Comparative Political Leadership

Transcription

1 Comparative Political Leadership

2 Palgrave Studies in Political Leadership series Series editors: LUDGER HELMS, Professor of Political Science and Chair of Comparative Politics, University of Innsbruck, Austria ROBERT ELGIE, Paddy Moriarty Professor of Government and International Studies, Dublin City University, Republic of Ireland TAKASHI INOGUCHI, Professor Emeritus, University of Tokyo and President, University of Niigata Prefecture, Japan GILLIAN PEELE, Fellow and Tutor in Politics, Lady Margaret Hall, University of Oxford, UK BERT A. ROCKMAN, Professor and Head of Department, Department of Political Science, Purdue University, USA Editorial Advisory Board: BARBARA KELLERMAN, James MacGregor Burns Lecturer in Leadership, Center for Public Leadership, Kennedy School, Harvard University, USA ANTHONY KING, Essex County Council Millennium Professor of British Government, University of Essex, UK R. A. W. RHODES, Professor of Government, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Southampton, UK Palgrave Studies in Political Leadership seeks to gather some of the best work on political leadership broadly defined, stretching from classic areas such as executive, legislative and party leadership to understudied manifestations of political leadership beyond the state. Edited by an international board of distinguished leadership scholars from the United States, Europe and Asia, the series publishes cutting-edge research that reaches out to a global readership. Titles include: Mark Bennister PRIME MINISTERS IN POWER Political Leadership in Britain and Australia Ludger Helms ( editor ) COMPARATIVE POLITICAL LEADERSHIP Kevin Theakston and Jouke de Vries ( editors ) FORMER LEADERS IN MODERN DEMOCRACIES Political Sunsets Palgrave Studies in Political Leadership series Series Standing Order ISBN (hardback) and (paperback) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

3 Comparative Political Leadership Edited by Ludger Helms Professor of Political Science and Chair of Comparative Politics, University of Innsbruck, Austria

4 Editorial matter, selection and introduction Ludger Helms 2012, 2016 All remaining chapters respective authors 2012, 2016 Corrected Printing 2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2012 First published in paperback 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

5 I dedicate this volume to my beloved mother, Ursula Helms (*10 June February 2012), a shining testimony to God s generosity and grace, who devoted her life to teaching us that love is all that really matters

6 Contents List of Illustrations Preface to the paperback edition Notes on Contributors ix xi xii 1 Introduction: The Importance of Studying Political Leadership Comparatively 1 Ludger Helms 2 Executive Leadership in Comparative Perspective: Politicians, Bureaucrats and Public Governance 25 B. Guy Peters and Ludger Helms 3 Comparing Leadership Patterns and Dynamics in the Legislative Arena 56 Philip Norton 4 The Presidentialization of Party Leadership? Evaluating Party Leadership and Party Government in the Democratic World 77 Paul Webb, Thomas Poguntke and Robin Kolodny 5 Leadership in Social and Political Movements: A Comparative Exploration 99 Dieter Rucht 6 Political Leadership in Times of Crisis: Comparing Leader Responses to Financial Turbulence 119 Arjen Boin, Paul t Hart and Femke van Esch 7 Comparative Keyword Analysis and Leadership Communication: Tony Blair A Study of Rhetorical Style 142 Jonathan Charteris-Black 8 Political Marketing and Opinion Leadership: Comparative Perspectives and Findings 165 Jennifer Lees-Marshment 9 The Contributions of Political Psychology to Comparative Political Leadership Analysis 186 Stanley A. Renshon vii

7 viii Contents 10 Comparing and Assessing Gender Effects in Political Leadership 207 Anne Stevens 11 Army of One or Join the Club? Comparing Local Political Leadership in Europe 227 Kristof Steyvers, Herwig Reynaert and Tony Valcke 12 Confronting the Challenges of Political Leadership in International Organizations 249 Michael G. Schechter 13 Political Leadership in Old and New Democracies 272 Robert Elgie 14 Comparative Leadership in Non-democracies 292 Erica Frantz and Elizabeth A. Stein Index 315

8 Illustrations Tables 5.1 Features of political parties, pressure groups and social/political movements The role of leadership in different kinds of social movements Types of social movement leaders Dominance of, and changes in, Merkel s belief-system Dominance of, and changes in, Weber s belief-system Reference corpus of British politicians speeches Semantic categorization of top 100 keywords Frequency of Tony Blair s style keywords Old and new democracies and regime types a The distribution of regime types across old and new democracies with seven Latin American democracies classified as old b The distribution of regime types across old and new democracies with seven Latin American democracies classified as new Mean Siaroff scores in old and new democracies with seven Latin American democracies classified as old (Model 1) and new (Model 2) Mean PPI scores in old and new democracies with seven Latin American democracies classified as old (Model 3) and new (Model 4) Average prime ministerial duration in old and new democracies 284 Figures 3.1 Leadership in legislatures Example of a cognitive map Support for Brown s policies Support for Brown and poll results Rhetorical style and political persuasion 146 ix

9 x List of Illustrations 11.1 Effect of leadership form on leadership attitudes and behaviour: a neo-institutional model Effect of the institutional setting of executive leadership on leaders tenure and economic policy 307 Box 8.1 A model of a reflective political leader 169

10 Preface to the paperback edition This book, originally published in hardback just a few years ago, was designed as the launch volume of the Palgrave Studies in Political Leadership book series. Ever since, both the series and the wider field of political leadership research have flourished. There is now a growing number of studies available that look at different aspects of leadership, often combining different theoretical and methodological approaches to provide more realistic and more complete pictures of leaders, leadership, and followership. That said, genuinely comparative work, seeking to reach beyond compiling different case studies based on a shared framework for analysis, has continued to mark a precious commodity. This volume set out to provide a state-of-the-art assessment of core leadership issues in the major areas of contemporary politics, including classic subjects such as executive or party leadership as well as conspicuously understudied subjects, such as, for example, leadership in political and social movements. The one big shared vision of the contributors representing different areas of political studies was taking the comparative approach seriously throughout. Well received by the growing community of leadership students and scholars, the book has been hailed as the best recent overview of the topic in political studies set to become the essential teaching vehicle in most universities (David S. Bell in Government & Opposition, vol. 49:1 (2014), p. 147). As the editor of this volume, and a co-editor of the series, I am very glad that this paperback edition will make this collection of specifically commissioned chapters available to a greater number of readers. With hindsight, the collaboration among authors from more than a dozen countries has proven to be a springboard to a wealth of new jointventures in political leadership research, and it is hoped that the book will continue to provide inspiration for more comparative work in the field. My special thanks go to the new Politics team at Palgrave, Ambra Finotello and Imogen Gordon Clark, who made this re-edition possible, and who have left no doubt about their firm commitment to helping the board of editors to lead the series from strengths to strengths. Ludger Helms, Innsbruck, October 2015 xi

11 Notes on Contributors Arjen Boin is Professor of Public Governance and Crisis Management at the Utrecht School of Governance, the Netherlands, and Adjunct Professor at the Public Administration Institute, Louisiana State University, USA. He has published widely on topics of crisis and disaster management, leadership, institutional design and correctional administration. His recent books are The Politics of Crisis Management (co-author, 2005, winner of APSA s Herbert A. Simon book award), Governing after Crisis (2008), Crisis Management: A Three-Volume Set of Essential Readings (2008) and Designing Resilience (2010). Boin serves on the editorial board of Risk Management and the Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management and is the editor of Public Administration as well as a managing partner of Crisis plan BV. Jonathan Charteris-Black is Professor of Linguistics at the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. He is a specialist in the field of linguistic analysis of leadership communication, figurative language and rhetoric. His two recent books in this field are Politicians and Rhetoric: The Persuasive Power of Metaphor (2nd edn, 2011) and The Communication of Leadership: The Design of Leadership Style (2007). His other publications include Gender and the Language of Illness (co-author with Clive Seale, 2010), and numerous book chapters and articles in international journals. Robert Elgie is Paddy Moriarty Professor of Government and Politics at Dublin City University, Ireland. He has published extensively on semi-presidentialism, including more recently Semi-Presidentialism and Democracy (co-editor, 2011), and Semi-Presidentialism: Sub-Types and Democratic Performance (2011). His publications on leadership include Political Leadership in Liberal Democracies (1995). He also works on the politics of contemporary France. He is the co-editor with Andrew Appleton of the journal French Politics, and the author of Political Institutions in Contemporary France (2003). Erica Frantz is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Bridgewater State University, USA. She holds a PhD from UCLA (2008). She is a specialist on authoritarian politics and worked as a political analyst on issues of national security interest for the Institute for Physical Sciences xii

12 Notes on Contributors xiii ( ). She published two books on dictatorships in 2011 (with Natasha Ezrow): The Politics of Dictatorship: Institutions and Outcomes in Authoritarian Regimes and Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders. Her work has also appeared in the Journal of International Affairs and in the University of Maryland s Peace and Conflict series. Ludger Helms is Professor of Political Science and Chair of Comparative Politics at the University of Innsbruck, Austria. He has held positions or visiting affiliations at, inter alia, Heidelberg, Humboldt, Harvard, Berkeley, Tokyo, the Central European University and the London School of Economics. His recent book publications in English are Presidents, Prime Ministers and Chancellors: Executive Leadership in Western Democracies (2005), Parliamentary Opposition in Old and New Democracies (editor, 2009) and Poor Leadership and Bad Governance: Reassessing Presidents and Prime Ministers in Northern America, Europe and Japan (editor, 2012). He is the author of five other books, editor of four other volumes, numerous book chapters, and of 70 articles in major international journals, such as The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, Current History, Government and Opposition, West European Politics, The Political Quarterly, Parliamentary Affairs, International Politics, The Journal of Legislative Studies and Electoral Studies. Robin Kolodny is Associate Professor of Political Science at Temple University, USA, where she has taught since During the academic year , Kolodny was a Fulbright Distinguished Scholar to the United Kingdom, affiliated with the University of Sussex. She is the author of Pursuing Majorities: Congressional Campaign Committees in American Politics (1998) as well as numerous articles on political parties in Congress, in elections, and in comparative perspective. Kolodny served as an APSA (American Political Science Association) Congressional Fellow in 1995 and 1999, and she received the Emerging Scholar Award from the Political Organizations and Parties Section of APSA. She is also the president of Pi Sigma Alpha, the national political science honour society. Jennifer Lees-Marshment is Senior Lecturer in Political Studies at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. She is an expert in political marketing, whose early work specialized in how politicians responded to public opinion through becoming market-oriented, but more recently expanded to consider a range of marketing activities including market

13 xiv Notes on Contributors research, branding, public relations, segmentation and marketing the party organization. Her work has appeared in many leading journals, including Political Studies, The Political Quarterly, The Journal of Public Affairs and The Australian Journal of Political Science. Her recent books include Political Marketing: Principles and Applications (2009), The Political Marketing Game (2011), Political Marketing in Canada (co-editor, 2012), and The Routledge Handbook of Political Marketing (editor, 2012). Philip Norton (Lord Norton of Louth) has been Full Professor of Government at the University of Hull, UK since In 1992 he became the Director of the Centre for Legislative Studies. In 1998 he was elevated to the peerage, as Lord Norton of Louth. From 2001 to 2004 he was Chairman of the House of Lords Select Committee on the Constitution. He is a regular contributor to the leading journals in the field of legislative studies. His recent book publications include The Internet and Parliamentary Democracy in Europe (co-editor, 2008), Post-Communist and Post-Soviet Legislatures: The Initial Decade (co-editor, 2007), Politics UK (co-author, 6th edn, 2007), Parliament in British Politics (2005), The British Polity (5th edn, 2010), and A Century of Constitutional Change (editor, 2011). B. Guy Peters is Maurice Falk Professor at the University of Pittsburgh, USA, and Professor of Comparative Governance at Zeppelin University in Germany. He has held adjunct positions and visiting professorships at more than 20 universities (including Oxford, Strathclyde and Zurich). He was founding editor of the journal Governance, and of the European Political Science Review, and has served as a member of the advisory boards of numerous top journals. His work has appeared in all leading journals in the field of government and administration. He is the author or editor of more than 40 books, including The Politics of Bureaucracy (6th edn, 2009), Institutional Theory in Political Science (3rd edn, 2011), and Steering from the Centre (2011). Thomas Poguntke is Professor of Comparative Politics at the Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, and Director of the Düsseldorf Party Research Institute (PRuF). He has taught previously and held chairs at the universities of Keele, Birmingham and Bochum. He was series editor of the Routledge/ECPR Studies in European Political Science and is author and editor of numerous publications, including Parteiorganisation im Wandel: Gesellschaftliche Verankerung und organisatorische Anpassung im Europäischen Vergleich (2000) and The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies (co-editor, 2005). His main

14 Notes on Contributors xv research interests focus on political parties, party system change, and the comparative analysis of democratic regimes. Stanley A. Renshon is Professor of Political Science at the City University of New York (CUNY), Graduate Center, USA. He is the author of over 100 articles in the field of presidential politics, leadership and political psychology, including papers in many top journals such as Political Science Quarterly, Political Psychology and Presidential Studies Quarterly. He has also published 16 books, including Barack Obama and the Politics of Redemption (2012), National Security in the Obama Administration: Reassessing the Bush Doctrine (2010), Understanding the Bush Doctrine: Psychology and Strategy in an Age of Terrorism (2007), and In His Father s Shadow: The Transformations of George W. Bush (2004). Herwig Reynaert is Professor in the Department of Political Science, Chairman of the Centre for Local Politics and of the Urban Policy Research Centre, as well as Dean of the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences at Ghent University, Belgium. His research interests centre on (comparative) local politics, and he organizes the congresses on local and provincial politics and the International Congress on Local Politics in Europe. He has published books in Dutch, French, and English, including Local Political Leadership in Europe: Town Chief, City Boss or Loco President? (co-editor, 2010). His work has also appeared in journals such as Local Government Studies, Parliamentary Affairs, Public Management Review, and Lex Localis. Dieter Rucht, retired since July 2011, was co-director of the research group Civil Society, Citizenship and Political Mobilization in Europe at the Social Science Research Center, Berlin, and Professor of Sociology at the Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research interests include political participation, social movements, political protest, and public discourse. Among his recent books in English are Cyberprotest: New Media, Citizens and Social Movements (co-editor, 2004) and The World Says No to War: Demonstrations against the War on Iraq (co-editor, 2010). Recent publications in German include a handbook on social movements in Germany since 1945 (co-editor, 2008) and a study on media strategies and media coverage of the campaign against the G8 meeting in Heiligendamm in 2007 (co-editor, 2008). Michael G. Schechter is an award-winning Professor of International Relations at James Madison College of Michigan State University, USA. Among his awards are a 1978 Michigan State University Teacher-Scholar Award, a 1990 State of Michigan Teaching Excellence Award, and a

15 xvi Notes on Contributors 2001 Michigan State University Distinguished Faculty Award. He is the author, editor or co-editor of a dozen books, including United Nations- Sponsored World Conferences: Focus on Impact and Follow-Up (2001), United Nations Global Conferences (2005), Globalization: Effects on Fisheries Resources (2007), International Governance of Fisheries Ecosystems: Learning from the Pact, Finding Solutions for the Future (2008), Historical Dictionary of International Organizations (2nd edn, 2010), and Sustainable Fisheries: Multi-Level Approaches to a Global Problem (2011). Elizabeth A. Stein is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of New Orleans, USA. Her research focuses on media and political activism in non-democracies and media and accountability in contemporary Latin America. She has held fellowships at the Joan Shorenstein Center on Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard s Kennedy School of Government as well as at the Council on Latin American and Iberian Studies at Yale s Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center on International and Area Studies. She received her PhD from UCLA in Anne Stevens is Emeritus Professor of European Studies at Aston University, Birmingham, UK. She graduated from the University of Cambridge and holds an MSc (Economics) and a PhD from the London School of Economics. Previous affiliations include Sussex and Kent, and she has been a visiting professor at the Universities of Paris I and II. She has published numerous articles, chapters and books, including Brussels Bureaucrats? The Administration of the European Union (2000), The Government and Politics of France (3rd edn, 2003), and Women, Power and Politics (2007). Kristof Steyvers is Lecturer/Assistant Professor at the Centre for Local Politics, Department of Political Science of Ghent University, Belgium. His research focuses on comparative local politics with a particular interest in political leadership, parties and elections, local government reform, urban politics and policies, and the democratic anchorage of local governance networks. He has published in journals such as Local Government Studies (where he is also a member of the editorial board), Parliamentary Affairs, Public Management Review, Acta Politica, European Planning Studies, and the Social Science Journal. His latest book on political leadership is the 2010 edited volume Local Political Leadership across Europe: Town Chief, City Boss or Loco President? Paul t Hart is Professor of Political Science at the Australian National University, Canberra, and Professor of Public Administration at Utrecht

16 Notes on Contributors xvii University, the Netherlands. He was at Leiden University s Department of Public Administration from 1987 to 2004, and has held visiting positions at the University of Canberra, Nuffield College Oxford, and the Stockholm Centre of Organizational Research. His recent book publications include How Power Changes Hands: Transition and Succession in Government (co-editor, 2011), Dispersed Democratic Leadership (co-editor, 2009), Public Leadership: Perspectives and Practices (co-editor, 2008), Governing after Crisis: The Politics of Investigation, Accountability and Learning (co-editor, 2008), Observing Government Elites: Up Close and Personal (co-editor, 2007), and The Politics of Crisis Management (co-author, 2005). Femke van Esch is Assistant Professor of European Integration at the Utrecht School of Governance (USG), the Netherlands, and is a member of the Commission European Integration of the Advisory Council of International Affairs of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. She is a specialist in the field of European economic and monetary politics and studies the role of leaders beliefs and national political and economic culture in the EU s response to the sovereign debt crisis. She has published on these topics in, among others, the Journal of Common Market Studies and German Politics. Paul Webb is Professor of Politics at the University of Sussex, UK, and an Academician of Social Sciences. He is author or editor of numerous publications, including The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies (co-editor, 2005), The Modern British Party System (2000), Party Politics in New Democracies (co-editor, 2007), and, most recently, Sex, Gender and The Conservative Party: From Iron Lady to Kitten Heels (2011). He is currently co-editor of the journal Party Politics. Tony Valcke is a doctor-assistant and a lecturer in the Department of Political Science of Ghent University (Belgium). He is a historian and political scientist. As a member of the Centre for Local Politics (CLP) and the Urban Policy Research Group (UPRC) his research and publications focus on political elites and leadership, elections, (the history of) political institutions, and (local) government reform. He is the editor and co-author of several books, book chapters, and of articles in refereed journals.