Volume Title: Small-Scale Industry in the Soviet Union. Volume URL:

Transcription

1 This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Small-Scale Industry in the Soviet Union Volume Author/Editor: Adam Kaufman Volume Publisher: NBER Volume ISBN: Volume URL: Publication Date: 1962 Chapter Title: Front matter to "Small-Scale Industry in the Soviet Union" Chapter Author: Adam Kaufman Chapter URL: Chapter pages in book: (p )

2 OCCASIONAL 80 SMALL-SCALE INDUSTRY IN THE SOVIET UNION ADAM KAUFMAN NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1962

3 Copyright 1962 by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. 261 Madison Avenue, New York 16, N. Y. All Rights Reserved LIBRARY OF CONGRISS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: PRICE: Printed in the United States of America

4 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1961 OFFICERS Harold M. Groves, Chairman Arthur F. Burns, President Albert J. Hettinger, Jr., Vice President Murray Shields, Treasurer Solomon Fabricant, Director of Research Geoffrey H. Moore, Associate Director of Research Hal B. Lary, Associate Director of Research William J. Carson, Executive Director DIRECrORS AT LARGE Wallace J. Campbell, Nationwide insurance Erwin D. Canham, Christian Science Monitor Solomon Fabricant, New York University Marion B. Folsom, Eastman Kodak Company Crawford H. Greenewalt, E. I. du Pont de Nemours Company Gabriel Hauge, Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company A. J. Hayes, International Association of Machinists Albert J. Hettinger, Jr., Lazard Frères and Company i-i. W. Laidler, League for Industrial Democracy George B. Roberts, Larchmont, New York Harry Scherman, Book-of-the-Month Club Boris Shishkin, American Federation of Labor and Congress of industrial Organizations George Soule, South Kent, Connecticut Joseph H. Willits, Armonk, New York Donald B. Woodward, A. W. Jones and Company Theodore 0. Ynteina, Ford Motor Company DIRECTORS BY UNIVERSITY APPOINTMENT V. W. Bladen, Toronto Harold M. Groves, Wisconsin Arthur F. Burns, Columbia Gottfried Haberler, Harvard Lester V. Chandler, Princeton Walter W. Helter, Minnesota Melvin G. de Chazeau Cornell Maurice W. Lee, North Carolina Frank W. Fetter, Northwestern Lloyd G. Reynolds, Yale E.. A. Gordon, California Theodore W. Schultz, Chicago Willis J. Winn, Pennsylvania DIRECTORS BY APPOINTMENT OF OTHER ORGANIZATIONS Percival F. Brundage, American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Harold G. Halcrow, American Farm Economic Association Theodore V. Houser, Committee for Economic Development S. H. Ruttenberg, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations Murray Shields. A men can Management A ssociat ion Willard L. Thorp, American Economic Association W. Allen Wallis, American Statistical Association Harold F. Williamson, Economic History Association DIRECTORS EMERITI Oswald W. Knauth, Beaufort, South Carolina Shepard Morgan, Norfolk, Connecticut N. I. Stone, New York City Moses Abramovitz Gary S. Becker William H. Brown, Jr. Gerhard Bry Arthur F. Burns Phillip Cagan Joseph W. Conard Frank G. Dickinson James S. Earley Richard A. Easterlin Solomon Fabricant RESEARCH STAFF Milton Friedman Raymond W. Goldsmith Millard Hastay Daniel M. Holland Thor Hultgren F. Thomas Juster C. Harry Kahn Hal B. Lary Robert E. Lipsey Ruth P. Mack Jacob Mincer use Mintz Geoffrey H. Moore Roger F. Murray Ralph L. Nelson G. Warren N utter Richard T. Selden Lawrence H. Seltzer Robert P. Shay George J. Stigler Norman B. Ture Herbert B. Woolley

5 RELATION OF THE DIRECTORS TO THE WORK AND PUBLICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH i. The object of the National Bureau of Economic Research is to ascertain and to present to the public important economic facts and their interpretation in a scientific and impartial manner. The Board of Directors is charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the work of the National Bureau is carried on in strict conformity with this object. 2. To this end the Board of Directors shall appoint one or more Directors of Research. The Director or Directors of Research shall submit to the members of the Board, or to its Executive Committee, for their formal adoption, all specific proposals concerning researches to be instituted. 4. No report shall be published until the Director or Directors of Research shall have submitted to the Board a summary drawing attention to the character of the data and their utilization in the report, the nature and treatment of the problems involved, the main conclusions, and such other information as in their opinion would serve to determine the suitability of the report for publication in accordance with the principles of the National Bureau. A copy of any manuscript proposed for publication shall also be submitted to each member of the Board. For each manuscript to be so submitted a special committee shall be appointed by the President, or at his designation by the Executive Director, consisting of three Directors selected as nearly as may be one from each general division of the Board. The names of the special manuscript committee shall be stated to each Director when the summary and report described in paragraph (4) are sent to him. It shall be the duty of each member of the committee to read the manuscript. If each member of the special committee signifies his approval within thirty days, the manuscript may be published. If each member of the special committee has not signified his approval within thirty days of the transmittal of the report and manuscript, the Director of Research shall then notify each member of the Board, requesting approval or disapproval of publication, and thirty additional days shall be granted for this purpose. The manuscript shall then not be published unless at least a majority of the entire Board and a two-thirds majority of those members of the Board who shall have voted on the proposal within the time fixed for the receipt of votes on the publication proposed shall have approved. 6. No manuscript may be published, though approved by each member of the special committee, until forty-five days have elapsed from the transmittal of the summary and report. The interval is allowed for the receipt of any memorandum of dissent or reservation, together with a brief statement of his reasons, that any member may wish to express; and such memorandum of dissent or reservation shall be published with the manuscript if he so desires. Publication does not, however, imply that each member of the Board has read the manuscript, or that either members of the Board in general, or of the special committee, have passed upon its validity in every detail. 7. A copy of this resolution shall, unless otherwise determined by the Board, be printed in each copy of every National Bureau book. (Resolution adopted October25, 1926, as revised February 6, 1933, and February 24, 1941)

6 This study, one of a series dealing with Soviet economic growth, was made possible by funds granted by the Rockefeller Foundation. The Rockefeller Foundation is, however, not to be understood as approving or disapproving by virtue of its grant any of the statements made or views expressed herein.

7

8 Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PAGE Xlii BY G. WARREN NUTFER 1. HIsTORICAL SKETCH OF THE ROLE OF SMALL-SCALE INDUSTRY 1 2. THE NATURE OF STATISTICS ON SMALL-SCALE INDUSTRY 8 Prerevolutionary Data 8 Data for the Pre-Plan Period 10 The Industrial Census of The Census of The Partial Industrial Census of The Census of Data for the Plan Period 13 The Census of The Industrial Registration of Summary SMALL-SCALE INDUSTRY ON THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION 18 Our Estimates 18 Rybnikov's and Gukhman's Estimates 20 Grinevetskii's Estimates 23 Strum jim's Estimates 24 Differences in Estimates 26 Summary SMALL-SCALE INDUSTRY IN THE PRE-PLAN PERIOD 29 The "Traditional" Small-Scale Industry 29 Regional Concentration of Small-Scale Industry 31 Ownership of Small-Scale Enterprises 33 VII

9 Contents PAGE Relative Importance of Small-Scale Industry 84 Summary THE ABSORPTION OF SMALL-SCALE INDUSTRY IN THE PLAN PERIOD 40 Administrative Reorganization of Small-Scale Industry 40 Shift from Small- to Large-Scale Industry 44 Absorption of Peasant Home Industry into State Industry 48 Summary INDEXES OF SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION 52 The Data Problem 52 Index of Industrial Materials 53 Soviet Indexes of Small-Scale Production 55 Summary 61 APPENDIX 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY 91 vii'

10 Tables PAGE 1. Persons Engaged in Large- and Small-Scale Industry, by Industrial Group, Gross Value of Output of Large- and Small-Scale Industry, by Industrial Group, Comparison of Different Estimates of Persons Engaged in Large- and Small-Scale Industry, 1908, 1912, or Comparison of Different Estimates of Gross Value of Output of Large- and Small-Scale Industry, 1908, 1912, or Gross Value of Output of Large- and Small-Scale Industry Estimated from Tax Reports, Comparison of Different Estimates of Percentage Shares of Small-Scale Industry in Employment and Gross Value of Output, Prerevolutionary Year Enterprises, Workers, and Gross Value of Output in Russian Large-Scale Manufacturing Accounted for by the Western Provinces, Relative Importance of Small-Scale "Nests" and Large-Scale Enterprises Operating in the Same Industries and Regions, 1928/ Percentage Distribution of Persons Engaged in Small-Scale Enterprises, by Type of Ownership, Individual Industries, and 1928/29 ix

11 Tables PAGE 10. Percentage Share of Persons Engaged and Gross Value of Output Accounted for by Small-Scale Enterprises, Industrial Groups, 1926/27 28/ Percentage Distribution of Persons Engaged and Gross Value of Output of Small-Scale Industry Among Industrial Groups, 1926/27 28/ Collective Farm Industry in the RSFSR: Number of Enterprises, Employment, and Value of Output, 1933 and Persons Engaged in Small-Scale Industry, by Individual Industries, 1927/28 and Recruitment of Urban Hired Labor by Source, Persons Engaged in Large-Scale Sector of Selected Industries, 1927/28 and Physical Output of Food and Allied Products, 1928 and Production Index for Industrial Materials: Large- and Small- Scale Industry, 1913, 1927/28, and Indexes of Output, Persons Engaged, and Output per Person Engaged: Total, Large-Scale, and Small-Scale Industry, 1927/28 and Derived Gross Production of Large- and Small-Scale Industry, Official Soviet Indexes of Gross Production, Large- and Small-Scale Industry, Percentage Shares of Gross Production in "1926/27" Prices Accounted for by Large- and Small-Scale Industry According to Official Soviet Statistics, Comparison of Derived and Published Data on Gross Production of Large-Scale Industry, A-i. Persons Engaged in Small-Scale Industry: Soviet Union, Selected Years 64 A-2. Persons Engaged in Large- and Small-Scale Industry in Full- Time Equivalents: Soviet Union, Selected Years 66

12 Tables PAGE A-S. Value of Output of Large- and Small-Scale Industry: Soviet Union, Selected Years 75 A-4. Basic Data for Production Indexes for Industrial Materials, Large- and Small-Scale Industry: Soviet Union, 1913, 1927/28, and A-5. Output of Additional Small-Scale Industries: Soviet Union, 1913, 1927/28, and A-6. Index for Industrial Materials, Large- and Small-Scale Industry: Soviet Union, 1913, 1927/28, and xl

13 Charts 1. Percentage Shares of Large- and Small-Scale Industry in Employment and Gross Value of Output, 1913, 1927/28, and Indexes of Output and Employment: Total, Large-Scale, and Small-Scale Industry, 1913, 1927/28, and xli