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4 Bibliography 123 Hall, Peter A., and Rosemary C. R. Taylor. Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms. Political Studies 44, no. 5 (December 1996): Hinckley, Barbara. Less Than Meets the Eye: Foreign Policy Making and the Myth of the Assertive Congress. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, Howell, William G. Power without Persuasion: The Politics of Direct Presidential Action. Princeton: Princeton University Press, Huntington, Samuel P. Congressional Responses to the Twentieth Century. In The Congress and America s Future, edited by David B. Truman, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, Immergut, Ellen M. The Theoretical Core of the New Institutionalism. Politics & Society 26, no. 1 (March 1998): Kellerman, Barbara. The President as World Leader. New York: St. Martin s Press, Kelly, Alfred Hinsey, Winfred A. Harbison, and Herman Belz. The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development. 6th ed. New York: W.W. Norton, Kernell, Samuel. Going Public: New Strategies of Presidential Leadership. 4th ed. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, Kobylka, Joseph F., and Bradley Kent Carter. Madison, The Federalist, and the Constitutional Order: Human Nature and Institutional Structure. Polity 20, no. 2 (1987): Kristol, William. The Problem of the Separation of Powers: Federalist In Charles Kesler, Ed., Saving the Revolution: The Federalist Papers and the American Founding, New York: Free Press, Levitsky, Steven, and Maria Victoria Murillo. Variation in Institutional Strength. Annual Review of Political Science 12 (2009): Lieberman, Robert C. Ideas, Institutions, and Political Order: Explaining Political Change. American Political Science Review 96, no. 4 (December 2002): 697. Lindsay, James M. Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Deference and Defiance: The Shifting Rhythms of Executive- Legislative Relations in Foreign Policy. Presidential Studies Quarterly 33, no. 3 (2003):

5 124 Bibliography Lowi, Theodore J. American Business, Public Policy, Case-Studies, and Political Theory. World Politics 16, no. 4 (July 1, 1964): Four Systems of Policy, Politics, and Choice. Public Administration Review 32, no. 4 (July 1, 1972): The Personal President: Power Invested, Promise Unfulfilled. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, MacMillan, Margaret. Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World. 1st US ed. New York: Random House, Mahoney, James, and Kathleen Ann Thelen. A Theory of Gradual Institutional Change. In Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power in Historical Institutionalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, March, James G., and Johan P. Olsen. The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders. International Organization 52, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life. The American Political Science Review 78, no. 3 (September 1, 1984): Mason, Alpheus Thomas. The Federalist A Split Personality. The American Historical Review 57, no. 3 (April 1, 1952): Mayer, Kenneth R., and David T Canon. The Dysfunctional Congress?: The Individual Roots of an Institutional Dilemma. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Mayhew, David R. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven: Yale University Press, McCloskey, Robert G. The American Supreme Court. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, McCullough, David G. Truman. New York: Simon & Schuster, Milkis, Sidney M. The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the New Deal. New York: Oxford University Press, Miller, William Lee. The Business of May Next: James Madison and the Founding. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, Millican, Edward. One United People: The Federalist Papers and the National Idea. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, Nardulli, Peter F. The Constitution and American Politics: A Developmental Perspective. In The Constitution and American Political Development: An Institutional Perspective, edited by Peter F. Nardulli, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992.

6 Bibliography 125 Nelson, Michael. Evaluating the Presidency. In The Presidency and the Political System, edited by Michael Nelson. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1988., ed. Guide to the Presidency. 4th ed. 2 vols. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, Neustadt, Richard E. Presidential Power: The Politics of Leadership from FDR to Carter. New York: John Wiley, O Brien, David M. Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics. 4th ed. New York: W.W. Norton, Orren, Karen, and Stephen Skowronek. The Search for American Political Development. New York: Cambridge University Press, Ostrom, Vincent. The Political Theory of a Compound Republic: Designing the American Experiment. 2nd ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, Peters, B. Guy. Institutional Theory in Political Science: The New Institutionalism. 2nd ed. New York: Continuum, Peterson, Mark A. The Three Branches of Government: Powers, Relationships, and Checks. In Institutions of American Democracy: A Republic Divided, edited by Annenberg Democracy Project, New York: Oxford University Press, Pierson, Paul. Not Just What, but When: Timing and Sequence in Political Processes. Studies in American Political Development 14, no. 1 (April 2000): Politics in Time : History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. Princeton: Princeton University Press, Pietrusza, David. 1948: Harry Truman s Improbable Victory and the Year That Transformed America s Role in the World. New York: Union Square Press, Polsby, Nelson W. The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives. American Political Science Review 62, no. 1 (1968): Posner, Eric A., and Adrian Vermeule. The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic. New York: Oxford University Press, Powe, Lucas A., Jr. The Warren Court and American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Rehnquist, William H. Grand Inquests: The Historic Impeachments of Justice Samuel Chase and President Andrew Johnson. New York: Morrow, 1993.

7 126 Bibliography Robertson, David Brian. The Constitution and America s Destiny. New York: Cambridge University Press, Rockman, Bert A. Entrepreneur in the Constitutional Marketplace: The Development of the Presidency. In The Constitution and American Political Development: An Institutional Perspective, edited by Peter F. Nardulli, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, Rossiter, Clinton. Introduction. In The Federalist Papers, by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, edited by Clinton Rossiter. New York: New American Library, Rusk, Jerrold G. A Statistical History of the American Electorate. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, Schattschneider, E. E. The Semisovereign People: A Realist s View of Democracy in America. Hinsdale, IL: Dryden Press, Schickler, Eric. Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress. Princeton Studies in American Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, Schlozman, Kay Lehman, and John T. Tierney. Organized Interests and American Democracy. New York: Harper & Row, Schmidt, Vivien A. Discursive Institutionalism: The Explanatory Power of Ideas and Discourse. Annual Review of Political Science 11 (2008): Schwartz, Bernard. A History of the Supreme Court. New York: Oxford University Press, Schwartz, Thomas. Publius and Public Choice. In The Federalist Papers and the New Institutionalism, edited by Bernard Grofman and Donald Wittman, New York: Agathon Press, Scott, W. Richard. Institutions and Organizations: Ideas, Interests, and Identities. 4th ed. Los Angeles: SAGE, Sheingate, Adam D. Institutional Dynamics and American Political Development. Annual Review of Political Science 17, no. 1 (May 11, 2014): Political Entrepreneurship, Institutional Change, and American Political Development. Studies in American Political Development 17, no. 02 (2003): Shepsle, Kenneth A. Representation and Governance: The Great Legislative Trade-Off. Political Science Quarterly 103, no. 3 (October 1, 1988):

8 Bibliography 127 Shogan, Colleen J., and Thomas H. Neale. The President s State of the Union Address: Tradition, Function, and Policy Implications. Congressional Research Service, January 24, Sinclair, Barbara. Parties and Leadership in the House. In The Legislative Branch, edited by Paul J. Quirk and Sarah A. Binder, New York: Oxford University Press, Skocpol, Theda. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. New York: Cambridge University Press, Skowronek, Stephen. Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, New York: Cambridge University Press, The Politics Presidents Make: Leadership from John Adams to George Bush. Cambridge, MA; London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Smith, Steven S. Call to Order: Floor Politics in the House and Senate. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, The Senate Syndrome: The Evolution of Procedural Warfare in the Modern U.S. Senate. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, Smith, Tom W., and Jaesok Son. Trends in Public Attitudes about Confidence in Institutions. General Social Survey, Final Report. Chicago, IL: NORC, May Sundquist, James L. The Decline and Resurgence of Congress. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, Swanstrom, Roy. The United States Senate, Washington, DC: G.P.O., Swift, Elaine K. The Making of an American Senate: Reconstitutive Change in Congress, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, Theriault, Sean M. Party Polarization in Congress. New York: Cambridge University Press, Thomas, George. What Is Political Development? A Constitutional Perspective. The Review of Politics 73, no. 02 (2011): Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America. Edited by J. P Mayer. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, Toobin, Jeffrey. The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court. New York: Anchor Books, Tulis, Jeffrey. The Rhetorical Presidency. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.

9 128 Bibliography. The Two Constitutional Presidencies. In The Presidency in the Political System, edited by Michael Nelson, 104. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, United States and Bureau of the Census. Congressional District Data Book. Vol. 88. US Government Printing Office, Van Tassel, Emily Field, and Paul Finkelman. Impeachable Offenses: A Documentary History from 1787 to the Present. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, Weissman, Stephen R. A Culture of Deference: Congress s Failure of Leadership in Foreign Policy. New York: Basic Books, White, Morton. Philosophy, the Federalist, and the Constitution. New York: Oxford University Press, Whittington, Keith E. Constitutional Construction: Divided Powers and Constitutional Meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Political Foundations of Judicial Supremacy: The Presidency, the Supreme Court, and Constitutional Leadership in U.S. History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, Wills, Gary. Explaining America: The Federalist. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Wilson, Francis G. The Federalist on Public Opinion. The Public Opinion Quarterly 6, no. 4 (1942): Wilson, Woodrow. Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, cgi/pt?id=uc ;view=1up;seq=9.. Constitutional Government in the United States. New York: Columbia University Press, Wirls, Daniel, and Stephen Wirls. The Invention of the United States Senate. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Yarbrough, Jean. Thoughts on the Federalist s View of Representation. Polity 12, no. 1 (1979): Young, James S. The Washington Community, New York: Columbia University Press, Zuckert, Michael P. The Virtuous Polity, the Accountable Polity: Liberty and Responsibility in The Federalist. Publius 22, no. 1 (1992):

10 Index Adams, John Quincy, 73 APD (American Political Development), 1, 6, 8 11, 13, 16n21 historical institutionalism, institutional change and power in, 45 8, 80 political development, 53 4 study of political institutions and, 42 5 Arthur, Chester, 69 Articles of Confederation, 6, 25 Baker v. Carr (1962), 105 Bensel, Richard, 56n23 Brownlow Committee, 63, 94 Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 105 Bryce, James, 68, 70, 76 Bush, George H. W., 109 Bush, George W., 54, 109 Bush v. Gore (2000), 109 Carey, George W., 14n4 Carpenter, Daniel, 11, 17n32 Chase, Samuel, 79 checks and balances, 114 American politics, 65 Constitution, 30 Federalist no. 51, 19 24, 27 institutional power, 3 5, 8, 19 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 105 Civil War, US, 65, 73, 82 3, 92 Clay, Henry, 70, 83 committee system, Congress, 5, 12, 50, 54, 60, 62 3, 66 9, 70, 96, 100 Congress adaptation crisis, 11 12, 96 committee system, 5, 12, 50, 54, 60, 62 3, 66 9, 70, 96, 100 constituency, 30, 95 8, 101 House of Representatives, 4, 10, 19, 25 8, 32 3, 44, 50, 66 9, 76, 79, 83, 97, , 105, 115 legislative veto, 62 3 organization, 27 8, 65 9, new politics or personal, powers, 26, 65 9, 96 Senate, 4, 19, 25 8, 32 3, 44, 50, 52, 60 1, 64, 66 9, 72, 76, 79, 83, 96 7, , 109, 115 Speaker of the House, 60, 66 staff, 61, 64, 74 5, constituency, 3 5, 8, Congress, 30, 95 8, 101 Congress power, 69 constitutional architecture, 32 3 DOI: /

11 130 Index constituency continued democratizing the presidency, 75 7 developmental, 64 5 developmental change, 59 61, federalism, 33 4 The Federalist, institutional power, 14n5, 20 4, 35 7, 41, 48 50, 53 4, judiciary, 31 2, 81 2, original, 36 presidency, 31, 69 70, 75 7, 90, 92, 94 5 Constitution, US, 2, 6 8, 11, 13, 24, 114, 118 amendments, 5, 62, 63 architecture, powers, organization and constituency, 32 3 Article I, 26, 60, 62, 70, 79, 95 Article II, 26 Article III, 78 checks and balances, 30 Congress, 32 Fourteenth (14 th ) amendment, 98, 104 House, 66 institutions and power, 41, 43 4, 50 1, 59 judiciary, 31, 77 9 philosophy, 72 3 powers and organization, 34, 35 8 presidency, 63 Senate, 64 Seventeenth (17 th ) amendment, 50, 64 Supreme Court, 103, Twenty-second (22 nd ) amendment, 63, 91 Constitutional Convention, 2, 6, 9, 14n8, 115 constitutionalism, American, 4, 82, 91 constructivist institutionalism, 43 Coolidge, Calvin, 69, 72, 77, 91, 92 Courts, see judiciary Dahl, Robert, 21 2 Darwin, Charles, 9, 35, 36 Democratic convention, 76 Democratic Party, 75 Democratic-Republicans, 81 Democrats, 75, 97, 99 Diamond, Martin, 7, 8, 14n8 discursive institutionalism, 43 Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), 52, 79, 81 2 Eisenhower, Dwight, 11, 92 4 Emancipation Proclamation, 63 Epstein, David, 23, 39n18 executive, see presidency/president Executive agreements, 62 Fair Deal, 92, 93 federalism, 33 5, 82 3 Federalist no. 10, 6, 8, 13, 16n25, 21 2 constitutional architecture, 32 4 organization, 27 8 Federalist no , 25 Federalist no. 17, 34 Federalist no. 47, 13n2 Federalist no , 22 4, 25, 39n13 Federalist no. 48, 13n2 Federalist no. 51, 4, 6, 8 9, 13, 19 24, 27 8, 34, 51, 66 Federalist no , 24 Federalist no , 27 Federalist no , 25 Federalist no. 68, 27 Federalist no. 70, 21, 27, 73 Federalist no. 71, 27 Federalist no. 72, 27 Federalist no. 78, 21, 25, 27, 29, 108 Federalist, The (Hamilton, Madison and Jay) APD (American Political Development), 8 12 constituency, federalism, 33 5 institutional matrix, 4 organization, 27 9 political theory, 6 8 powers, 25 7 scholarship, 8 theory of institutional power, 2 6 DOI: /

12 Index 131 Ferejohn, John, 22 Fillmore, Millard, 69, 72 foreign policy,presidential power, 52, 70 3, 93 5 Fourteenth (14 th ) Amendment, 98, 104 Ginsberg, Benjamin, 14n5 Grant, Ulysses S., 72, 76, 82, 92 Great Depression, 48, 54, 77, 90, 104 Great Society, 98, 99 Hamilton, Alexander, 3, 7, 14n8, 26, 29, 31, 33, 35 6, 74 5, 94, 108 Harding, Warren G., 72, 77 Harlan, John Marshall, II, Harrison, Benjamin, 69, 82 Harrison, William Henry, 69, 76 historical institutionalism, 8 9, 43, 45, 46, 47, 114, 117 Hoover, Herbert, 54, 74 House of Representatives, 4, 10, 19, 25 8, 32 3, 44, 50, 66 9, 76, 79, 83, 97, , 105, 115 Huntington, Samuel, 11 12, 17n35, 41, 96, 98, 116 institutional change, 9, 41 2, 114 APD (American Political Development), 45 8 connecting sources of, to institutional power, externally stimulated, 48 9 internally generated, stability and change, 9, 41 2, 114 systemically stimulated, 51 4 institutional theory, 6, 8, 9, 12 13, 22, 41 2, 44 5, 48 conversion, 46, 47 drift, 46, 47 intercurrence, 46, 47 institutionalism, 8, 42, 44, 45, 47, 114 layering, 46, 47 multiple orders, 46, 47 Jackson, Andrew, 64, 65, 69, 70, 73, 75 6, 89, 96 Jay, John, 86n30 Jay Treaty, 52 Jefferson, Thomas, 70, 71, 72, 74 Jeffersonian-Republicans, 78, 79 Johnson, Lyndon Baines (LBJ), 98, 99 judiciary circuit riding, 64, 80 constituency, 31 2, 81 2, constitutional authority, 77 9 Court s activism, 103 4, 107, 109, 110 due process, equal protection, judicial review, 11, 20, 24, 27, 29, 31, 50, 52, 60, 65, 77 9, 103 judicial sovereignty, 60, 62, 77, 108 organization, 29, 79 81, 108 organizational evolution, 84n3 permanency in office, 29 powers, 25, 26 7, 77 9, staff, 64, 80, 84n3 Supreme Court, Judiciary Act of 1789, 78, 80 Judiciary Act of 1925, 64 Kennedy, John F., 93, 94, 97 Korean War, 92, 112n25 Kristol, William, 22, 24 liberal-republican theory, 7, Lincoln, Abraham, 63, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 89 Louisiana Purchase, 71 Lowi, Theodore, 10, 70, 71, 89, 94 Madison, James, 2, 3, 7, 14n8, 33, 35 6, 39n11, 64, 71, 72 Marbury v. Madison (1803), 78 9, 82 March, James, 43 Marshall, John (Chief Justice), 63, 79, 81 3, 87n40, 108 Marshall Plan, 92, 94 Milkis, Sidney, 10 Miller, William Lee, 23 Monroe Doctrine, 71 DOI: /

13 132 Index Nardulli, Peter F., 11, 17n33, 56n24, 118, 119n8 national security, 25, 71, 93 Nelson, Michael, 72 Neustadt, Richard, 2, 11, 115, 116, 117 New Deal, 5, 46, 90, 93, 99, Newton, Isaac, 9, 35, 36 Nixon, Richard, 98, 109 Olson, Johan, 43 organization congressional, 27 8, 65 9, constitutional architecture, 32 3 developmental, 59 61, 63 4 The Federalist, 27 9 institutional power, 41, 48 50, 53 4, judiciary, 29, 79 81, 108 presidency, 27 8, 73 5, 91 5 Orren, Karen, 8, 53 path dependence, 47, 48 personal Congress, 89, personal court, 89, 104 Peterson, Mark, 65 Pickering, John, 86n32 Pierce, Franklin, 70, 72, 76 political development, 13, 46, 53 4, 83, 114, 118, see also APD (American Political Development) political entrepreneurs, 12, 42, 45, 47, 54 political parties, 51, 64, 65 9, 75 6, 83, 75 6 Polk, James K., 70, 76 Polsby, Nelson, 10, 63 power, institutional, 41, 48 50, 53 4, APD (American Political Development), 45 8 checks and balances, 24 connecting sources of institutional change to, definition of, 6 Federalist theory of, 2 5, 8, 10 13, 14n4, 19, 35 8, 46, 96, judiciary, 29, 77 9, 81, 108 Madison s republican theory of, 23 origins and patterns of changes in, 49 powers, organization and constituency, 32 3, 117 presidency, 91 separation of powers, 24 stability and change, 41 2 strength, 44 5 powers congressional, 26, 65 9, 96 constitutional architecture, 32 3 developmental, 61 3 The Federalist, 25 7 judiciary, 25, 26 7, 77 9, presidency, 26, 69 72, 90 1 Preface to Democratic Theory, A (Dahl), 21 presidency/president, 11, 54, 61, 66 7, 75, constituency, 31, 69 70, 75 7, 90, 92, 94 5 democratizing the, 75 7 domestic and foreign policy, 70 2 length of term and re-eligibility, 31 organization, 27 8, 60 1, 63 4, 73 5, 91 5 personal, power, 2 6, 10 11, 19, 21 2, 25 7, 30 3, 37, 50, 69 72, 112n25, 90 1, 110 selection/election of, 11, 31, 32, 60, 75, 83 staff, 60, 75, 90, 94 strengths and weaknesses, 33 unitary, 4, 20 1, 28, 33, 60, 63 4, 73, 83, 94 veto, 22, 24, 26, 28, 33, 72 3 Whig presidency, 72 3 Presidential Power (Neustadt), 2, 115 rational choice institutionalism, 8, 42 3, 116 Reagan, Ronald, 109 Rehnquist Court, 109 DOI: /

14 Index 133 Republican Congress, 79, 86n32, 91, 92 Republicans, 81, 86n32, 92, 97, 99 Reynolds v. Sims (1964), Roberts, John (Chief Justice), 105, 109 Rockman, Bert, 51 Roe v. Wade (1973), 109 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 10, 11, 13, 54, 61, 75, 89 94, 96, 104 Roosevelt, Teddy, 73, 76, 77, 89, 92 Rossiter, Clinton, 7, 14n8 Scott, Winfield, 76 second republic, 88, 89, 109 Senate, 4, 19, 25 8, 32 3, 44, 50, 52, 60 1, 64, 66 9, 72, 76, 79, 83, 96 7, sixty-vote (supermajority), 50, 102, 109, 115 separation of powers, 117 American politics, 65 Constitution, 24, 36 doctrine of, 30 The Federalist, 25 7, 33 Federalist no. 51, 19 24, 27 institutional power, 3, 5 6, 8, 13, 19 presidency, 95 Seventeenth (17 th ) Amendment, 50, 64 Skowronek, Stephen, 8, 10, 53 sociological institutionalism, 43 Supreme Court, see judiciary Taney, Roger, 81 2, 108 Taylor, Zachary, 72, 76 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 16n22, 71 Truman, Harry, 11, 91 4 Tulis, Jeffrey, 10, 77 Twenty-second (22 nd ) Amendment, 63, 91 Two Treatises on Government (Locke), 7 Tyler, John, 73, 92 Vietnam War, 92, 98, 99 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 105, 112n28 War of 1812, 54, 66, 71 Warren Court, 103, 105, 106, 108 Washington, George, 52, 63, 72 4 Washington Community, The (Young), 10 Whig presidency, 72 3, 77, 83, 91 White House, 61, 67, 72, 92 Whittington, Keith, 62 Wills, Garry, 22 Wilson, Woodrow, 9, 35, 36, 68, 72, 77, 94 World War I, 94 World War II, 5, 46, 75, 77, 90, 104 Young, James S., 10, 83 DOI: /