1500 word mid-term essay and 2000 word end-term essay on a topic chosen from the designated list that can be found at the end of this document.

Transcription

1 Dr Anna Batyra Contemporary questions in the economics of gender Elective course: 4 th year students Language of instruction: English Fall Purpose and Scope Inequality of economic opportunities and outcomes as pertaining to gender remains one of the most persistent traits of our societies. Notwithstanding more than one hundred years of progress in female empowerment, predominantly in the now developed western economies, significant gender gaps feature in varied intensities across the globe, and have recently (as of two-three decades or so) found their way into the economics of gender and development, as well as into the discussion on the feminization of poverty more broadly. As most easily seen in the mission statements of international organizations, NGOs and political leaders, gender equality now seems to matter not just in its own right, but also as contributing to development through a better allocation of skills and resources, better policy choices, and through shaping the endowments, opportunities and agency of next generations. Optimists go as far as to contend that true progress in women empowerment would lead to the elimination of the pockets of underdevelopment and poverty. In this process, the consideration for women s rights for their own sake is often being sidelined again. With this in mind, the purpose of this course will be to look at the phenomena and the changing nature of gendered opportunities and outcomes since19 th century until today, and revisit economic theory and empirical analysis that have been used to understand what drives differences in the welfare of men and women. Reference to demography and economics of family, labour and development will form the basis of this course. Consistently, gender-related outcomes (such as labour force participation, education, fertility ) will be discussed and presented as the responses of households to their external demographic conditions, both formal and informal institutions and the functioning and structure of markets. For this purpose, as the basis of analysis we will evoke the preferences of agents (men, women, family members ) and choices made based on these preferences in the face of incentives, constraints and bargaining between men and women. At the end, we would like to gain a picture of the interplay of women s endowments, opportunities and agency, and how they determine gendered economic outcomes. Finally, we would like to question and critically evaluate if women s empowerment could indeed be a panacea to developmental pitfalls of modern economies, and whether the efficiency justification for women empowerment does not lend itself to a new instrumental treatment of women in the socioeconomic domain. 2. Pre-requisites Knowledge of undergraduate micro- and macroeconomics, as well as basic econometrics, would be a useful starting point for the students of this course. This 4 th year course will be more qualitative than quantitative. However, although the purpose of the course is not to solve complex mathematical problems, we would like to teach the students to reason in terms of economic models and econometric evaluations, in the context of a very relevant contemporary policy area. 3. Assessment 1500 word mid-term essay and 2000 word end-term essay on a topic chosen from the designated list that can be found at the end of this document. 4. Reading The listed reading material is by no means exhaustive. It contains the studies that I find most relevant and engaging. A plethora of further research exists in academia and policy in the field, and students 1

2 are encouraged to venture out to find their favorite writers. However, students are required to read the starred items (*) on the reading list before each lecture/class. The books and reports below will be used throughout the duration of the course. Students will benefit greatly if throughout the semester they end up familiarizing themselves with those. The textbooks can be used sparingly when needed to better understand the theoretical concepts used. Weekly reading will be divided into principal reading (including compulsory items), seminal background reading (including other important break-through contributions) and further thematic reading (interesting relevant studies that followed). The starting point for the course will be World Bank Development Report 2012 on gender. Next, I will evoke the seminal writings of Becker in the area of gender roles, family and discrimination; followed by important theoretical and empirical contribution of the generations of Goldin and Chaippori; up to the recent work of Fernandez, Doepke and Wolfers, among others, and the experimental approach of Duflo and JPAL. Sen s book Development as Freedom and Dyson s Population and Development will provide the philosophical and conceptual guidelines throughout. Books: *Tim Dyson (2010): Population and development: the demographic transition. Zed Books. *Amartya Sen (1999), Development as Freedom, Oxford. Ramon Febrero and Pedro Schwartz, ed (1995), The Essence of Becker, Hoover. (marked as EB in the reading list) Gary Becker (1981), A treatise on the family, Harvard. Claudia Goldin (1990), Understanding the gender gap: An economic history of American Women, Oxford. Sylvia Chant, ed (2010), The Handbook of Gender and Poverty, Edward Elgar. Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo (2012), Poor Economics, Public Affairs. Mark Rosenzweig and Oded Stark (ed, 1997), Handbook of Population and Family Economics, Elsevier. Jess Benhabib et al (ed, 2011), Handbook of Social Economics, Elsevier. Textbooks: Joyce Jacobsen ( rd Edition), The Economics of Gender, Blackwell. Francine Blau, Marianne Ferber, Anne Winkler ( th Edition), The Economics of Women, Men and Work, Prentice Hall. Martin Browning, Pierre Andre Chiappori and Yoram Weiss (frothcoming), Family Economics, now draft available online Pierre Cahuc and Andre Zylberberg (2004), Labour Economics, MIT. Debraj Ray (1998), Development Economics, Princeton. Reports: World Bank (2011), World Bank Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development, WB, available online UNDESA (2009), World Survey on the Role of Women in Development: Women s Control Over Economic Resources and Access to Financial Resources, including Microfinance, UN, available online WEF (ongoing), Global Gender Gap Report 2012, WEF, available online, annually updated UNDP (ongoing), Gender Inequality Index (GDI) OECD (2010), Atlas of Gender and Development: How Social Norms Affect Gender Equality in Non- OECD Countries, OECD (country notes are updated online on ongoing basis) OECD (2012), SIGI 2012, Social Institutions and Gender Index: Understanding the drivers of gender inequality, OECD, for ongoing updates Other interesting books, some beyond economic mainstream: Marianne Ferber and Julie Nelson (2003): Feminist Economics Today: Beyond Economic Man, CUP. Marianne Ferber and Julie Nelson (1993): Beyond Economic Man: Feminist Theory and Economics, CUP 2

3 Jane Humphries (ed) (1995): Gender and Economics, Edward Elgar. Nancy Folbre (ed) (1996): The Economics of the Family, Edward Elgar. Hochschild, A. and Machung, A. (1989 or 2012 for 3 rd Edition): The Second Shift, Viking. Crosby, F. (1982): Relative Deprivation and Working Women, OUP. Agency and Justice Martha Nussbaum and Jonathan Glover (1995): Woman, Culture and Development, Claredon. Martha Nussbaum (1999): Sex and Social Justice. OUP. Martha Nussbaum (2001): Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach. CUP. Kirp, Yudoff and Franks (1986), Gender Justice, Chicago Press. Biology perspective E.O. Wilson (1978), On Human Nature, Harvard UniversityPress. Steven Goldberg (1973), The inevitability of Patriarchy, Morrow. Lewontin, Rose, Kamien (1984), Not in our genes: biology, ideology and human nature, Pantheon. Psychology perspective Edith Gomberg and Violet Franks (eds, 1979), Gender and Disordered Behavior: Sex Differences in Psychopathology, Brunner/Mazel Eleanor Emmons Maccoby and Carol Nagy Jacklin (1974), The Psychology of Sex Differences, Stanford University Press. Carol Gilligan (1982), In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women s Development, Harvard University Press Rosalind Barnett and Caryl Rivers (2004), Same Difference: How Gender Myths Are Hurting Our Relationships, Our Children and Our Jobs, Basic Books. Filed Beleky, McVicker Clinchy, Rule Goldberger and Mattuck Tarule (1986), Women s Way of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind, Basic Books. Anthropology perspective Ernestine Field (1984), Women and Men: An Anthropologist s View, Holt, Rinehard and Winston. Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere (eds, 1974), Women, Culture and Society, Stanford University Press. Marvin Harris (1979), Cultural Materialism: The struggle for a Science of Culture, Random House. Sociology perspective Amy Wharton (1992), The Social Construction of Gender and Race in Organizations: A Social Identity and Group Moblization Perspective, in Research in the Sociology of Organization, 10. Political science perspective Susan Moller Okin (1989): Justice, Gender and the Family, Basic Books. Other feminist writers Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1910), The Home: Its Work and Influence, Charlton. Simone de Beavoir (1949): The Second Sex, Vintage. Judith Butler (1990): Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Rutledge. (Feminist literature is huge, can help gain perspective towards economic approach, but is not the focus of this course ) 3

4 DETAILED READING LIST FOR EACH LECTURE *Starred items are compulsory reading each week preferably before the lecture/class 1. Introduction: gender, economics and justice *World Bank (2011): Overview, World Bank Development Report 2012, available online Tim Dyson (2010): Part I: Introduction, Population and development: the demographic transition. Zed Books. Amartya Sen (1999), Chapter 8: Women s Agency and Social Change, Development as Freedom, Oxford. Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers (2009): The Paradox of Declining Female Happiness, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 1(2), pages , August. Julie Nelson (1995): Feminism and Economics, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(2), Frances Woolley (1992): The Feminist Challenge to Neoclassical Economics, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 17(4), EB Chapter 1: The Economic Approach to Human Behavior, originally published Chapter 1, Gary Becker (1976), The Economic Approach to Human Behavior, UCP. EB Chapter 2: Irrational Behavior and Economic Theory originally published as Gary Becker (1962), Journal of Political Economy, 70 (1), p Alternatively you read Introduction to EB or Chapter 26 in EB: EB Introduction p. xv EB Chapter 26: Nobel Lecture, The Economic Way of Looking at Behaviour, originally published Gary Becker (1993), Journal of Political Economy, 101 (3), p Further thematic reading popular press: Belkin, Lisa. The Opt-Out Revolution, New York Times Magazine. October 26, 2003, Section 6, p. 42. Anne Marie Slaughter (2012), Why women still can t have it all? The Atlantic Arianna Huffington (2013): Smith College Commencement Speech On 'Redefining Success: The Third Metric' Dennis Cauchon (2012), He said, she said: Economists' views differ by gender, USA Today 2. Preferences, culture, social norms World Bank (2011): Chapter 4: Promoting women s agency; Spread 2: The decline of breadwinner; Spread 3: Changing ages, changing bodies. Rachel Croson and Uri Gneezy (2009): Gender Differences in Preferences, Journal of Economic Literature, 47(2), Rachel Fernandez (2007): Alfred Marshall Lecture: Women, Work and Culture, Journal of the European Economic Association, 5(2-3), p Jon Elster (1989): Social Norms and Economic Theory, Journal of Economic Perspectives 3(4), EB Chapter 7: De Gustibus Non Est Disputandum, originally published as Gary Becker and George Stigler (1977), American Economic Review 67(2). EB Chapter 9: Habits, Addictions and Traditions, originally published as Gary Becker (1992), Kyklos, 45(3), p

5 Further thematic reading: Robert Boyd and Peter Richerson (1985): Culture and the Evolutionary Process, Chicago University Press. Gerd Gigerenze (2007): Gut Feeling: The Intelligence of the Unconscious, Penguin. Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson (1995): Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African-Americans, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69(5): Claude Steele (2010): Whistling Vivaldi: And Other Clues to How Stereotypes Affect Us, WW Norton and Co. Nalini Ambady et al (2001): Stereotype Susceptibility in Children: Effect of Identity Activation on Quantitative Perormance, Psychological Sceince 12(5), 385)90. Luigi Guiso, Paola Sapienza, and Luigi Zingales "Does Culture Affect Economic Outcomes?" Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(2): Luigi Guiso et al (2008): Culture, Gender and Math, Science Vol. 320 no pp Raquel Fernandez, Alessandra Fogli and Claudia Olivetti (2004): Mothers and Sons: Preference Formation and Female Labor Force Dynamics, Quarterly Journal of Economics. Raquel Fernandez and Alessandra Fogli (2006): Fertility: The Role of Culture and Family Experience, Journal of European Economic Association, 4(2-3), p Raquel Fernandez and Alessandra Fogli (2009): Culture: An Empirical Investigation of Beliefs, Work and Fertility, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 1(1), p Nicole Fortin (2005): Gender Role Attitudes and the Labor Market Outcomes of Women across OECD Countries, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 21(3), Heather Antecol (2000): An examination of cross-country differences in the gender gap in labor force participation rates, Labor Economics 7, Alberto Bisin and Theirry Verdier (2001): The Economics of Cultural Transmission and the Dynamics of Preferences, Journal of Economic Theory 97(2). Alberto Bisin and Thierry Verdier (2004): Work Ethic and Redistribution: A Cultural Transmission Model of the Welfare State, mimeo, NYU. Jeremy Greenwood and Nezih Guner (2010): Social Change: The Sexual Revolution, International Economic Review 51(4). Jesus Fernandez Villaverde, Jeremy Greenwood and Nezih Guner (2013): From Shame to Game in One Hundred years: An Economic Model of Rise in Pre-martial Sex and tits De-stigmatization, Journal of European Economic Association. 3. Gender roles *Paola Guiliano, Alberto Alesina and Nathan Nunn (2013): On the Origins of Gender Roles: Women and the Plough, Quarterly Journal of Economics 128 (2): Paola Guiliano, Alberto Alesina and Nathan Nunn (2011): Fertility and the Plough, American Economic Review: Papers and Proceeding, 101(3), p K. Davis and P. van den Oever (1982), Demographic foundations of new sex roles, Population and Development Review 8(3), Kirsty McNay (2005): The implications of the demographic transition for women, girls and equality: a review of developing country evidence, Progress in development Studies 5(2), Mark Aguiar and Erik Hurst (2007): Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time Over Five Decades, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122 (3), Alan B. Krueger, Daniel Kahneman, David Schkade, Norbert Schwarz, and Arthur A. Stone (2009): National Time Accounting: The Currency of Life, in Alan B Krueger (ed) Measuring the Subjective Well-Being of Nations: National Accounts of Time Use and Well-Being, NBER, UCP. Jeremy Greenwood and Guillaume Vandenbroucke (2005): Hours worked: long-run trends, NBER WP Aloysius Siow (1998): Differential Fecundity, Markets and Gender Roles, Journal of Political Economy 106(2). Gary Becker (1981), Chapter 1+2: Single Person Households and Division of Labor in Households and Families, in A Treatise on the Family, HUP. 5

6 Mincer, Jacob and Polachek, Solomon (1974): Family Investments in Human Capital: Earnings of Women, Journal of Political Economy, 82, s Further thematic reading: Frederick Engels (1902): The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, Charles Kerr & Compan. Ester Boserup (1970): Women s Role in Economic Development, London, Allen & Unwin. Martin King Whyte (1978): The Status of Women in Pre-Industrial Societies, Princeton University Press. Amartya Sen (1995): Women, Technology and Sexual Divisions, UNCTAD. Fernand Braudel (1998): Mediterranean in the Ancient World, Allen Lane. Torben Iversen and Francis Rosenbluth (2000): Women, Work and Politics: The Political Economy of Gender Inequality, Yale University Press. David Heer and Amyra Grossbard (1981): The Impact of Female Marriage Squeeze and the Contraceptive Revolution on Sex Roles and Women s Liberation Movement in the United States, Journal of Marriage and Family, 43, February, Gregory, McMahon and Whittingham (1985): Women in the labor force: trends, causes and consequences, Journal of Labor Economics, 3(1), pt.2. Claudia Goldin and Kenneth Sokoloff (1984): The Relative Productivity Hypothesis of Industrialization: The American Case, , Quarterly Journal of Economics, 3, p Greenwood, Jeremy; Seshadri, Ananth and Yorukoglu, Mehmet. (2005) Engines of Liberation. Review of Economic Studies, 72(1), pp Michael Ross (2008): Oil, Islam and Women, American Political Science Review, 102(1), p Stefania Albanesi and Claudia Olivetti (2007): Gender Roles and Technological Progress, NBER Working Paper. David Cutler, Edward Glaeser and Jesse Shapiro (2003): Why have Americans become more obese, Journal of Economic Perspectives 17(3). 4. Labor force participation of women, education and family structure *Claudia Goldin (2006): The Quiet Revolution that Transformed Women s Employment, Education and Family, AEA Papers and Proceedings, May. Raquel Fernandez and Joyce Cheng Wong (2011), The Disappearing Gender Gap: The Impact of Divorce, Wages, and Preferences on Education Choices and Women s Work, WP NBER Stefania Albanesi and Claudia Olivetti (2007): Home Production, Market Production and the Gender Wage Gap: Incentives and Expectations, Review of Economic Dynamics, 12, p Claudia Olivetti and Barbara Petrongolo (2011), Gender Gaps across Countries and Skills: Supply, Demand and the Industry Structure. WP NBER Chiappori, Iyigun and Weiss (2009): Investment in schooling and the marriage market, American Economic Review 99(5), Corbett, Hill, Rose (2008): Where the Girls are: facts about gender education, 2008 (esp pp ) EB Chapter 18: Human Capital, Effort and the Sexual Division of Labour, originally published Gary Becker (1985), Journal of Labour Economics, 3(1), p (also reprinted in Becker s Treatise on the Family) Abbott, Edith (1906): A History of Industrial Employment of Women in the United States: An Introductory Study. Journal of Political Economy, 14(8), pp Douglas, Paul H. (1934): The theory of wages. New York: Macmillan Company. Douglas, Paul H. and Schoenberg, Erika H. (1937): Studies in the Supply Curve of Labor: The Relation in 1929 between Average Earnings in American Cities and the Proportions Seeking Employment. Journal of Political Economy, 45(1), pp Long, Clarence D. (1958): The labor force under changing income and employment. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 6

7 Mincer, Jacob (1962): Labor Force Participation of Married Women: A Study of Labor Supply, in H. Gregg Lewis, eds., Aspects of labor economics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp Mincer, Jacob and Polachek, Solomon (1974): Family Investments in Human Capital: Earnings of Women. Journal of Political Economy, 82(2), S76 S108. Gustafsson and Jacobsson (1985): Trends in female labor force participation in Sweden, Journal of Labor Economics, 3(1), pt. 2. Katz, Lawrence and Murphy, Kevin (1992), Changes in relative wages : supply and demand factors, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107 (1), Blau, Francine D. and Kahn, Lawrence M. (2005): Changes in the Labor Supply Behavior of Married Women: National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., NBER Working Papers: No Further thematic reading: World Bank (2011), Chapter 3: Education, Chapter 5: Gender differences in employment, and Chapter 6: Globalization s impact on gender equality. World Bank Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development. OECD (2009), Is Informal Normal? Chapter Four: Women in Informal Employment. UNDESA (2009), Chapter III: Access to full employment and decent work, World Survey on the Role of Women in Development. Sandra Black and Chinhui Juhn (2000): The Rise of Female Professionals: Are Women Responding to Skill Demand? AER Papers and Proceedings, 90, May, Naila Kabeer (2000): The Power to Choose: Bangladeshi Women and Labour Market Decision in London and Dhaka. Verso. George Akerlof, Janet Yellen, Michael Katz (1996): An Analysis of Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing in the United States. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 111, May, Goldin reading bonanza Goldin, Claudia (1991): The Role of World War II in the Rise of Women s Employment. American Economic Review, 81(4), pp Acemoglu, Daron; Autor, David H. and Lyle, David (2004): Women, War, and Wages: The Effect of Female Labor Supply on the Wage Structure at Midcentury. Journal of Political Economy, 112(3), pp Goldin C. (1995): The U-Shaped Female Labor Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History. In: Schultz TP, Investment in Women s Human Capital and Economic Development. University of Chicago Press, p Goldin C, Katz LF. (2001): On the Pill: Changing the Course of Women's Education. Milken Institute Review, 3(Q2): Goldin, Claudia and Katz, Lawrence F. (2002): The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women s Career and Marriage Decisions. Journal of Political Economy, 110(4),pp Goldin, Claudia and Shim, Maria. (2004): Making a Name: Women s Surnames at Marriage and Beyond. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(2), pp Goldin, Claudia (2004): The Long Road to the Fast Track: Career and Family. The Annals of the American Academy 596, November, p Goldin C. (2004): From the Valley to the Summit: The Quiet Revolution that Transformed Women's Work. Regional Review. Goldin C (2006): The Rising (and then Declining) Significance of Gender. In: Blau F, Brinton M, Grusky D The Declining Significance of Gender? Russell Sage Foundation Press, p Douglas Clement (2004), Interview with Claudia Goldin, The Region (check out fascinating statistics on women in economics!) Goldin C, Katz LF, Kuziemko I. (2006): The Homecoming of American College Women: The Reversal of the Gender Gap in College. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20: Goldin C, Katz LF. (2008): Transitions: Career and Family Lifecycles of the Educational Elite. AEA Papers and Proceedings, 98, p Goldin C, Katz F. (2011): Putting the Co in Education: Timing, Reasons, and Consequences of College Coeducation from Present. Journal of Human Capital, 5(4):

8 5. Theory and empirical evidence of discrimination - gender *Goldin C. (2002): A Pollution Theory of Discrimination: Male and Female Occupations and Earnings, NBER Working Paper See a revised version online (2013), publication forthcoming. Bjornskov, C., Dreher, A., J. A. Fisher (2007): On gender inequality and life satisfaction: Does discrimination matter? University of St. Gallen, WP EB Chapter 16: The Forces Determining Discrimination in the Marketplace, originally published Gary Becker (1971), The Economics of Discrimination, 2 nd ed, UCP. EB Chapter 17: Effective Discrimination, originally published Gary Becker (1971), The Economics of Discrimination, 2 nd ed, UCP. Kenneth Arrow (1973): The theory of discrimination, in Ashenfelter and Rees (ed) Discrimination in labor markets, Princeton. Edmund Phelps (1972): The statistical theory of racism and sexism, American Economic Review, 62, Zabalza and Tzannatos (1983), The effect of Britain s anti-discriminatory legislation on relative pay and employment, Economic Journal, 95, Ronald Oaxaca (1973): Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets, International Economic Review, 14, Blau, Francine D. and Kahn, Lawrence M. (1997): Swimming Upstream: Trends in the Gender Wage Differential in 1980s. Journal of Labor Economics, 15(1), pp Blau, Francie and Kahn, Lawrence (2003): Understanding International Differences in the Gender Pay Gap, Journal of Labor Economics 21(1), Further thematic reading: Cudeville and Gurbuzer (2010): Gender Wage Discrimination in the Turkish Labor Market, Comparative Economic Studies, 52 (3), Ilkkaracam and Selim (2007), The Gender Wage Gap in the Turkish Labor Market, Labour, 21 (3), Kara (2006), Occupational gender wage discrimination in Turkey, Journal of Economic Studies, 33(2), p Dennis Aigner and Glenn Cain (1977): Statistical theories of discrimination in labor markets, Industrial Labor Relations Review, 30, Kevin Lang (1986): A language theory of discrimination, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 101, Jane Humphries (1987): The most free from objection, Journal of Economic History, 47, Shelly Lundberg and Richard Startz (1983): Private discrimination and social intervention in competitive labor markets, American Economic Review, 73, Paul Milgrom and Sharon Oster (1987): Job discrimination, market forces and the invisibility hypothesis, Quarterly Journal of Economics,102, Stephen Cole (1984): Sex Discrimination and Admissions to Medical School, , American Journal of Sociology, 92 (November), Paul Osterman (1979), Sex discrimination in professional employment: A case study, Industrial and Labor Relations Review 32(4). Sanders Korenman and David Neumark (1991), Does marriage really make men more productive? Journal of Human Resources 26(2). Kate Antonovics and Robert Town (2004), Are all the good men married? Uncovering the sources of the martial wage premium, American Economic Review 94(2). Goldin, Claudia. (1991): Marriage Bars: Discrimination against Married Women Workers from the 1920s to the 1950s, in Patrice Higonnet, David S. Landes and Henry Rosovsky, eds., Favorites of fortune: Technology, growth, and economic development since the Industrial Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp Bertrand M, Goldin C, Katz LF. (2010): Dynamics of the Gender Gap for Young Professionals in the Financial and Corporate Sectors. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2(3):

9 Goldin C, Katz L. (2012): The Most Egalitarian of all Professions: Pharmacy and the Evolution of a Family-Friendly Occupation. NBER Working Paper Marriage: dating and mating * Yoram Weiss (1997): The Formation and Dissolution of Families: Why Marry? Who Marries Whom? And What Happens Upon Divorce, in Rosenzweig and Stark (eds), Handbook of Population and Family Economics, Elsevier. Chiappori, Iyigun and Weiss (2009): Investment in schooling and the marriage market, American Economic Review 99(5), Mortensen, Dale T Matching: Finding a Partner for Life or Otherwise. American Journal of Sociology 94:S215 S240. Bergstrom, Theodore C., and Mark Bagnoli (1993): Courtship as a Waiting Game. Journal of Political Economy 101 (1): V. Oppenheimer (1988): A theory of marriage timing, American Journal of Sociology, 94. Adam Isen & Betsey Stevenson (2008): Women s Education and Family Behavior: Trends in Marriage, Divorce and Fertility," NBER Chapters: Topics in Demography and the Economy, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. EB Chapter 11: A Theory of Marriage Part I, originally published as Gary Becker (1973) in Journal of Political Economy, 81 (4), p EB Chatper 12: A Theory of Marriage Part II, originally published as Gary Becker (1974) in Journal of Political Economy, 82 (2), p Or Becker (1981): Chapter 4: Assortive Mating in Marriage Markets in A Treatise on the Family, HUP. Further thematic reading: R. Fernandez and R. Rogerson (2001): Sorting and Long-Run Inequality, Quarterly Journal of Economics. R. Fernandez, N. Guner and J. Knowles (2002): Education, Segregation, and Marital Sorting: Theory and Application to the UK, European Economic Review. R. Fernandez (2005): Love and Money: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Household Sorting and Inequality, Quarterly Journal of Economics. Christine Schwartz and Robert Mare (2005): Trends in Educational Assortive Marriage from 1940 to 2003, Dempgraphy, Megan Sweeney and Maria Cancian (2004): The Changing Importance of Economic Prospects for Assortive Mating, Journal of Marriage and Family, David Lam (1998): Marriage markets and assortative mating with household public goods: theoretical results and empirical implications, Journal of Human Resources 23(4). Jeremy Greenwood and Nizah Guner (2008): Marriage and Divorce since World War II: Analyzing the Role of Technological Progress on the Formation of Households, NBER Macro Annual, NBER. Goldin, Claudia (1992): The meaning of college in the lives of American women: the past hundred years, NBER WP Shoshana Grossbard (1984): A theory of allocation of time in markets for labor and marriage, Economic Journal 94. Shoshana Grossbard (1993): On the Economics of Marriage: A Theory of Marriage, Labor and Divorce. Westview Press. Shoshana Grossbard (2004): Marriage and the Economy: Theory and Evidence from Advanced Industrial Societies, Cambridge. Marianne Ferber and Helen Berg (1991): Labor force participation of women and the sex ratio: A cross country analysis, Review of Social Economy 49(1), Laurie Goering (1992): Fewer Walking Down the Aisle, Boston Globe. Douglas Allen (1992), What does she see in him? Effect of Sharing on Choice of Spouse, Economic Enquiry 30(1). 9

10 Eric Gould and Daniele Paserman (2003): Waiting for Mr Right: Rising Inequality and Declining Marriage Rages, Journal of Urban Economics 53(2), Francine Blau, Lawrence Kahn, Jane Waldfogel (2000): Understanding young woman s marriage decisions: the role of labor and marriage market conditions, Industrial and Labor Relations Review 53(4), Rufus Griscom (2002): Why are online personals so hot? Wired 10(11). Guenter Hirsch, Ali Hortacsu and Dan Ariely (2006): What makes you click? Mate preferences and matching outcomes in online dating, mimeo. 7. From polygamy to monogamy and serial monogamy *David De la Croix and Fabio Mariani (2012): From Polygyny to Serial Monogamy: a Unified Theory of Marriage Institutions, Discussion Papers (IRES - Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales) Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES). Gould, Eric D., Omer Moav, and Avi Simhon The Mystery of Monogamy. American Economic Review, 98(1): Tertilt, Michèle Polygyny, Fertility, and Savings. Journal of Political Economy 113 (6): Gary Becker (1981), Chapter 3: Polygamy and Monogamy in Marriage Markets, in A Treatise on the Family, HUP. Amyra Grossbard (1978): Towards a Marriage between Economics and Anthropology and a General Theory of Marriage, AER PP 68(2), Theodore Bergstrom (1994): On the Economics of Polygamy, UCSB WP 1994A. Further reading: Noreen Goldman and Anne Pebley (1989): Demography of the Marriage Market in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, International Population Conference, Vol. 3. Tertilt, Michèle Polygyny, Women s Rights, and Development. Journal of the European Economic Association 4 (2-3): (04-05). Tertilt, Michele and Todd Schoellman Marriage Laws and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, May 2006, 96(2), pp Erica Field, Attila Ambrus and Maximo Torero (2009): Muslim family law, Prenuptial Agreements and the Emergence of Dowry in Bangladesh, Quarterly Journal of Economics. August 2010, 125(3): Vijayendra Rao (1993): The rising price of husbands: a hedonic analysis of dowry increases in rural India, Journal of Political Economy, CI. Siwan Anderson (2003): Why dowry payments declined with modernization in Europe but are rising in India? Journal of Political Economy 111(2). Siwan Anderson (2007): The economics of dowry and bridprice, Journal of Economic Perspectives 21(4). Maristella Bottichini and Aloysius Siow (2009): Why dowries? American Economic Review 93(4). Lena Edlund (1999): Son preference, sex ratios and marriage patterns, Journal of Political Economy, CVIII. Lena Edlund (2000): Marriage squeeze interpretation of dowry inflation: a comment, Journal of Political Economy, CVIII. Lena Edlund and Nils Petter Lagerlof (2004): Implications of Marriage Institutions for Redistribution and Growth, WB Columbia. Nils Petter Lagerlof (2005): Sex, Equality and Growth, Canadian Journal of Economics 38, Nils Petter Lagerlof (2010): Pacifying Monogamy, Journal of Economic Growth 15(3),

11 8. Household decision-making: bargaining and family outcomes *Shelley Lundberg and Robert Pollack (1996): Bargaining and Distribution in Marriage, Journal of Economic Perspectives 10(4), pp Pierre Andre Chiappori and Olivier Donni (2009): Non-unitary Models of Household Behavior: A Survey of Literature, IZA WP Josh Angrist (2002): How Do Sex Ratios Affect Marriage And Labor Markets? Evidence From America s Second Generation, Quarterly Journal of Economics, August Unitary model EB Chapter 6: A theory of social interactions, first published in Journal of Political Economy 82 (6), November-December Gary Becker (1981): A treatise on the Family, HUP Paul Samuelson (1956): Social Indifference Curves, Quarterly Journal of Economics 70(1). Cooperative bargaining model Manser, Marilyn and Brown, Murray (1980): Marriage and Household Decision Making: A Bargaining Analysis. International Economic Review, 21. McElroy, Marjorie B. and Horney, Mary J. (1981): Nash-Bargained Household Decisions: Toward a Generalization of the Theory of Demand. International Economic Review, 22(2), pp McElroy, Marjorie B. and Horney, Mary J. (1988): The household allocation problem: empiricial results from a bargaining model, Research in Population Economics 6. Lundberg, Shelly (1988): Labor supply of husbands and wives: a simultaneous equation approach, Review of Economics and Statistics 70. Lundberg, Shelly and Pollak, Robert A. (1993): Separate Spheres Bargaining and the Marriage Market. Journal of Political Economy, 101(6), pp Robert Pollack (2005): Bargaining Power in Marriage: Earnings, Wage Rates and Household Production, NBER WP Chiappori, Pierre Andre (1992): Collective Labor Supply and Welfare, Journal of Political Economy 100(3). Chiappori, Pierre Andre (1998): Rational Household Labor Supply, Econometrica 56(1). François Bourginion and Pierre Andre Chiappori (1992). Collective models of household behavior: An introduction, European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 36(2-3), pages Martin Browning, François Bourguignon, Pierre Andre Chiappori and Valerie Lechene (1994): Incomes and outcomes: a structural model of intra-household allocation, Journal of Political Economy 102. Pierre Andre Chiappori, Bernard Fortin and Guy Lacroix (2002), Marriage Market, Divorce Legislation and Household Labour Supply, Journal of Political Economy, 110(1). François Bourguignon & Martin Browning & Pierre-André Chiappori (2009). Efficient Intra- Household Allocations and Distribution Factors: Implications and Identification, Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 76(2), pages Basu, Kaushik (2006): Gender and Say: A Model of Household Behavior with Endogenously Determined Balance of Power, Economic Journal 116(511). Non-cooperative bargaining model Lundberg, Shelly and Pollak, Robert A. (1994): Non-cooperative Bargaining Model of Marriage. American Economic Review, 84. Matthias Doepke and Michele Tertilt (2011): Does Female Empowerment Promote Economic Development? draft, NYU Further thematic reading: Early writings Brannen and Wilson (eds) (1987): Give and Take in Families, Allen and Unwin. Nancy Folbre (1986): Hearts and Spades: Paradigms of Household Economics, World Development,

12 Amartya Sen (1990): Gender and Cooperative Conflict, in Irene Tinker (ed) Persistent Inequalities, OUP. J.C. Caldwell (1986): Routes to Low Mortality in Poor Countries. Population and Development Review 11. Early empirical literature Schultz P. (1990): Testing the neoclassical model of family labor supply and fertility, Journal of Human Resources 25. Altonji, Hayashi and Kotlikoff (1992): Is the extended family altruistically linked? Direct tests using microdata, American Economic Review 82. Townsend R. (1994): Risk and insurance in village India, Econometrica 62. Haddad, Hoddinot and Alderman (eds, 1997): Intra-household Resource Allocation in Developing Countries: Models, Methods and Policy, Johns Hopkins UP. Natural experiments Lundberg, Pollak and Wales (1997): Do husbands and wives pool their resources? Evidence from the United Kingdom child benefit, Journal of Human Resources 32(2). Esther Duflo and Christopher Udry (2004): Intra-household resource allocation in Cote d Ivoire: social norms, separate accounts and consumption choices, NBER WP Esther Duflo (2000): Child health and household resources in South Africa: Evidence from old age pension program, American Economic Review 90(2) Esther Duflo (2003): Grandmothers and Granddaughters: Old Age Pension and Intra-household Allocation in South Africa, World Bank Economic Review, 17 (1), David Atkin (2009): Working for the future: Female factory work and child health in Mexico, mimeo, Yale. Randomized trials Attanasio and Lechene (2002): Tests of income pooling in household decisions, Review of Economic Dynamics 5(4). Rubalcava, Teruel and Thomas (2009): Investments, time preferences and public transfers paid to women, Economic Development and Cultural Change 57(3). Bobonis (2009): Is the allocation of resources within the household efficient? New evidence from a randomized experiment, Journal of Political Economy 117(3). Seth Gitter and Bradford Barham (2008): Women s power, conditional cash transfers and schooling in Nicaragua, World Bank Economic Review 22(2). Access to credit Pitt and Khandker (1998): The impact of group-based credit programs on poor households in Bangladesh: Does the gender of participants matter? Journal of Political Economy 106(5). Shahidur Khandker (2005): Microfinance and Poverty: Evidence using panel data from Bangladesh, World Bank Economic Review 19(2). Empowerment Thomas (1994): Like father, like son; like mother, like daughter: Parental resources and child height, Journal of Human Resources 29(4) Rubalcava and Thomas (2000): Family bargaining and welfare, CCPR WP Cheryl Doss (2006): The effects of intra-household property ownership on expenditure patterns in Ghana, Journal of African Economies 15(1). Agnes Quisumbing and John Maluccio (2003): Resources at marriage and intrahousehold allocation: evidence from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Indonesia and South Africa, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 65(3). Chattopadhyay, Raghebendra and Duflo (2004): Women as Policy Makers: Evidence from a Randomized Policy Experiment in India, Econometrica, 71(5), Beaman, Chattopadhyay, Duflo, Pande and Topalova (2009): Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124 (4), (Non-technical summaries of two above can be found on JPAL s website 12

13 Preferences Rachel Croson and Uri Gneezy (2009): Gender Differences in Preferences, Journal of Economic Literature, 47(2), Michal Bauer and Julie Chytilova (2009): Do children make women more patient? Experimental evidence from Indian villages, Charles University IES WP 10/2009 Frances Woolley (2004): Why pay child benefits to Mothers? Canadian Public Policy 30(1). Other Behrman and Wolfe (1987): How Does Mother s Schooling Affect Family Health, Nutrition, Medical Care And Household Sanitation, Journal of Econometrics 1(2), Christopher Udry (1996): Gender, Agricultural Production and the Theory of the Household, Journal of Political Economy, 104 (5), Allendrof (2007): Do women s land rights promote empowerment and child health in Nepal? World Development 35. Franque Grimard (1997): Household consumption smoothing through ethnicities: evidence from Cote d Ivoire, Journal of Development Economics, 53, Christina Echevarria and Antonio Merlo (1999): Gender Differences in Education in a Dynamic Household Bargaining Model, International Economic Review 40(2). Costa, Dora L. and Kahn, Matthew E (2000): Power Couples: Changes in the Locational Choice of the College Educated, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(4), pp Jere Behrman (1997): Intra-household Distribution and the Family, in Rosenzweig and Stark (ed) Handbook of Population and Family Economics, North Holland. 9. Economic theory of divorce and remarriage, and recent trends Pierre-Andre Chiappori & Yoram Weiss, Divorce, Remarriage, and Welfare: A General Equilibrium Approach, Journal of the European Economic Association, MIT Press, vol. 4(2-3), pages , Vicky Barham, Rose Devlin and Jie Yang (2009): A Theory of Rational Marriage and Divorce, European Economic Review 53, *Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers (2007) "Marriage and Divorce: Changes and their Driving Forces," Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 21(2), pages 27-52, Spring. Betsey Stevenson (2007): The Impact of Divorce Laws on Marriage Specific Capital, Journal of Labor Economics, Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers (2006) "Bargaining In The Shadow Of The Law: Divorce Laws And Family Distress," Quarterly Journal of Economics, v121(1,feb), Justin Wolfers (2006) "Did Unilateral Divorce Laws Raise Divorce Rates? A Reconciliation and New Results," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 96(5), pages , December. Betsey Stevenson (2008): Divorce law and women s labor supply. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 5, Imran Rasul (2006): The impact of divorce laws on marriage, mimeo, UCL. Alessandra Voena (2010): Yours, mine and ours: Do divorce laws affect the inter-temporal behavior of married couples? Mimeo, Stanford University. Gary Becker, Elisabeth Landes and Robert Michael (1977): An Economic Analysis of Martial Instability, Journal of Political Economy, 85, Or Becker (1981): Chapter 10: Imperfect Information, Marriage and Divorce in A Treatise on the Family, HUP. Further thematic reading: Robert Michael (1988): Why Did the US Divorce Rate Double within a Decade? Research in Population Economics, 6, (ed. Schultz), Greenwich. Carrie Yodanis (2005), Divorce Culture and Marital Gender Equality: A Cross-National Study, Gender & Society, October, vol. 19 no. 5, p

14 Chong, A. and Ferrara, E. L. (2009), Television And Divorce: Evidence From Brazilian Novellas. Journal of the European Economic Association, 7: doi: /JEEA Hellerstein, Judith, Morrill, Melinda Sandler (2011), Booms, Busts, and Divorce, The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy. Volume 11, Issue. The Economist (January ): The fraying knot Alesina, Alberto F. and Giuliano, Paola (2007): Divorce, Fertility and the Value of Marriage (April). Harvard Institute of Economic Research Discussion Paper No Available at SSRN: or William Johnson and Jonathan Sinner (1986): Labor supply and martial separation, American Economic Review 76(3). Terra McKinnish (?): Sexually integrated workplaces and divorce: another form of on-the-job search, Journal of Human Resources. Welfare after divorce Waite and Gallagher (2000): The case for marriage, Random House. Charles and Stephens (2004): Disability, job displacement and divorce, Journal of Labor Economics 22(2). Gardner and Oswald (2006): Do divorcing couples become happier by breaking up? Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 169(2). Bedard and Deschenes (2005): Sex preferences, martial dissolution and the economic status of women, Journal of Human Resources 40(2). Dahl (2005): Myopic matrimony and dropout decisions? Evidence using state laws for marriage, schooling and work, NBER WP Trends in fertility and explanations developed and developing countries *Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee (2011), Chapter 5, Poor Economics EB Chapter 10: An Economic Analysis of Fertility originally published as Gary Becker (1960) in Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries, Princeton. Becker, G. S., and H. G. Lewis (1973): "On the Interaction between the Quantity and Quality of Children," Journal of Political Economy, 81, Or Becker (1981): Chapter 5: Demand for Children, A Treatise on the Family, HUP. Sen, A (1990): More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing, New York Review of Books, Further thematic reading: General Andrew Collver (1963): The Family Cycle in India and the United States, American Sociological Review, 28 (1), p Lant Pritchett (1994): Desired fertility and the impact of population policies, Population and Development Review 20(1). John Bongarts (1994): Population policy options in the developing world, Science, 263(5148), p Michael Kremer (1993): Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million BC to 1990, Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3), John Donohue and Steven Levitt (2001): The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116, May, Mamta Murthi and Jean Dreze (2001): Fertility, Education, and Development: Evidence from India, Population and Development Review, 27 (1). 14

15 Ummul Ruthabah (2007): Are Children Substitutes for Assets: Evidence from Rural Bangladesh. MIT. Jeffrey Sachs (2008): Common Wealth: Economics for a Overcrowded Planet, Penguin Quantity-quality trade-off Joshua Angrist et al. (2010): Multiple Experiments for the Causal Link between the Quantity and Quality of Children, Journal of Labor Economics 28. Joshua Angrist et al. (2005): New evidence on the causal link between the quantity and quality of children, NBER WP Joshua Angrist and William Evans (1998): Children and their parents' labour supply: evidence from exogenous variation in family size, American Economic Review 88(3). Nancy Qian (2009): Quantity-Quality and one child policy: the positive effect of family size on school enrollment in China, NBER WP Vida Maralani (2004): Family size and educational attainment in Indonesia, CCPR Mark Montgomery et al. (1995): The trade off between the number of children and child schooling: evidence from Côte d'ivoire and Ghana, World Bank. Paul Schultz and Shareen Joshi (2007): Family planning as an investment in female human capital: evaluating the long term consequences in Matlab, Bangladesh, YCEG 951. Contraception Goldin, Claudia and Katz, Lawrence F. (2002): The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women s Career and Marriage Decisions. Journal of Political Economy, 110(4),pp The Economist (1999): Oral Contraceptives: The Liberator, December 31. Nancy Birdsall and Lauren Chester (1987): Contraception and the State of Women: What is the Link. Family Planning Perspectives, 19, January-February, Davidson Gwatkin (1979): Political will and family planning: The implications of India's emergency experience, Population and Development Review, 5(1). Attila Ambrus and Erica Field (2008): Early marriage, age of menarche and female schooling attainment in Bangladesh, Journal of Political Economy 116(5). Grant Miller (2010): Contraception as development? New evidence from family planning in Colombia. Economic Journal 120(545). Mark Pitt, Mark Rosenzweig and Donna Gibbons (1993): The determinants and consequences of the placement of government programs in Indonesia, World Bank Economic Review 7(3). Rahman, DaVanzo and Razzaque (?): When will Bangladesh reach replacement-level fertility? The role of education and family planning services, UNDESA. Culture and norms Kaivan Mushni and Jacques Myaux (2005): Social norms and the fertility transition, Journal of Development Economics 80(1). Paola Guiliano, Alberto Alesina and Nathan Nunn (2011): Fertility and the Plough, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, vol. 101 (3): Eliana La Ferrara et al. (2012): Soap Operas and Fertility: Evidence from Brazil, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, vol. 4(4), pages 1-31, October. Fertility and HIV/AIDS Esther Duflo et al. (2006): Education and HIV/AIDS prevention: evidence from a randomized evaluation in Western Kenya, World Bank WP4024. Pascaline Dupas (2011): Do teenagers respond to HIV risk information? Evidence from a field experiment in Kenya, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 3(1). Jane Forston (2009): HIV/AIDS and Fertility, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1(3). Alwyn Young (2007): In sorrow to bring forth children: fertility amidst the plague of HIV, Journal of Economic Growth, Volume 12, Issue 4, pp Sebnenm Kalemli (2006): AIDS, Reversal of demographic transition and economic development: Evidence from Africa, NBER WP12181 Household bargaining Nava Ashraf, Erica Field and Jean Lee (2009): Household bargaining and excess fertility: an experimental study in Zambia. 15