Pakistan 2.5 Europe 11.5 Bangladesh 2.0 Japan 1.8 Philippines 1.3 Viet Nam 1.2 Thailand 1.0
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1 173 People Snapshots Asia and the Pacific accounts for nearly 55% of global population and 6 of the world s 10 most populous economies. The region s population is forecast to grow by almost 1 billion by Population growth rates have slowed in most economies, but remain high in some. India s population is expected to pass that of the People s Republic of China (PRC) in the next 15 years. The region s population is aging, which has implications for economic growth. Developed member economies already have a relatively high proportion of older people. More people are moving to cities and this trend will continue. Asia is home to 12 of the world s 23 biggest cities and eight of the 10 most densely populated cities. Based on the human development index, about half the economies are in the medium human development category and nearly all show some improvements. Regional Trends and Tables Key trends Over half the world s population lives in Asia and the Pacific. The population of the 48 regional members of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) was 3.9 billion in 2012, nearly 55% of the global total (Figure 1.1). Of the world s 10 most populous countries, six are in Asia the PRC, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Japan. The populations of the PRC and India far surpass those of any other country. With 1.4 billion and 1.2 billion people, respectively, they account for 36% of the world s total. Nine other economies in Asia have populations of more than 50 million each, but many have small populations. More than half, or 28 economies, have fewer than 10 million people and most Pacific islands have fewer than 300,000 (Table 1.1). The United Nations Population Division (UNPD) forecast that the population of the region will peak at about 4.7 billion in 2050, and then decline to 4.2 billion by It expects India will become the most populous country, passing the PRC in about 2028, when both will have populations of nearly 1.5 billion. After that, India s population is likely to continue to grow while the PRC s starts to fall (UNPD 2013). Population growth rates slowed in about three-fourths of developing members between 1990 and 2012, but still were high in some. The average annual population growth rate of developing members declined from 1.8% in 1990 to 1.1% in 2012 (Table 1.2). Among the most populous economies, the PRC lowered its population Figure 1.1 Percentage distribution of population by global region and by economy in Asia and the Pacific, 2012 West Asia 3.2 South America 5.7 Rest of the world 1.6 India 16.9 North America 7.9 Asia and the Pacific 54.7 Indonesia 3.4 Pakistan 2.5 Europe 11.5 Bangladesh 2.0 Japan 1.8 Philippines 1.3 Viet Nam 1.2 Thailand 1.0 Africa 15.3 China, People's Rep. of 19.0 Others 5.5 Note: The aggregate for the West Asia region was adjusted to exclude estimates for Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, which are included in the total for Asia and the Pacific. Source: Table 1.1.
2 174 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013 growth rate from 1.4% in 1990 to 0.5% in 2012 and India reduced its rate from 2.1% to 1.3%. The average annual population growth rate from 1990 to 2012 exceeded 2.0% in 10 economies: the Lao People s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, the Maldives, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Singapore (mainly owing to immigration), Solomon Islands, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, and Vanuatu (Figure 1.2). Total fertility rates declined significantly in most economies. The total fertility rate in the region fell from 4.2 children per woman in 1990 to 2.7 in 2011, with declines in all economies except Timor-Leste (Figure 1.3). Rates above 3 can result in rapid population growth. In this regard, total fertility rates were over 5 in Afghanistan, Nauru, and Timor-Leste and at least 4 in the Marshall Islands and Solomon Islands. At the other end of the scale, the lowest fertility rates were in Taipei,China (1.1); Hong Kong, China (1.2); the Republic of Korea (1.2); Singapore (1.2); and Japan (1.4). The PRC s total fertility rate at 1.6 was well below those for the other four most populous developing members (in the range ). Asia s population is aging, which has implications for economic growth. The share of older people in the population is rising, which reflects the decline in fertility and rising life expectancy. Figure 1.4a shows the age profile of Asia and the Pacific in 2012 and the projected profile in 2050, when an increasing proportion will be of older age groups. Economies with a still relatively young age structure, such as India and Pakistan, should benefit from a rising share of the working-age population in their total population, a development described as the demographic dividend. By contrast, aging will act as a drag on economic growth in economies where it is most advanced, such as in Japan and the Republic of Korea. Overall, demographic factors are expected to be a less important source of growth for the region than in past decades (ADB 2011). Developed member economies have a relatively high proportion of people aged 65 and above. Japan stands out in this regard with 24.3%, while in Australia and New Zealand the proportion is about 14% (Figure 1.4b). Among developing members, those with more than 10% are Armenia; Georgia; Hong Kong, China; the Republic of Korea; and Taipei,China. Conversely, economies with a high ratio of children in their total populations Figure 1.2 Average annual population growth rate, , (%) Tajikistan Pakistan Afghanistan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Rep. Kazakhstan Armenia Georgia Mongolia Hong Kong, China China, People's Rep. of Korea, Rep. of Taipei,China Maldives Nepal India Bhutan Bangladesh Sri Lanka Singapore Lao PDR Malaysia Brunei Darussalam Philippines Cambodia Myanmar Indonesia Viet Nam Thailand Timor-Leste Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Vanuatu Kiribati Cook Islands Tuvalu Marshall Islands Fiji Samoa Nauru Tonga Micronesia, Fed. States of Palau Australia New Zealand Japan Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. Source: Table Percent
3 People 175 Figure 1.3 Total fertility rate, 1990 and 2011 or latest year Afghanistan Pakistan Tajikistan Kyrgyz Rep. Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Armenia Georgia Mongolia China, People's Rep. of Korea, Rep. of Hong Kong, China Taipei,China Figure 1.4a Population pyramids in Asia and the Pacific, 2012 and 2050 Age group (2012) Females Population (million) Males Regional Trends and Tables Nepal India Bhutan Sri Lanka Bangladesh Maldives Philippines Lao PDR Malaysia Cambodia Indonesia Brunei Darussalam Myanmar Viet Nam Thailand Singapore Nauru Timor-Leste Solomon Islands Marshall Islands Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Samoa Tonga Micronesia, Fed. States of Tuvalu Kiribati Fiji Cook Islands Palau New Zealand Australia Japan Lao PDR =Lao People s Democratic Republic. Source: Table Age group (2050) Females Population (million) Males Source: World Population Prospects, The 2012 Revision (UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2013). are Afghanistan (47.4%) and most Pacific countries, particularly Timor-Leste (46.5%). These economies also have high age dependency ratios the ratio of population aged less than 15 or older than 65 to the working-age population (population aged 15 65). The Asia and Pacific region has become more urbanized. Migration from rural areas to cities has been driven in large part by the development of industry and services in cities, which attract workers. In the PRC and Thailand, for example, the proportion of people living in urban areas doubled to 53% and 45%, respectively, between 1990 and Figure 1.5 shows that at least half the population lives in cities in 46% of the region s economies. Asia now is home to 12 of the world s 23 megacities which have populations exceeding 10 million (Table 1.a) and has 8 of the 10 most densely populated cities, measured by people per square kilometer (ADB 2012)
4 176 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013 Figure 1.4b Population by age group, 2012 Figure 1.5 Urbanization ratio, 1990 and 2012 or latest year Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Rep. Pakistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Armenia Kazakhstan Georgia Azerbaijan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Pakistan Kyrgyz Rep. Tajikistan Afghanistan Mongolia Korea, Rep. of China, People's Rep. of Taipei,China Hong Kong, China Hong Kong, China Korea, Rep. of Mongolia Taipei,China China, People's Rep. of Nepal Bangladesh India Maldives Sri Lanka Bhutan Maldives Bhutan India Bangladesh Sri Lanka Nepal Lao PDR Philippines Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Brunei Darussalam Viet Nam Thailand Singapore Singapore Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Indonesia Philippines Thailand Lao PDR Viet Nam Myanmar Cambodia Timor-Leste Solomon Islands Marshall Islands Tonga Samoa Vanuatu Papua New Guinea Micronesia, Fed. States of Kiribati Tuvalu Nauru Cook Islands Fiji Palau Nauru Palau Marshall Islands Cook Islands Fiji Tuvalu Kiribati Timor-Leste Vanuatu Tonga Micronesia, Fed. States of Solomon Islands Samoa Papua New Guinea Japan 60 New Zealand 51 Australia Dependency ratio Japan Australia New Zealand Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. Sources: Tables Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. Source: Table 1.3.
5 People 177 Country Urban Agglomeration Table 1a Largest urban agglomerations ranked by population size Population (millions) Country Urban Agglomeration Population (millions) Japan Tokyo Russian Federation Moscow India Delhi Japan Osaka-Kobe Mexico Mexico City Turkey Istanbul United States New York-Newark Nigeria Lagos China, People s Rep. of Shanghai Egypt Cairo Brazil São Paulo China, People s Rep. of Guangzhou India Mumbai China, People s Rep. of Shenzhen China, People s Rep. of Beijing France Paris Bangladesh Dhaka China, People s Rep. of Chongqing 9.98 India Kolkata Indonesia Jakarta 9.77 Pakistan Karachi Korea Rep. of Seoul 9.74 Argentina Buenos Aires United States Chicago 9.68 United States Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana China, People s Rep. of Wuhan 9.16 Brazil Rio de Janeiro Peru Lima 9.13 Philippines Manila United Kingdom London 9.01 Source: World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision (UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2013). Regional Trends and Tables The percentage of population living in cities is projected to increase in all economies in the region by 2050, except for three that are already fully urbanized Hong Kong, China; Nauru; and Singapore. In the PRC, the share is expected to rise by a further 25 percentage points to 77% in 2050, and in India by 22 percentage points to 52%. Some economies are expected to remain predominantly rural in 2050, with at least 60% of their populations in rural areas. They include Cambodia, Nepal, and Sri Lanka (UN 2011). The quality of life measured by the human development index (HDI) continued to improve. This index was calculated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for 186 economies worldwide in It covered three important aspects of welfare: life expectancy at birth, average of mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling, and per capita gross national income. Table 1b shows the HDI values and the average annual HDI increase during for 43 economies in the region. In 2012, seven economies were in the top category of very high human development and another seven were classified as having high human development. Sri Lanka is a new addition in the latter group. About half the regional economies were in the category of medium human development, including the PRC, India, and Indonesia. Two other populous economies Bangladesh and Pakistan were in the low human development group, along with five smaller economies. During , almost all the economies showed some improvements in their HDI. Afghanistan made the biggest improvement, and Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Timor-Leste also showed significant increases. On the other hand, HDIs for Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan declined.
6 178 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013 HDI Global Country rank VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HDI 2012 Data issues and comparability Table 1b Human development index in 2012 and growth, Average annual HDI Average annual HDI growth HDI Global Country HDI growth rank MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2 Australia Mongolia New Zealand Philippines Japan Uzbekistan Korea, Rep. of Micronesia, Fed. States of Hong Kong, China Indonesia Singapore Kiribati Brunei Darussalam Vanuatu HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 125 Kyrgyz Rep Palau Tajikistan Malaysia Viet Nam Kazakhstan Timor-Leste Georgia India Azerbaijan Cambodia Armenia Lao PDR Sri Lanka Bhutan MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 95 Tonga Solomon Islands Fiji Pakistan Samoa Bangladesh China, People s Rep. of Myanmar Turkmenistan Papua New Guinea Thailand Nepal Maldives Afghanistan = no data available, HDI = human development index, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. Source: Table Demographic data are either based on vital registration records or on censuses and surveys. In many developing members, vital registration records are incomplete and therefore cannot be used for statistical purposes. In most countries, population censuses are conducted every 10 years. For this reason, the growth rates are probably more reliable than the levels. The United Nations Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs used future trends on fertility, mortality, and international migration to project population numbers until The medium-fertility variant used assumes the fertility rates above 2.1 children per woman in Statistics on the urban population are compiled according to each economy s national definition, as there is no agreed international standard for defining an urban area. National estimates are used for urban ratios. If national estimates are not available, the data of the World Urbanization Prospects 2011 are used. Data on numbers of physicians and health resources are compiled by the World Health Organization and data on pupils, teachers, and education resources are compiled by the UNESCO Institute of Statistics from country sources. Household surveys are the best source for labor force data but these are not carried out in all countries. Some rely on census data supplemented by enterprise surveys and unemployment registration records. Unemployment registration records are often incomplete and breakdown by economic activities may not be available. The statistics on the number of people infected with HIV/AIDS are estimates based on methods and on parameters developed by the UNAIDS Reference Group on HIV/AIDS Estimates, Modelling, and Projections. The estimates are presented together with ranges, called plausibility bounds, where the wider the bound, the greater the uncertainty surrounding an estimate.
7 People Population 179 Table 1.1 Midyear Population (millions) Regional Member Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Pakistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Regional Trends and Tables China, People s Rep. of a Hong Kong, China Korea, Rep. of Mongolia Taipei,China Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam b Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. States of Nauru Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Australia Japan New Zealand DEVELOPING MEMBER ECONOMIES c REGIONAL MEMBERS c WORLD a Population figures for People s Republic of China refer to end-of-year populations. b Population figures for the Pacific developing member economies are in thousands while the regional total for the Pacific are in millions. c For reporting economies only. Sources: Country sources; for World: World Population Prospects, The 2012 Revision (UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2013).
8 180 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013 Population Table 1.2 Growth Rates in Population (%) Regional Member Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Pakistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan China, People s Rep. of Hong Kong, China Korea, Rep. of Mongolia Taipei,China Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. States of Nauru Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Australia Japan New Zealand DEVELOPING MEMBER ECONOMIES a REGIONAL MEMBERS a WORLD = Data not available at cutoff date, 0.0 = Magnitude is less than half of unit employed. a For reporting economies only. Sources: ADB staff estimates derived from country sources; For World estimates, World Population Prospects, The 2012 Revision (UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2013).
9 People Population 181 Table 1.3 Migration and Urbanization Net International Migration Rate a Urban Population Regional Member (per 1,000 population) (as % of total population) Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Pakistan (1991) Tajikistan Turkmenistan (2011) Uzbekistan (2011) Regional Trends and Tables China, People s Rep. of Hong Kong, China (2010) Korea, Rep. of (2011) Mongolia Taipei,China b Bangladesh (2011) Bhutan India Maldives (2010) Nepal (2001) 16.7 (2006) 17.0(2011) Sri Lanka (2011) Brunei Darussalam (2011) Cambodia (1998) Indonesia (2010) Lao PDR (2011) Malaysia (1991) Myanmar Philippines (1993) (2011) Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Cook Islands (1991) 58.8 (1996) 67.6 (2001) 70.2 (2003)... Fiji (2011) Kiribati (2010) Marshall Islands (2010) Micronesia, Fed. States of (1994) Nauru Palau (2010) Papua New Guinea (2011) Samoa (2011) Solomon Islands (2011) Timor-Leste (2010) Tonga (2011) Tuvalu (2011) Vanuatu Australia (2011) Japan (2011) New Zealand = Data not available at cutoff date, 0.0 = Magnitude is less than half of unit employed. a Refers to annual average. b For urban population, refers to localities of 100,000 or more inhabitants. Sources: Country sources; for net international migration rate: World Population Prospects, The 2012 Revision; for urban population: World Population Prospects, The 2011 Revision (UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2013).
10 182 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013 Population Table 1.4 Population Aged 0 14 Years (% of total population) Regional Member a 2012 a Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Pakistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan China, People s Rep. of Hong Kong, China Korea, Rep. of Mongolia Taipei,China Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. States of Nauru Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Australia Japan New Zealand DEVELOPING MEMBER ECONOMIES b REGIONAL MEMBERS b WORLD a From 2011, the United Nations Population Division projected the country s population based on the medium-fertility variant where fertility is above 2.1 children per woman in censuses. b For reporting economies only. Sources: World Population Prospects, The 2012 Revision (UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2013); Statistics and Demography website ( for Taipei,China: Monthly Bulletin of Statistics Online (Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics 2013).
11 People Population 183 Table 1.5 Population Aged Years (% of total population) Regional Member a 2012 a Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Pakistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Regional Trends and Tables China, People s Rep. of Hong Kong, China Korea, Rep. of Mongolia Taipei,China Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. States of Nauru Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Australia Japan New Zealand DEVELOPING MEMBER ECONOMIES b REGIONAL MEMBERS b WORLD a From 2011, the United Nations Population Division projected the country s population based on the medium-fertility variant where fertility is above 2.1 children per woman in censuses. b For reporting economies only. Sources: World Population Prospects, The 2012 Revision (UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2013); Statistics and Demography website ( for Taipei,China: Monthly Bulletin of Statistics Online (Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics 2013).
12 184 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013 Population Table 1.6 Population Aged 65 Years and Over (% of total population) Regional Member a 2012 a Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Pakistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan China, People s Rep. of Hong Kong, China Korea, Rep. of Mongolia Taipei,China Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. States of Nauru Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Australia Japan New Zealand DEVELOPING MEMBER ECONOMIES b REGIONAL MEMBERS b WORLD a From 2011, the United Nations Population Division projected the country s population based on the medium-fertility variant where fertility is above 2.1 children per woman in censuses. b For reporting economies only. Sources: World Population Prospects, The 2012 Revision (UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2013); Statistics and Demography website ( for Taipei,China: Monthly Bulletin of Statistics Online (Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics 2013).
13 People Population 185 Table 1.7 Age Dependency Ratio Regional Member a 2012 a Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Pakistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Regional Trends and Tables China, People s Rep. of Hong Kong, China Korea, Rep. of Mongolia Taipei,China Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. States of Nauru Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Australia Japan New Zealand DEVELOPING MEMBER ECONOMIES b REGIONAL MEMBERS b WORLD a From 2011, the United Nations Population Division projected the country s population based on the medium-fertility variant where fertility is above 2.1 children per woman in censuses. b For reporting economies only. Sources: ADB staff estimates from the World Population Prospects, The 2012 Revision (UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2013); Statistics and Demography website ( for Taipei,China: Monthly Bulletin of Statistics Online (Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics 2013).
14 186 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013 Labor Force and Employment Table 1.8 Labor Force Participation Rate (%) Regional Member Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Pakistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan China, People s Rep. of Hong Kong, China Korea, Rep. of Mongolia Taipei,China Bangladesh Bhutan India a Maldives Nepal Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore b Thailand Viet Nam Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. States of Nauru Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Australia Japan New Zealand a Figures are computed using data on total labor force and total population. b Refers to Singapore residents only. Sources: Country sources; Key Indicators of the Labour Market Online (ILO 2013); and for Nauru and Tuvalu, the National Minimum Development Indicator Database Secretariat of the Pacific Community website (
15 People Labor Force and Employment 187 Table 1.9 Unemployment Rate (%) Regional Member Afghanistan Armenia a Azerbaijan b Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Pakistan Tajikistan c Turkmenistan Uzbekistan c Regional Trends and Tables China, People s Rep. of d Hong Kong, China Korea, Rep. of Mongolia e Taipei,China Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal f Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. States of Nauru Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands g Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Australia Japan New Zealand = Data not available at cutoff date, = Magnitude equals zero. a Before 2008, data were based on administrative sources. From 2008, estimates were derived from Annual Household Labour Force Survey within the framework of the Households Integrated Living Condition Survey. b Based on the International Labour Organization s methodology starting c Based on officially registered unemployed only. d Refers to urban areas only. e From 2008, data were based on results of the Labour Force Survey. Unemployment data prior to 2008 were taken from administrative data on the number of registered unemployed people. f Data for 1995 and 2000 refer to 1996 and 1999, respectively. g Data for 2000 refer to 1999 figure. Sources: Country sources; Key Indicators of the Labour Market Online (ILO 2013); and for Nauru, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands, the National Minimum Development Indicator Database Secretariat of the Pacific Community website (
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