korea National Tourism Organization Hong Kong A Statistical Review of Hong Kong Tourism Hong Kong Tourism Board number Thailand Thailand in figures Alpha Research of Singapore Yearbook of Statistics Singapore Singapore Department of Statistics tourist China Taiwan Malaysia Indonesia Japan World Tourism Statistics Japan Statistical Yearbook Asia-Pacific Tourism Exchange Center Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication population China Almanac of China's Economy China National Economy Publishing House Taiwan Taiwan Population Statistics Ministry of the Interior others Demographic Yearbook United Nations Statistics Division Japan Japan Statistical Yearbook Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication GDP Taiwan Japan External Trade Organization website Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics others Statistical Yearbook United Nations Statistics Division exchange rate Statistical Yearbook United Nations Statistics Division all countries PACIFIC Exchange Rate Service University of British Colombia Gini coefficience Thailand Asia Economic Theory NTT Publishing Co. Ltd world heritage all countries website UNESCO hotel flight time Blue book / Red ABC Travel Guides ABC world airways guide all countries The complete guide to air travel OAG world airways guide Japan Japan Hotel Almanac Ota Publications others Globe-Trotter Travel Guidebook Diamond Big Co. Ltd visa all countries OAG Flight Guide Supplement OAG Big Mac Index all countries Economist London Economist Newspaper Ltd National Institute of Population Japan website future population and Social Security Research others World Population Prospects United Nations Statistics Division website Ministry of Land. Infrastructure and Transport future GDP Japan website Socio-Economic Research Center website Japan Center for Economic Research others World Energy Outlook 2004 International Energy Agency 1402
Determining factors of inbound travel to Japan A stronger yen matters more for the NIEs than China
Mizuho Economic Outlook & Analysis February 19, 216 Determining factors of inbound travel to Japan A stronger yen matters more for the NIEs than < Summary > To analyze the sustainability of inbound travel
More informationInternational Business & Economics Research Journal September 2009 Volume 8, Number 9
The Demand For Tourism: Japanese Visitors In The United States Akinori Tomohara, University of California, Los Angeles, USA Molly Sherlock, Skidmore College, USA ABSTRACT This paper uses the supply-and-demand
More informationCHINA INTERNATIONAL INBOUND TRAVEL MARKET PROFILE (2015) 2015 U.S. Travel Association. All Rights Reserved.
CHINA INTERNATIONAL INBOUND TRAVEL PROFILE (2015) 2015 U.S. Travel Association. All Rights Reserved. SUMMARY China is one of the fastest-growing inbound travel markets to the United States; it is consistently
More informationManagerial Implications of Korea s International Travel Market Demand
Sungchae Jung Managerial Implications of Korea s International Travel Market Demand Prof. Sungchae Jung, Ph.D. Dept. of Tourism Management, Honam University, Korea 59-1, Seobong-dong, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju,
More informationCHINA MARKET PROFILE. The Demographics
CHINA MARKET PROFILE The Demographics In 2004, China, the most populous country in the world, had a total population of 1,298,847,624 (July 2004) one-fifth of the world s total. The population density
More informationChina National Day Golden Week 2017 Preview
China National Day Golden Week 2017 Preview Chinese traveling during this year s National Day Golden Week holiday, which runs for eight days through October 1 8, are expected to drive both global and domestic
More informationPOLICY OPTIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR DEVELOPING ASIA PERSPECTIVES FROM THE IMF AND ASIA APRIL 19-20, 2007 TOKYO
POLICY OPTIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR DEVELOPING ASIA PERSPECTIVES FROM THE IMF AND ASIA APRIL 19-20, 2007 TOKYO RISING INEQUALITY AND POLARIZATION IN ASIA ERIK LUETH INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND Paper presented
More informationTable of Contents. List of Figures 2. Executive Summary 3. 1 Introduction 4
Table of Contents List of Figures 2 Executive Summary 3 1 Introduction 4 2 Innovating Contributions 5 2.1 Americans 5 2.2 Australia, New Zealand and Pacific 6 2.3 Europe, Africa and Middle East 7 2.4 Japan
More informationThe China and Asia Meetings Industry Research Report 2011
The China Incentive, Business Travel & Meetings Exhibition 30 August - 1 September 2011 China National Convention Centre, Beijing, China The China and Asia Meetings Industry Research Report 2011 CIBTM
More informationOn the Chinese market there are currently two types of outbound travelers: the business/technical visits travelers and the tourist travelers.
Chinese Visitors The number of Chinese visitors traveling to the United States has been steadily growing over the past 10 years. However, the Chinese government has yet to designate the United States as
More informationChapter 5: Internationalization & Industrialization
Chapter 5: Internationalization & Industrialization Chapter 5: Internationalization & Industrialization... 1 5.1 THEORY OF INVESTMENT... 4 5.2 AN OPEN ECONOMY: IMPORT-EXPORT-LED GROWTH MODEL... 6 5.3 FOREIGN
More informationin China Xu Dianqing University of Western Ontario, Canada Li Xin Beijing Normal University, China
Income Disparity in China Crisis within Economic Miracle Xu Dianqing University of Western Ontario, Canada Li Xin Beijing Normal University, China World Scientific NEW JERSEY LONDON SINGAPORE BEIJING SHANGHAI
More informationTable 10.1 Registered Foreigners by Nationality:
Table 10.1 Registered Foreigners by Nationality: 1950-2006 Korea China Brazil Philippines Peru U. S. A. Thailand Viet Nam Indonesia 1950 598,696 544,903 40,481 169 367 178 4,962 73 25 257 1951 621,993
More informationPakistan 2.5 Europe 11.5 Bangladesh 2.0 Japan 1.8 Philippines 1.3 Viet Nam 1.2 Thailand 1.0
173 People Snapshots Asia and the Pacific accounts for nearly 55% of global population and 6 of the world s 10 most populous economies. The region s population is forecast to grow by almost 1 billion by
More informationUnderstanding Welcome
Understanding Welcome Foresight issue 159 VisitBritain Research February 2018 1 Contents Introduction Welcome summary Market summary UK NBI welcome Elements of welcome UK results Market summary heat map
More informationISSUES and CHALLENGES for the ASIA and PACIFIC REGION. by Charles E. Morrison, East-West Center
ISSUES and CHALLENGES for the ASIA and PACIFIC REGION by Charles E. Morrison, East-West Center East Asian Population People (millions) 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050
More information2018 Greater Vancouver Economic Scorecard. Dr. Daniel F. Muzyka Immediate Past President and Chief Executive Officer The Conference Board of Canada
2018 Greater Vancouver Economic Scorecard Dr. Daniel F. Muzyka Immediate Past President and Chief Executive Officer The Conference Board of Canada Agenda Regional scorecard purpose Scorecard results Greater
More informationMacao Visitor Profile Survey
Report Macao Visitor Profile Survey nd Quarter Report Conducted by IFT Tourism Research Centre (ITRC) Institute for Tourism Studies, Macao 9 September The Macao Visitor Profile Survey (VPS) is published
More informationCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background 1.1.1 Introducing Tourism Industry of Thailand Thailand's tourism industry started from the beginning of the last century and entered the golden age in the 1980s.
More informationNational Travel and Tourism Office
U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration National Travel and Tourism Office International Visitation to the United States: A Statistical Summary of U.S. Visitation (2015 P ) International
More informationJETRO Bangkok Newsletter October/November/December 2013 HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS ISSUE
JETRO Bangkok Newsletter October/November/December 2013 Nantawan Building, 16 th Fl., 161 Rajdamri Road Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand Tel: (66) 0-2253-6441-5 Fax: (66) 0-2253-2020 Web site: http://www.jetro.go.jp/thailand/
More informationDentsu Conducts Japan Brand Survey 2018
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE April 27, 2018 Dentsu Conducts Japan Brand Survey 2018 Dentsu Inc. (Tokyo: 4324; ISIN: JP3551520004; President & CEO: Toshihiro Yamamoto; Head Office: Tokyo; Capital: 74,609.81 million
More informationResearch note: The impact of Korean TV dramas on Taiwanese tourism demand for Korea
Tourism Economics, 29, 15 (4), Research note: The impact of Korean TV dramas on Taiwanese tourism demand for Korea HYUN JEONG KIM School of Hospitality Business Management, Washington State University,
More informationEconomic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Lessons from the Malaysian Experience
Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Lessons from the Malaysian Experience Anoma Abhayaratne 1 Senior Lecturer Department of Economics and Statistics University of Peradeniya Sri Lanka Abstract Over
More informationAsianBondsOnline WEEKLY DEBT HIGHLIGHTS
AsianBondsOnline WEEKLY November 6 Key Developments in Asian Local Currency Markets Japan s real gross domestic product (GDP) growth accelerated to.% quarter-on-quarter in the third quarter (Q) of 6 from.%
More informationConsumer Travel Perceptions & Spending Patterns. Paul Wilke Director Corporate Relations Visa International Asia Pacific Guilin, China 29 June 2007
Consumer Travel Perceptions & Spending Patterns Paul Wilke Director Corporate Relations Visa International Asia Pacific Guilin, China 29 June 2007 Keeping Asia s tourism industry informed Presentation
More informationAn Overview of the Chinese Economy Foundation Part: Macro-economy of the Mainland
Core Module 15 An Overview of the Chinese Economy Foundation Part: Macro-economy of the Mainland The Chinese economy has been growing rapidly for years. Has it reached the level of the developed countries?
More informationCharting Indonesia s Economy, 1H 2017
Charting Indonesia s Economy, 1H 2017 Designed to help executives interpret economic numbers and incorporate them into company s planning. Publication Date: January 3 rd, 2017 Next Issue: To be published
More informationChina After the East Asian Crisis
China After the East Asian Crisis Ross Garnaut Director and Professor of Economics Asia Pacific School of Economics and Management The Australian National University China After the East Asian Crisis When
More informationTrade led Growth in Times of Crisis Asia Pacific Trade Economists Conference 2 3 November 2009, Bangkok. Session 10
Trade led Growth in Times of Crisis Asia Pacific Trade Economists Conference 2 3 November 2009, Bangkok Session 10 Trade and Social Development: The Case of Asia Nilanjan Banik Asia Pacific Research and
More informationValue Creation of Tourism Sector: In the case of 10 ASEAN Economies, applies to Jamaica
1 Value Creation of Tourism Sector: In the case of 10 ASEAN Economies, applies to Jamaica Apirada Chinprateep, School of Development Economics National Institute of Development Administration Bangkok,
More informationLanna Culture and Social Development:
Lanna Culture and Social Development: A Case Study of Chiangmai Province in Northern Thailand 1. Introduction By Phaisal Lekuthai Thailand is situated in the Southeast Asian mainland, the latitude 6-21
More informationTourism, Poverty and Taxation: A Case of Thailand
Tourism, Poverty and Taxation: A Case of Thailand Conference on Integrated Development of Sustainable Tourism for the GMS 2007: A Comparison of GMS Logistics System Phousi Hotel, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR
More informationEconomic Trends Across the Asia Pacific Region. Pansy Yau Deputy Director of Research
Economic Trends Across the Asia Pacific Region Pansy Yau Deputy Director of Research 2 Rebalancing of the World Economy % 70.00 65.00 60.00 55.00 50.00 45.00 40.00 35.00 Share of world total GDP (PPP)
More informationUPDATE. Asia at the Crossroads: 5 forces transforming Asia-Pacific region Fraser Thompson, AlphaBeta
UPDATE Asia at the Crossroads: 5 forces transforming Asia-Pacific region Fraser Thompson, AlphaBeta Email: fraser.thompson@alphabeta.com Website: www.alphabeta.com 0 9 8 7 6 Million USD 500,000 USD 00,000
More informationINTERNATIONAL TRAVEL TRENDS & FORECAST
INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL TRENDS & FORECAST DAN MISHELL Director of Research Visit California GLOBAL TRAVEL TRENDS UNWTO 2030 FORECAST GLOBAL TOURISM 1 Billion arrivals in 2012 43 million new travelers per
More informationPart II. Immigration Control in Recent Years
Immigration Control in Recent s Chapter 1. Foreign Nationals Entering and Departing from Japan Chapter 1. Foreign Nationals Entering and Departing from Japan Section 1 Changes in the Number of Foreign
More informationCharting Singapore s Economy, 1H 2017
Charting Singapore s Economy, 1H 2017 Designed to help executives interpret economic numbers and incorporate them into company s planning. Publication Date: January 3 rd, 2017 Next Issue: To be published
More informationRegional Economic Effects Generated by Foreign Visitors: A Case Study of the Toyama Prefecture
金沢星稜大学論集第 52 巻第 1 号平成 30 年 9 月 1 Regional Economic Effects Generated by Foreign Visitors: A Case Study of the Prefecture Takashi Aoki Introduction Considering the rapid increase of foreign visitors to
More informationAnalysis of China s Import from & Direct Investment in ASEAN Based on Gravity Models
Technology and Investment, 2013, 4, 13-21 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ti.2013.41003 Published Online February 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ti) Analysis of China s Import from & Direct Investment in
More informationPart I. Immigration Control in Recent Years
Immigration Control in Recent s Chapter 1. Foreign Nationals Entering and Departing from Japan Chapter 1 Section 1 Foreign Nationals Entering and Departing from Japan Changes in the Number of Foreign Nationals
More informationHOW TO DEVELOP SUCCESSFUL REAL ESTATE PROJECTS IN THE MEKONG REGION? THAILAND, CAMBODIA, MYANMAR, LAOS & VIETNAM Presented by: Marc Townsend,
HOW TO DEVELOP SUCCESSFUL REAL ESTATE PROJECTS IN THE MEKONG REGION? THAILAND, CAMBODIA, MYANMAR, LAOS & VIETNAM Presented by: Marc Townsend, Managing Director, CBRE Vietnam May 15, 2014 1 EMERGING MARKETS
More informationInternational Travel to the U.S.
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Travel and Tourism Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2013 Marketing Outlook Forum - Outlook for 2014 International
More informationHinrich Foundation Sustainable Trade Index Country overview: Thailand
Hinrich Foundation Sustainable Trade Index Country overview: Thailand Thailand ranks 8 th on inaugural Hinrich Foundation Sustainable Trade Index The country over-performs its level of per capita GDP and
More informationGeography Advanced Unit 3: Contested Planet
Pearson Edexcel GCE Geography Advanced Unit 3: Contested Planet June 2016 Advanced Information Paper Reference 6GE03/01 You do not need any other materials. Information Candidates must not take this pre-released
More informationKINGDOM OF CAMBODIA NATION RELIGION KING 3 TOURISM STATISTICS REPORT. September 2010
KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA NATION RELIGION KING 3 TOURISM STATISTICS REPORT September 2010 MINISTRY OF TOURISM Statistics and Tourism Information Department No. A3, Street 169, Sangkat Veal Vong, Khan 7 Makara,
More informationHigher education global trends and emerging opportunities to Kevin Van-Cauter Higher Education Adviser The British Council
Higher education global trends and emerging opportunities to 2020 Kevin Van-Cauter Higher Education Adviser The British Council Outline Where are international students coming from? Trends in Engineering
More informationNon-electoral Participation: Citizen-initiated Contact. and Collective Actions
Asian Barometer Conference on Democracy and Citizen Politics in East Asia Co-organized by Institute of Political Science, Academia Sinica Taiwan Foundation for Democracy Program for East Asia Democratic
More informationโอกาสและความท าทายของประเทศไทยในอนาคต
โอกาสและความท าทายของประเทศไทยในอนาคต Thailand 22 Apirak Kosayodhin Apirak Kosayodhin Advisor to Prime Minister of Thailand Thailand has significantly changed in the past 2 years Improved quality of life
More informationHighlight. 28 January Chinese tourists continue to grow despite China slowdown
Chinese tourists continue to grow despite China slowdown 28 January 2016 Highlight Thailand s tourism will thrive in 2016 with the number of tourists growing by 9%, led by Chinese tourists, who will not
More informationTHAILAND: Your Partner for growing market in ASIA
THAILAND: Your Partner for growing market in ASIA Chanin khaochan Director- Frankfurt Office Thailand Board of Investment Chanin@boi.go.th THAILAND IN BRIEF Capital Bangkok Land Area 514,000 sq.km Population
More informationVIETNAM FOCUS. The Next Growth Story In Asia?
The Next Growth Story In Asia? Vietnam s economic policy has dramatically transformed the nation since 9, spurring fast economic and social development. Consequently, Vietnam s economy took off booming
More informationAmong ASEAN countries, Thailand ranks 3 rd, followed by Singapore and Malaysia.
Located at the heart of Southeast Asian region, the Kingdom of Thailand is founded to be one of the Far Eastern cultural countries, rich in history and diversity. Connected to Myanmar to the west, Laos
More informationWorld trade interdependencies: a New Zealand perspective
World trade interdependencies: a New Zealand perspective David Gillmore and Phil Briggs A key determinant of New Zealand s growth is its trade with the rest of the world. We have developed a world inputoutput
More informationAsia Pacific Mega Trends
2010/SOM1/HRDWG/045rev1 Agenda Item: Plenary 4-3 Asia Pacific Mega Trends Purpose: Information Submitted by: United States 32 nd Human Resources Development Working Group Meeting Hiroshima, Japan 24-28
More informationCan Japan Take Standpoint Promoting Establishment of Common Currency in East Asia?
Far Eastern Studies Vol.8 March 2009 Center for Far Eastern Studies, University of Toyama Can Japan Take Standpoint Promoting Establishment of Common Currency in East Asia? Takaaki HATTORI * 1 Introduction
More informationMizuho Economic Outlook & Analysis
Mizuho Economic Outlook & Analysis The 18th Questionnaire Survey of Japanese Corporate Enterprises Regarding Business in Asia (February 18) - Japanese Firms Reevaluate China as a Destination for Business
More informationOne Belt and One Road and Free Trade Zones China s New Opening-up Initiatives 1
Front. Econ. China 2015, 10(4): 585 590 DOI 10.3868/s060-004-015-0026-0 OPINION ARTICLE Justin Yifu Lin One Belt and One Road and Free Trade Zones China s New Opening-up Initiatives 1 Abstract One Belt
More informationInternational Visitation to the United States: A Statistical Summary of U.S. Visitation (2011)
U. S. Depar tment of Commerce International Trade Administration Manufac turing and Ser vices Ser vices Office of Travel and Tourism Industries International Visitation to the United States: A Statistical
More informationHinrich Foundation Sustainable Trade Index Country overview: Singapore
Hinrich Foundation Sustainable Trade Index Country overview: Singapore Singapore ranks 1 st on inaugural Hinrich Foundation Sustainable Trade Index The country scores best on the economic pillar and ranks
More informationGoal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
98 Gender equality in primary school enrollment is high, with most economies having ratios of or more. This is also the case for gender equality in secondary school enrollment, but not so for tertiary
More informationInternational trade in health services. Yodi Mahendradhata
International trade in health services Yodi Mahendradhata International trades in services Cross-border trade Consumption abroad Commercial presence Natural presence International trades in services Cross-border
More informationFOREIGN FIRMS AND INDONESIAN MANUFACTURING WAGES: AN ANALYSIS WITH PANEL DATA
FOREIGN FIRMS AND INDONESIAN MANUFACTURING WAGES: AN ANALYSIS WITH PANEL DATA by Robert E. Lipsey & Fredrik Sjöholm Working Paper 166 December 2002 Postal address: P.O. Box 6501, S-113 83 Stockholm, Sweden.
More informationForecast for International Travel to the United States
Forecast for International Travel to the United States Presented by: JULIE HEIZER National Travel and Tourism Office International Trade Administration U.S. Department of Commerce February 2014 1 U.S.
More informationGlobalization GLOBALIZATION REGIONAL TABLES. Introduction. Key Trends. Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2009
GLOBALIZATION 217 Globalization The People s Republic of China (PRC) has by far the biggest share of merchandise exports in the region and has replaced Japan as the top exporter. The largest part of Asia
More informationSECTION THREE BENEFITS OF THE JSEPA
SECTION THREE BENEFITS OF THE JSEPA 1. Section Two described the possible scope of the JSEPA and elaborated on the benefits that could be derived from the proposed initiatives under the JSEPA. This section
More informationChapter 11. Trade Policy in Developing Countries
Chapter 11 Trade Policy in Developing Countries Preview Import-substituting industrialization Trade liberalization since 1985 Trade and growth: Takeoff in Asia Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
More informationMYANMAR IN TRANSITION Thailand s business. opportunities in new context.
MYANMAR IN TRANSITION Thailand s business opportunities in new context. REFORMS IN MYANMAR New Constitutio n in 2008 General Elections in 2010 By-elections in 2012 with NLD participation NCA Signing in
More informationMonthly Inbound Update June th August 2017
Monthly Inbound Update June 217 17 th August 217 1 Contents 1. About this data 2. Headlines 3. Journey Purpose: June, last 3 months, year to date and rolling twelve months by journey purpose 4. Global
More informationWorking Paper Series: No. 89
A Comparative Survey of DEMOCRACY, GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT Working Paper Series: No. 89 Jointly Published by Non-electoral Participation: Citizen-initiated Contactand Collective Actions Yu-Sung Su Associate
More informationInternational Education in the Comox Valley: Current and Potential Economic Impacts
International Education in the Comox Valley: Current and Potential Economic Impacts FINAL REPORT March 2012 Prepared by: Vann Struth Consulting Group Inc. Vancouver, BC www.vannstruth.com Prepared for:
More informationCharting Cambodia s Economy
Charting Cambodia s Economy Designed to help executives catch up with the economy and incorporate macro impacts into company s planning. Annual subscription includes 2 semiannual issues published in June
More informationThe Gravity Model on EU Countries An Econometric Approach
European Journal of Sustainable Development (2014), 3, 3, 149-158 ISSN: 2239-5938 Doi: 10.14207/ejsd.2014.v3n3p149 The Gravity Model on EU Countries An Econometric Approach Marku Megi 1 ABSTRACT Foreign
More informationForeign workers in the Korean labour market: current status and policy issues
Foreign workers in the Korean labour market: current status and policy issues Seung-Cheol Jeon 1 Abstract The number of foreign workers in Korea is growing rapidly, increasing from 1.1 million in 2012
More informationThailand: Market Profile
23 Jan 2019 Thailand: Market Profile 1. Overview Thailand has made remarkable progress in social and economic development, moving from a low-income country to an upper-income country in less than a generation.
More informationThe Relationship of Thailand Tourism Demand and Supply towards Direct and Indirect Economic Determinants
The Relationship of Thailand Tourism Demand and Supply towards Direct and Indirect Economic Determinants Presented by Etaya Rattanacheevorn Student ID: 538 57112 29 Master of Arts in Labor Economics and
More informationAmerica in the Global Economy
America in the Global Economy By Steven L. Rosen What Is Globalization? Definition: Globalization is a process of interaction and integration 統合 It includes: people, companies, and governments It is historically
More informationPush and Pull Factors for Japanese Manufacturing Companies Moving Production Overseas
Push and Pull Factors for Japanese Manufacturing Companies Moving Production Overseas February 20, 2013 Tsunehiko Yanagihara Mitsubishi International Corporation/Washington Office OUTLINE 1. Hollowing-Out
More informationThe Future of Chinese Travel
The Future of Chinese Travel The Global Chinese Travel Market A report by Oxford Economics for InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG ) 1 Contents Executive Summary Introduction 1 Background 2 Global destinations
More informationKINGDOM OF CAMBODIA NATION RELIGION KING 3 TOURISM STATISTICS REPORT. March 2010
KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA NATION RELIGION KING 3 TOURISM STATISTICS REPORT March 2010 MINISTRY OF TOURISM Statistics and Tourism Information Department No. A3, Street 169, Sangkat Veal Vong, Khan 7 Makara, Phnom
More informationAPEC s Bogor Goals Mid-Term Stock Taking and Tariff Reduction
APEC Study Center Consortium Conference 2 PECC Trade Forum 2 22-2 May 2, Hotel Shilla, Jeju, Korea APEC s Bogor Goals Mid-Term Stock Taking and Tariff Reduction 1993 Blake s Island, US Hikari Ishido (Associate
More informationHinrich Foundation Sustainable Trade Index Country overview: Malaysia
Hinrich Foundation Sustainable Trade Index Country overview: Malaysia Malaysia ranks 7 th on inaugural Hinrich Foundation Sustainable Trade Index The country is the best performer from emerging Asia The
More informationSummary of the Results
Summary of the Results CHAPTER I: SIZE AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION 1. Trends in the Population of Japan The population of Japan is 127.77 million. It increased by 0.7% over the five-year
More informationThe economic contribution of international students. Australian Council for Private Education and Training
The economic contribution of international students Australian Council for Private Education and Training Contents Glossary... i Executive Summary... i 1 Background... 1 2 Australia s international education
More informationASEAN5 s economies have held up very well despite the global economic down turn, with domestic spending as the main driver.
ASEAN5 s economies have held up very well despite the global economic down turn, with domestic spending as the main driver. Average GDP growth 2009-2012 Unit: %YOY 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Contributions of GDP
More information2017 China Outbound Tourism Travel Report
2017 China Outbound Tourism Travel Report Joint- report: Ctrip and China Tourism Academy On the 30 th of January 2018, Ctrip, the largest outbound service provider in China and China Tourism Academy (CTA),
More informationWho can create jobs in america? The American Worker Perspective on U.S. Job Creation
Who can create jobs in america? The American Worker Perspective on U.S. Job Creation Who can create jobs in america? The perspectives of a CFO master class The American Worker Perspective on U.S. Job Creation
More informationAPPENDIXES. 1: Regional Integration Tables. Table Descriptions. Regional Groupings. Table A1: Trade Share Asia (% of total trade)
1: Regional Integration Tables The statistical appendix is comprised of 10 tables that present selected indicators on economic integration covering the 48 regional members of the n Development Bank (ADB).
More informationHinrich Foundation Sustainable Trade Index Country overview: Vietnam
Hinrich Foundation Sustainable Trade Index Country overview: Vietnam Vietnam ranks 11 th on inaugural Hinrich Foundation Sustainable Trade Index The country over-performs its level of per capita GDP. The
More informationLecture III South Korean Economy today
Lecture III South Korean Economy today Lecture 3: South Korean Economy - Current Status and Issues in the future South Korean Economy: Current Status 1 Korean Economy with Numbers GDP (PPP based) S. Korea
More informationReview of the Asian Network Activities and Objectives of the Workshop 2014
Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan Review of the Asian Network Activities and Objectives of the Workshop 2014 Sachiko Tsukahara Office of Waste Disposal Management Ministry of the Environment,
More informationImproving the accuracy of outbound tourism statistics with mobile positioning data
1 (11) Improving the accuracy of outbound tourism statistics with mobile positioning data Survey response rates are declining at an alarming rate globally. Statisticians have traditionally used imputing
More informationInclusive Growth: Challenges For The East Asia Region
Inclusive Growth: Challenges For The East Asia Region ADFIAP International CEO Forum XI New World Makati Hotel, Makati City, Dec 8, 2015 Rogier van den Brink Lead Economist and Program Leader World Bank
More informationRules of Origin Process (Chile)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat 2004/SOM1/SCCP1/060 Agenda Item: 10.4 Rules of Origin Process (Chile) Sub-Committee on Customs Procedures Santiago, Chile 25-27 February 2004 BACKGROUND The
More informationEast Asian Currency Union
East Asian Currency Union October 2006 Jong-Wha Lee Korea University and Robert J. Barro Harvard University Motivation Are Current Exchange Rate Arrangements in East Asia Appropriate? Before the crisis,
More informationSurvey on International Operations of Japanese Firms (FY2007)
on International Operations of Japanese Firms () March 26 (JETRO) Contents I. outline; profile of respondent firms 3 China now the top site for overseas R&D bases 4 5 (1) More plan overseas than domestic
More informationCharting Australia s Economy
Charting Australia s Economy Designed to help executives catch up with the economy and incorporate macro impacts into company s planning. Annual subscription includes 2 semiannual issues published in June
More informationUNDERSTANDING TRADE, DEVELOPMENT, AND POVERTY REDUCTION
` UNDERSTANDING TRADE, DEVELOPMENT, AND POVERTY REDUCTION ECONOMIC INSTITUTE of CAMBODIA What Does This Handbook Talk About? Introduction Defining Trade Defining Development Defining Poverty Reduction
More informationOutline of Presentation
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE AND ITS IMPLICTIONS FOR LABOUR MOBILITY IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC by Graeme Hugo University Professorial Research Fellow Professor of Geography and Director of the National Centre for
More informationTRADE IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
TRADE IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Learning Objectives Understand basic terms and concepts as applied to international trade. Understand basic ideas of why countries trade. Understand basic facts for trade Understand
More information