MID-TERM EVALUATION OF THE CUSTOMS 2013 PROGRAMME FINAL REPORT. European Commission. Directorate General for Taxation and Customs Union Brussels

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1 MID-TERM EVALUATION OF THE CUSTOMS 2013 PROGRAMME FINAL REPORT European Commission Directorate General for Taxation and Customs Union Brussels Contract no 15 June Baker Street London W1U 6AG United Kingdom T F evaluationpartnership.com

2 This report was commissioned by the European Commission (DG TAXUD) and prepared by. The views and opinions expressed in this report are not necessarily shared by the European Commission, nor does the report anticipate decisions taken by the European Commission. Table of contents INTRODUCTION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE SUBJECT OF THE EVALUATION EU Customs Policy The Customs 2013 Programme Objectives Joint Actions IT systems Budget and Participating Countries Programme Management EVALUATION FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY Rationale and Objectives of the Evaluation Legal Framework of the Mid-Term Evaluation Scope and Purpose of the Evaluation Evaluation Questions Evaluation Approach and Methodology The Overall Approach to the Evaluation Data Collection Methods and Tools FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Relevance Findings Conclusions Effectiveness: Functioning of the Internal Market in the Customs Field Findings Conclusions Effectiveness: Support for Third Countries Findings Conclusions Programme Management Findings Conclusions Efficiency Findings Conclusions EU Added Value Findings Conclusions RECOMMENDATIONS

3 ANNEXES (submitted as separate documents) Annex I.A: Evaluation Questions Matrix Annex I.B: Review of Recommendations from the Final Evaluation of Customs 2007 Annex II.A: Evaluation Questionnaire Report Annex II.B: Evaluation Questionnaire with EU Member States Annex II.C: Evaluation Questionnaire with Participating Countries that are not members of the EU Annex II.D: Survey Report Annex II.E: Survey Questionnaire Annex II.F: Interview Report Annex II.F: Interview Guide For Programme Management Annex III.A: Case Study Report on Implementation of the MCC Annex III.B: Case Study Report on AEO Annex III.C: Case Study Report on Common Training Annex III.D: Case Study Report on Risk Management Annex III.E: Case Study Report on Enlargement Annex III.F: Case Study Report on ECS Annex III.G: Interview Guide Figures Figure 1 Overview of C2013 objectives, priorities and actions Figure 2 Breakdown of C2013 joint actions by type, Figure 3 CCN traffic evolution (Volumes: ) Figure 4 CCN Applications Figure 5 Activity management scheme Figure 6 Relevance of joint actions Figure 7 C2013 contribution to Objective I Figure 8 Contribution of customs IT systems to Objective I Figure 9 C2013 contribution to Objective II Figure 10 Contribution of customs IT systems to Objective II Figure 11 Electronic input of customs declarations at SAD level Figure 12 Customs declarations and value Figure 13 Number of authorisations for simplified procedures and Single European Authorisations Figure 14 C2013 contribution to Objective III Figure 15 Contribution of IT systems to Objective III Figure 16 Satisfaction with services provided by the IT contractor Figure 17 AEO certificate statistics Figure 18 Use of e-learning courses for customs officials Figure 19 C2013 contribution to Objective IV Figure 20 Contribution of IT systems to Objective IV Figure 21 C2013 contribution to Objective V Figure 22 C2013 contribution to preparing for enlargement Figure 23 Satisfaction with the policy level work and coordination of C Figure 24 Satisfaction level with the work of different groups, committees and networks Figure 25 Effectiveness of tools and instruments

4 Figure 26 Organisation of joint actions Figure 27 Networking benefits from the participation in C2013 activities Figure 28 Information sharing Figure 29 C2013 allocation of resources ( ) Figure 30 C2013 budget ( ) Figure 31 C2013 budget for joint actions ( ) Figure 32 Evolution of the number of meetings and their participants Figure 33 Types of joint actions with the highest number of participants Figure 34 Usefulness of joint actions Figure 35 Extent to which C2013 makes use of the most effective tools Figure 36 Efficiency of joint actions Figure 37 JAs' contribution to C2013 objectives Figure 38 Dissemination of C2013 results according to participants Figure 39 Dissemination of C2013 results according to non-participants Figure 40 C2013 budget for IT systems ( ) Figure 42 Increase in the number of JA and amount of funding per one Full Time Equivalent (FTE) Figure 43 Views of national customs administrations on the EU added value of C Figure 44 Feedback from national customs officials on the results of joint actions Tables Table 1 AWP policy areas and corresponding objectives Table 2 Budget planned for (in million EUR) Table 3 Evaluation questions and programme objectives Table 4 Data sources for main evaluation questions Table 5 Number of actions in Objective I Table 6 Number of actions in Objective II Table 7 Number of actions under Objective III Table 8 Stage of completion of trans-european customs IT systems Table 9 Stage of completion of central customs applications Table 10 Number of downloads of training courses Table 11 Number of actions under Objective IV Table 12 Number of actions under Objective V Table 13 Evolution of HR at CPMT

5 List of Acronyms AEO AIS ART AWP BM C2007 C2013 CAP CC CCC CCN/CSI CIRCA CN CPG CRMS DDS DG TAXUD EBTI EC ECG ECICS ECS ENP EO EU ICS ICT IPR ISPP IT JA MCC MCCIP MoR MS NCP NCTS PC PG PICS RIF SAD SASP SEA SG SMS TARIC TCSG TMG ToR TOR TQS WG WMG Authorised Economic Operator Automated Import System Activity Reporting Tool Annual Work Programme Benchmarking Customs 2007 Programme Customs 2013 Programme Common Agricultural Policy Candidate Country Customs Code Committee Common Communications Network / Common Systems Interface Communication & Information Resource Centre Administrator Combined Nomenclature Customs Policy Group Customs Risk Management System Data Dissemination System Directorate General for Taxation and Customs Union European Binding Tariff Information System European Community Electronic Customs Group European Customs Inventory of Chemical Substances Export Control System European Neighbourhood Policy Economic Operator European Union Import Control System Information and Communication Technology Intellectual Property Rights Information System for Processing Procedures Information Technology Joint Action Modernised Community Customs Code Modernised Customs Code Implementing Provisions Measurement of Results Member State National Contact Point New Computerised Transit System Participating Country Project Group Programme Information and Collaboration Space Risk Information Form Single Administrative Document Single Authorisation for Simplified Procedures Single European Authorisation Steering group Specimen Management System Information System on the Integrated Tariff of the Community Training Coordination Steering Group Training Management Group Terms of Reference Traditional Own Resources Tariff Quota Surveillance Management System Working Group Working Methods Group 4

6 INTRODUCTION This Final Report is the fourth and final deliverable presented by The Evaluation Partnership (TEP) in the context of the mid-term evaluation of the Customs 2013 programme. It presents all evaluation findings, and based on these, final conclusions and recommendations following the comments received from the evaluation steering group at the meeting on 1 June The main body of the present report is divided into four main parts: 0. Executive Summary; 1. Subject of the Evaluation presents a brief overview of EU customs policy and the Customs 2013 programme; 2. Evaluation Framework and Methodology provides a summary of the rationale, objectives, scope, approach and methodology of the evaluation; 3. Findings and Conclusions contains answers to the evaluation questions, based on the judgment criteria and indicators developed in the first phase; 4. Recommendations contains suggestions for improvements based on the data collected, especially on the findings and conclusions presented in the previous chapter. There are also three Annexes (submitted as separate documents): Annex I contains the table of evaluation questions, judgment criteria, indicators and sources of evidence that served as the main analytical framework for the mid-term evaluation of C2013, as well as the results of the review of the recommendations from the final evaluation of C2007; Annex II contains the tools used for and the summary results of the evaluation questionnaire for national customs administrations, the online survey of C2013 programme participants, and interviews with programme managers; Annex III contains the reports from the six case studies that were carried out as part of the evaluation, as well as the tools used for compiling the data. 5

7 0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A. The Customs 2013 programme Customs 2013 (C2013) is a programme which gives national customs administrations, together with the European Commission, the opportunity to co-operate in areas of common and high interest. The C2013 programme was established by Decision 624/2007/EC of 23 May 2007 and will run from 1 January 2008 to 31 December The Participating Countries (PCs) of C2013 include the 27 EU Member States, as well as Croatia, Turkey, Serbia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The cost of the programme is shared between the EU and the Participating Countries. The financial framework for the six years of the programme s implementation was set at EUR million. The Annual Work Plan (AWP) specifies seven policy areas (I-VII); the first five of these correspond very closely with the objectives specified in the C2013 Decision (see the table below). For the sake of consistency, the numbering from the AWP is used in this report. AWP policy areas and corresponding objectives Policy Area (as per Customs 2013 Annual Work Programme for 2010, Part A) Corresponding objective (as per C2013 Decision) I Protection of the financial and economic interests of c) the EU II Trade facilitation, cooperation and competitiveness a) III Act as one single European Customs administration b) IV Strengthen security and safety for trade and citizens d) V Enlargement and relations with third countries e) VI Horizontal programme support Cuts across all objectives VII Any other topic - To achieve its objectives, the programme relies primarily on: Joint Actions, including seminars and workshops, project groups and steering groups, working visits, training activities, monitoring actions, benchmarking and other actions; Information technology (IT) systems (including trans-european systems and common customs applications). B. The mid-term evaluation According to the C2013 Decision, the main purpose of this mid-term evaluation is to review the results obtained at the half-way point of the duration of the programme in terms of effectiveness and efficiency, as well as the continued relevance of the initial objectives of the programme. It shall also assess the use of funding and the progress of follow-up and implementation." The mid-term evaluation was launched in September It covers the first three years of the intervention ( ). Given the programme s complex and multi-faceted nature and its broad set of objectives, the evaluation assesses the level of implementation and results of the Customs 2013 programme in a broader sense, using a mix of qualitative information and 6

8 quantitative data (where available) to judge its relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, management and added value. The evaluation collected data and information through a mix of participatory and static methods, with a heavy emphasis on generating primary data through the former. The main data collection methods were: An evaluation questionnaire for the national customs administrations of all 31 Participating Countries; A survey of customs officials who participated in one or more of the various joint actions under C2013; A series of 30 in-depth interviews with members of the various bodies, organs and mechanisms involved in the management of C2013; Six case studies on specific thematic areas selected for their overall relevance and their link with one of the main programme objectives; Desk research, using data from sources including the ART2 and CIRCA databases, as well as data provided directly by DG TAXUD. C. Relevance The objectives of the programme correspond closely to the needs and problems of the main beneficiaries, namely national customs administrations. All objectives and related priorities were perceived to be important, though objective III (supporting customs administrations to act as one) is generally perceived as slightly more important than the others, in the sense that through harmonising working practices and procedures C2013 also contributes to the remaining objectives, such as protecting the EU s financial interests and strengthening security and safety for trade and citizens. It will be important in the future to monitor whether the C2013 programme continues to strike the right balance between trade facilitation on the one hand (which is the priority for trade), and strengthening security and safety for trade and citizens and protecting the EU s interests on the other (on which MS place somewhat more emphasis). With regard to key priorities for the future, the implementation of the MCCIP and related IT systems will be the main focus for the next three to five years. Beyond this, it is important for C2013 and its successor to look ahead by developing and implementing proposals related to the Future Customs Initiative, addressing former third pillar issues (internal security), and allowing customs administrations to better allocate their scarce resources. D. Effectiveness Based on the overwhelmingly positive feedback from its target audiences (both national customs administrations and individual programme participants) and on an in-depth assessment of a small sample of activities in selected thematic areas, the evaluation concludes that C2013 has been very helpful with a view to the effective functioning of the internal market in the customs field, in that it has contributed to progress towards all of its key objectives. When assessing C2013 s effectiveness, it is important to note that the programme does not exist in a vacuum. Instead, it is intimately linked with the wider customs union, which functions mainly through several pieces of EU customs legislation (such as the Community Customs Code). Ultimately, it is the implementation and application of this legislation that is 7

9 key to achieving the different policy objectives (such as trade facilitation or ensuring the safety and security of EU citizens and traders). C2013 plays primarily a supporting and enabling role, and thus has indirect impacts on the achievement of these objectives. The diagram below is an attempt to graphically depict the different main ways in which the Customs 2013 programme interacts with the relevant customs and customs related legislation and the various main policy objectives: The evaluation provides strong and unequivocal evidence that the different outputs of the programme contribute directly and significantly to the implementation and application of the EU customs legislation; In this way, C2013 has a positive indirect impact towards all of the ultimate programme / policy objectives by helping to ensure that customs legislation is implemented, interpreted and applied uniformly across the entire EU (objective III), and in a way that is effective and strikes an appropriate balance between combating fraud (objective I) and tackling safety and security-related risks (objective IV) on the one hand, and minimising the burden for legitimate trade (objective II) on the other; In addition, the exchange of information, coordination and cooperation between MS customs and the Commission within the framework of C2013 has a direct impact towards objectives III and V. The former (helping MS customs act as one) in turn links back to the other objectives: more uniform and harmonised customs approaches and working methods provide a level playing field that almost inevitably reduces risks and removes unnecessary obstacles to trade. Conceptual framework of C2013 intervention and its impacts CCC CPG Customs (and customs related) legislation Policy objectives Council EP I. EU financial interests Primary customs legislation Implementation of legislation Application of legislation II. Trade facilitation IV. Safety and security Preparation of customs legislation Trans-European IT systems Training (incl. elearning), guidelines, public information, etc. III. MS customs act as one Outputs Monitoring results Exchange of information, coordination, cooperation V. Enlargement and relations with third countries Direct C2013 impacts, very strong evidence Indirect C2013 impacts, less strong evidence 8

10 Given that most programme activities pursue more than one programme objective simultaneously, it is difficult to analyse the relative progress made towards each objective in a robust way. Nonetheless, the evaluation results suggest that the contribution of C2013 is greatest towards the harmonisation of the working methods of national customs administrations (objective III), since this results, to a greater or lesser extent, from nearly all joint actions and IT systems that standardise approaches, bring together national customs officials and facilitate the exchange of information and best practices. At the other end of the spectrum, there are indications that the ongoing focus on the implementation of the Safety and Security Amendment means that trade facilitation (objective II) plays a somewhat secondary role in many programme activities; therefore, while progress has been made in this field of facilitating trade, it has tended to be slower than in the others. C2013 has been able to make a significant contribution to the proper functioning of the Customs Union (and to the objectives that form the basis for this) through a wide array of interventions, including both joint actions and IT systems. The broad and flexible nature of the toolkit available to the programme is one of its greatest strengths. The case studies conducted as part of this evaluation have produced extensive evidence for how C2013 has been able to contribute to resolving a wide range of different challenges and addressing a variety of target audiences. For example, project groups harness the knowledge and experience of national experts to tackle specific problems and develop solutions (be they guidelines, secondary legislation, or training materials) for the benefit of all MS. Workshops can be very effective inter alia for enhancing frontline customs officers awareness of and ability to apply relevant rules and tools. Seminars are helpful to garner political support around certain key issues and developments, while working visits, benchmarking and monitoring is especially effective with a view to identifying and spreading good practices. The main ways in which C2013 has contributed to each of its main objectives is briefly summarised below. Objective I: Protection of the EU s financial and economic interests The evaluation provides clear evidence that C2013 has helped MS to protect the economic and financial interests of the EU. There are three areas where the C2013 contribution is particularly evident and important: C2013 has been indispensable in drafting the Implementing Provisions of the Modernised Customs Code (MCCIP); C2013 has provided customs administrations with additional tools (such as guides, manuals, and most importantly IT tools) which help to put customs legislation into practice; C2013 provides a platform for collaboration among MS, where they can identify existing and emerging differences, such as those related to the classification of specific goods, and take individual or collective measures to better protect the EU s interests with regard to payable duties. Objective II: Trade facilitation C2013 has helped MS s customs administration to facilitate trade and improve competitiveness. However, the feedback collected from national customs administrations suggests that C2013 progress in this area was a little slower or less significant in comparison to other objectives. The most valuable features of C2013 in the area of trade facilitation, co-operation and competitiveness were: The involvement of representatives of the trade community in a variety of joint actions, which allowed them to contribute to discussions on relevant topics and 9

11 provided the MS and the Commission with a better understanding of how their decisions impact economic operators and trade flows; C2013 has helped to facilitate significant progress with regard to the implementation of the Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) concept, inter alia by facilitating exchange among the 27 MS, ensuring a more unified and harmonious approach to the implementation of AEO, as well as providing necessary support towards mutual recognition of the EU s AEO and equivalent concepts in the US and China. Objective III: Help MS national administrations act as if they were one C2013 has made a significant contribution to helping MS administrations to increasingly act as one. While it is generally acknowledged that acting as one is a very long term objective that may never be fully achieved given the different histories, cultures and resources of the customs of MS, the evaluation shows that progress in this area continues to be made, and that C2013 is instrumental in this context. The effects with a view to acting as one are especially evident in the following areas: The development of common or interoperable IT systems, such as TARIC, NCTS and ECS, which are universally found to help customs act as one by facilitating the exchange of data between them and helping to ensure the consistent application of legislation throughout the EU; The provision of common training, in particular the joint development of common e- learning courses on certain key topics; Harmonisation effects are generated by the vast majority of programme activities, whether this is the explicit goal or not. Networking, discussions, exchange of information, co-ordination of approaches and joint problem solving are a key feature of nearly all activities that bring together officials from different MS. This almost inevitably contributes to a spread of best practices with regard to working methods and approaches, and to a gradual closing of the gaps that exist between different national customs administrations. Objective IV: Strengthen safety and security for citizens and trade C2013 has contributed significantly to strengthening safety and security. The main way in which C2013 has contributed to this objective is by contributing to the implementation of the changes to the Customs Code foreseen in the Safety and Security Amendment, including: Risk management: C2013 has been instrumental in developing common risk criteria and security risk rules, and to developing guidance and training for customs officials, so as to ensure that risk analysis and management is carried out in a harmonised way across the EU; Elements related to the Safety and Security Amendment have also been tackled in activities dedicated to the MCCIP and the implementation of the AEO concept, as well as the development and upgrading of many IT systems (including NCTS and ECS); Furthermore, C2013 has contributed to strengthening safety and security by facilitating co-ordination and the exchange of information and best practices in the area of customs controls and working methods. Objective V: Enlargement and relations with third countries C2013 has provided significant support to candidate countries and potential candidates, in particular by providing four of them the opportunity to participate fully in the programme, and thereby take part in a large number of joint actions. The evaluation confirms that their participation has contributed significantly to their preparations for accession to the EU by helping to adjust customs legislation, working methods and (to the extent possible at this 10

12 stage) IT systems to those being used in the EU. It has also led to sharing of information and experiences with colleagues from the MS, which in turn has helped to improve the effectiveness of customs controls. However, when it comes to the cooperation with other third countries that do not have the status of C2013 participating countries, the evaluation results suggest a certain imbalance. A number of useful initiatives were launched with the EU s key trade partners, in particular China (four actions) but also the US, Japan and Russia. However, very little was done to engage and support the countries of the European Neighbourhood Policy in Eastern Europe, and nothing at all for those in North Africa and the Middle East. E. Programme Management The C2013 programme is managed well and in a transparent way: joint actions are generally well planned, organised and executed, and national customs administrations show high levels of appreciation for different elements of the management system which provide PCs (and the European Commission) with valuable support. The objective-based management approach is highly valued, and PCs are satisfied with the application processes, as well as the funding levels, the disbursement of funds, and monitoring arrangements. Overall, C2013 is a good example of a programme that facilitates the learning of its members and continuously transforms itself in order to provide an optimum support to achieve the desired results. The work of the various committees and bodies involved in programme management and their respective roles were mostly perceived positively by the national customs administrations. However, some of the existing bodies, notably the C2013 Committee and Steering Groups, could be better used in programme management and coordination. In particular, there is a general feeling that: 1) interactions between the Customs Policy Group and the C2013 Committee could be further improved, 2) more clarity on how different bodies relate to each other would be beneficial for C2013 governance, 3) more two-way communication and room for strategic discussions at certain bodies would be welcome. F. Efficiency By the half point of C2013 s implementation, 56% of the available budget for has been paid. The most significant difference between the budget planned (and committed) and actually paid in 2010 can be noted for IT systems, which represent the biggest proportion of the total budget. However, this is not a major cause for concern at this point: lower levels of spending in the beginning of programme implementation are natural for multiannual interventions such as C2013, and it can be expected that the budget utilisation will be increasing towards the completion of the programme (unless the deadlines for the implementation of IT systems are changed). With regard to joint actions, their generally high effectiveness and the fact that costs are mostly limited to participants travel and subsistence expenses mean that the efficiency of these actions has to be rated as very high. Trying to achieve cost savings by reducing the amount of travel (e.g. by reducing the size of delegations to specific meetings or events, or by reducing the number of meetings) is not recommended, since it would bring with it the risk of reducing the effectiveness, given that the direct face to face contact between customs officials from different participating countries is one of the most valued aspects of the programme. However, further efficiency gains could be achieved by maximising the 11

13 dissemination of the results of C2013 actions within national customs administrations (thereby further enhancing their effectiveness). This includes encouraging a broader use of the online Programmes Information and Collaboration Space (PICS) and promoting training Currently, C2013 management is preoccupied with inputs (such as the number of activities, meetings, participants, etc.) and there are no spare resources to monitor the quality of work or follow-up of the achieved results. Therefore, a shift from inputs towards outputs (i.e. quality of results, their better documentation and dissemination) would pose a significant challenge, as the evaluation found that the CPMT has been increasingly efficient in terms of programme management and there is not much room for further improvements with the current level of human resources. G. EU added value The evaluation found that the C2013 programme provides significant EU added value. It does so in two main ways. Firstly, C2013 supports a number of activities that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the Customs Union, and that could not have taken place (or would have been significantly more resource and/or time-intensive) without EU coordination and financial support. This refers in particular to: the development of implementing provisions and detailed rules required to implement the customs legislation; common guidelines and training to ensure that the provisions and rules are interpreted and applied correctly and uniformly across the EU; and interoperable IT systems to facilitate the exchange of the data and information between national customs administrations and the European Commission. C2013 has been active in all of these areas, and has delivered a wealth of concrete outputs and results that could hardly have been produced either by the Commission or by individual MS alone. One of the greatest assets of C2013 is that it brings together and leverages the knowledge and expertise of experts from all MS in the pursuit of specific concrete objectives. Due to the pressure on MS customs budgets, this level of co-operation and involvement would be impossible in most cases without financial support from the EU, with inevitable negative consequences for the quality of the results and the speed with which they are attained, as well as the acceptance and buy-in from MS. Furthermore, joint efforts can often lead to significant cost savings when compared with a situation where MS have to develop solutions to specific challenges individually. Clear examples of how economies of scale can be achieved through a pooling of efforts include the common and trans-european IT systems, as well as the various e-learning modules. Secondly, C2013 facilitates cooperation and coordination between national customs administrations, thus contributing to the spread of relevant information and good practices. This refers to areas and issues that may not be strictly necessary for the implementation of the Customs Union, but which improve working methods and customs procedures, and thereby contribute to more effective and efficient customs controls and a more level playing field between national administrations. There is overwhelming evidence that most C2013 joint actions have a positive effect in this regard, in that they facilitate a large number of personal and direct contacts between national customs administrations and their officials that, taken together, have a significant effect in terms of the harmonisation of approaches and methods and the spread of good practices. 12

14 H. Recommendations Based on the findings and conclusions of the mid-term evaluation, the following recommendations are made to address existing shortcoming and take advantage of room for improvements: Address external issue that slow down progress in trade facilitation and prioritise programme activities in this area; Communicate results of the work of project groups developing and implementing the Future Customs Initiative to a wider audience to raise awareness in this area and engage all interested stakeholders in a participatory process; Support the full implementation of the MCCIP and risk management and the uniform application of key new rules, processes, and concepts; Establish mechanisms to address former third pillar issues and develop tools to tackle these issues under C2013 successor programmes. More generally, DG TAXUD should strive to improve co-ordination of customs issues within the Commission; Carefully consider the human resources implications of new C2013 activities, and avoid increasing the overall burden on MS and EC staff in the present economic climate; Encourage participation of trade associations in C2013 activities, whenever relevant and appropriate, and ensure transparency for selecting and inviting representatives of individual companies to participate in joint actions; Closely monitor the uptake of common training tools and provide additional support, if necessary; Expand support to CCs and potential candidates (including non C2013 PCs); Address external issues that limit the effectiveness of trans-european and common customs IT systems; Improve the proceedings of and interactions between some of C2013 bodies; Improve the way ART2 reflects the links between activities and C2013 objectives / priorities. 13

15 SYNTHESE A. Le programme Douane 2013 Douane 2013 (C2013) est un programme destiné à donner aux administrations douanières nationales et à la Commission européenne la possibilité de coopérer dans des domaines primordiaux d intérêt commun. Le programme C2013 a été établi par la Décision 624/2007/CE du 23 mai 2007 et couvre une période allant du 1 er janvier 2008 au 31 décembre Les pays participant au programme C2013 sont les 27 Etats membres de l UE, ainsi que la Croatie, la Turquie, la Serbie et l ancienne République yougoslave de Macédoine. Le coût du programme est reparti entre l UE et les pays participants. Le cadre financier pour les six années de mise en œuvre du programme a été fixé à 323,8 millions d euros. Le Programme de Travail Annuel (PTA) précise les sept "domaines d action" couverts (I- VII) ; les cinq premiers correspondent étroitement aux objectifs posés par la décision C2013 (voir tableau ci-dessous). Dans un objectif de cohérence, la numérotation issue du PTA est reprise dans ce rapport. Domaines d action du PTA et objectifs correspondants Domaine d action (conformément au Programme de Travail Annuel 2010 pour la mise en œuvre de Douanes 2013, Partie A) I Protection des intérêts financiers et économiques de l'ue Objectif correspondant (conformément à la Décision C2013) c) II Facilitation des échanges, coopération et compétitivité a) III Fonctionner comme une administration douanière b) unique IV Renforcer la sécurité et la sûreté des échanges et des d) citoyens V Elargissement et relations avec les pays tiers e) VI Soutien horizontal à la gestion du programme Concerne l ensemble des objectifs VII Autres domaines - Pour atteindre ces objectifs, le programme s appuie principalement sur: Des actions conjointes, notamment des séminaires et des ateliers, des groupes de projet et de pilotage, des visites de travail, des activités de formation, des actions de suivi, des analyses comparatives et d'autres actions ; Des systèmes informatiques (y compris des systèmes européens et des applications douanières communes). B. L évaluation à mi-parcours Selon la décision C2013, l objectif principal de cette évaluation à mi-parcours est de faire «un bilan des résultats obtenus en termes d efficacité» et d examiner «si les objectifs initiaux du programme sont toujours pertinents, tout en faisant le point sur l utilisation des crédits ainsi que sur les progrès accomplis en matière de suivi et de mise en œuvre». 14

16 L évaluation à mi-parcours a été lancée en septembre Elle couvre les trois premières années de mise en œuvre ( ). Compte tenu de la complexité et de la diversité des aspects abordés par le programme, ainsi que du large éventail d objectifs qu'il recouvre, l évaluation examine le niveau de mise en œuvre et les résultats du programme Douane 2013 au sens large, à partir d une combinaison de données qualitatives et quantitatives (lorsque ces dernières étaient disponibles) afin d apprécier sa pertinence, son efficacité, sa gestion et sa valeur ajoutée. L évaluation a rassemblé des données et des informations à partir d une combinaison de méthodes participatives et statiques, en accordant une importance toute particulière à la production de données primaires à partir des méthodes participatives. Les données ont principalement été recueillies à partir des méthodes suivantes : Un questionnaire d évaluation destiné aux administrations douanières nationales des 31 pays participants ; Une enquête menée auprès des agents douaniers ayant participé à une ou plusieurs actions conjointes du programme ; Une série de 30 entretiens approfondis avec différents représentants de plusieurs administrations et organes impliqués dans les procédures et la gestion du programme C2013 ; Six études de cas portant sur des domaines spécifiques choisis sur la base de leur pertinence et de leurs liens avec l un des objectifs principaux du programme ; Des recherches documentaires, à partir d informations issues de sources telles que les bases de données ART2 et CIRCA, ainsi que des données directement fournies par la DG TAXUD. C. Pertinence Les objectifs du programme correspondent étroitement aux besoins et aux problèmes de ses principaux bénéficiaires, à savoir les administrations douanières nationales. Tous les objectifs et les priorités qui s'y rattachent étaient perçus comme importants, bien que l objectif III (fonctionner comme une administration douanière unique) était généralement jugé plutôt plus important que les autres, dans la mesure où, par l harmonisation des pratiques de travail et des procédures, le programme C2013 contribue également à la réalisation des autres objectifs, tels que la protection des intérêts financiers de l UE, et le renforcement de la sécurité et de la sûreté des échanges et des citoyens. Il sera important à l avenir de s assurer que le programme C2013 continue de rechercher un juste équilibre entre la facilitation des échanges d une part (ce qui est la priorité d un point de vue commercial), et d autre part le renforcement de la sécurité et de la sûreté des échanges et des citoyens et la protection des intérêts de l UE (ce à quoi les Etats membres semblent quelque peu plus sensibles). Compte tenu des priorités pour l avenir, la mise en œuvre des dispositions d'application du Code des douanes communautaires modernisé et des systèmes informatiques connexes sera le principal chantier pour les trois à cinq prochaines années. Au delà de cela, il est fondamental pour le programme C2013 et ceux qui lui succèderont de chercher à développer et mettre en œuvre des propositions liées à l initiative sur l avenir des douanes, de se pencher sur des questions qui relevaient précédemment du troisième pilier (sécurité intérieure), et de permettre aux administrations douanières de mieux affecter leurs ressources limitées. 15

17 D. Efficacité Sur la base des commentaires majoritairement positifs de ses audiences cibles (à la fois les administrations douanières nationales et les individus participant au programme), et sur l analyse approfondie d échantillons d activités ciblées dans des domaines spécifiques, l évaluation conclut que le programme C2013 a été particulièrement utile s agissant du fonctionnement efficace du marché intérieur dans le domaine douanier, dans la mesure où il a permis de progresser vers tous ses objectifs clés. Il faut bien garder à l'esprit, lorsqu on examine l efficacité du programme C2013, qu il ne s inscrit pas dans un cadre vierge. Au contraire, il est intimement lié à l Union douanière au sens large, qui est instituée par un certain nombre d instruments juridiques européens (tels que le Code des douanes communautaire). En fin de compte, c est la mise en œuvre et l application de cette législation qui sont fondamentales pour la réalisation des différents objectifs politiques (tels que la facilitation des échanges ou le renforcement de la sécurité et de la sûreté des citoyens et des opérateurs économiques). Le rôle principal du programme C2013 est de soutenir et de faciliter la réalisation de ces objectifs. Il a donc un certain nombre d effets indirects sur leur mise en œuvre. Le schéma ci-dessous s efforce de retranscrire les principales manières dont le programme Douane 2013 interagit avec les instruments juridiques pertinents en matière douanière ainsi qu avec les différents objectifs politiques : L évaluation met en valeur de manière claire et tangible que les différents résultats du programme contribuent de manière directe et significative à la mise en œuvre et à l application de la législation douanière de l UE ; Ce faisant, le programme C2013 a un impact positif indirect sur l ensemble des objectifs ultimes du programme, car il favorise une mise en œuvre, une interprétation et une application uniformes de la législation douanière dans l ensemble de l UE (objectif III), et cela d une manière efficace et qui assure un équilibre adéquat entre, d une part, la lutte contre la fraude (objectif I) et contre les risques liés à la sécurité et à la sûreté (objectif IV), et d autre part, la limitation des contraintes pesant sur le commerce légitime (objectif II) ; En outre, l échange d informations, la coordination, et la coopération entre les douanes des Etats membres et la Commission dans le cadre du programme C2013 ont un impact direct sur les objectifs III et V. Le premier (aider les douanes des Etats membres à fonctionner comme une administration unique) a en outre un impact sur les autres objectifs : une approche plus homogène en matière de douanes et un rapprochement des méthodes de travail garantissent une harmonisation et un traitement uniforme, ce qui réduit forcément les risques et limite les obstacles inutiles au commerce. 16

18 Cadre conceptuel de l impact du programme C2013 CCD GPD Législation relative aux douanes Objectifs Conseil PE I. Intérêts financiers de l UE Législation primaire en matière douanière Mise en œuvre de la législation Application de la législation II. Facilitation des échanges IV. Sûreté et sécurité Préparation de la législation douanière Systèmes informatiques européens Formation (y compris en ligne), lignes directrices, information du public etc. III. Fonctionnement unifié des douanes Résultats Suivi des résultats Echange d information, coordination, coopération. V. Elargissement et relations avec les pays tiers Effet direct du programme C2013, preuves solides. Effet indirect du programme C2013 preuves moins fortes. Dans la mesure où la majorité des activités du programme contribuent à plusieurs objectifs simultanément, il est difficile d'analyser de manière fine les progrès relatifs réalisés pour chacun des objectifs. Néanmoins, les résultats de l'évaluation suggèrent que le programme C2013 contribue tout particulièrement à l'harmonisation des méthodes de travail des administrations douanières nationales (objectif III). En effet, une certaine harmonisation résulte, de manière plus ou mois importante, de presque toutes les actions conjointes et systèmes informatiques communs qui uniformisent les approches, facilitent le rapprochement des agents douaniers et améliorent l'échange d'informations et de bonnes pratiques. D'un autre côté, il semblerait qu'avec la priorité actuellement accordée à la mise en œuvre de l'amendement Sûreté-Sécurité, la facilitation des échanges (objectif II) passe au second plan dans plusieurs actions du programme ; aussi, bien que des progrès aient été réalisés dans ce domaine, ils ont été plus lents que dans les autres secteurs. Le programme C2013 a largement contribué au bon fonctionnement de l'union douanière (et à la réalisation des objectifs qui la sous-tendent) grâce à un large éventail d'initiatives, tels que les actions conjointes et la mise en place de systèmes informatiques communs. La diversité et la flexibilité des outils proposés par le programme sont l'un de ses points forts. Les études de cas menées dans le cadre de cette évaluation ont largement démontré comment le programme C2013 a permis de relever de multiples défis et d'atteindre une grande diversité d'audiences cibles. Par exemple, les groupes de projets exploitent le savoir et l'expertise des experts nationaux pour traiter des problèmes spécifiques et développer des solutions (qu'il s'agisse de lignes directrices, de législation secondaire ou de matériel destiné à la formation) au bénéfice de tous les Etats membres. Les ateliers peuvent se révéler très efficaces entre autres pour améliorer les connaissances des agents douaniers 17

19 qui se trouvent en première ligne, et leur aptitude à appliquer les règles et outils adéquats. Les séminaires sont utiles pour engendrer un soutien politique autour de certains développements et questions clés, tandis que les visites de travail, les comparaisons et le suivi sont particulièrement efficaces pour identifier et transmettre les bonnes pratiques. En résumé, le programme C2013 a contribué à chacun de ses objectifs comme expliqué cidessous: Objectif I: Protection des intérêts financiers et économiques de l'ue L'évaluation démontre clairement que le programme C2013 a aidé les Etats membres à protéger les intérêts économiques et financiers de l'ue. La contribution du programme est plus particulièrement importante dans trois domaines: Le programme C2013 s'est révélé indispensable pour la rédaction des dispositions d'application du Code des douanes communautaires modernisé; Le programme a fourni aux administrations douanières des outils supplémentaires (tels que des guides, des manuels, mais surtout des outils informatiques) qui aident à mettre en pratique la législation douanière ; Le programme constitue une plateforme pour la collaboration entre Etats membres, où ceux-ci peuvent identifier les divergences existantes ou émergentes, telles que celles qui résultent de la classification de biens spécifiques, et prendre les mesures individuelles ou collectives nécessaires en vue de mieux protéger les intérêts de l'ue s'agissant des droits exigibles. Objectif II: Facilitation des échanges Le programme C2013 a aidé les administrations douanières à faciliter les échanges et à améliorer la compétitivité. Néanmoins, les commentaires des administrations douanières nationales suggèrent que les progrès dans ce domaine sont un peu plus lents ou moins significatifs que pour les autres objectifs. Les aspects les plus utiles du programme s'agissant de la facilitation des échanges, de la coopération et de la compétitivité sont: L'implication de représentants de la communauté du commerce dans plusieurs actions conjointes, ce qui leur a permis de contribuer aux discussions sur certains sujets et ainsi d'éclairer les Etats membres et la Commission sur l'impact de leurs décisions sur les opérateurs économiques et le flux des échanges ; Le programme C2013 a contribué à améliorer la mise en œuvre de la notion d'opérateur économique agréé, entre autres en simplifiant les contacts entre les 27 Etats membres, en assurant une approche plus unifiée et plus harmonieuse de cette notion, ainsi qu'en offrant un soutien utile en vue de la reconnaissance mutuelle des operateurs économiques agréés de l'ue et de leurs équivalents aux Etats Unis et en Chine. Objectif III: Aider les administrations douanières nationales à fonctionner de manière unifiée Le programme C2013 a amplement contribué à aider les administrations des Etats membres à fonctionner de manière de plus en plus unifiée. Bien qu'il soit largement admis que le "fonctionnement unique" est un objectif de très long terme, qui pourrait bien ne jamais être atteint dans la mesure où les cultures, les ressources et l'histoire des douanes varient d'un Etat membre à l'autre, l'évaluation montre que des progrès dans ce domaine continuent d'être faits et que le programme C2013 est utile à cet égard. Les effets s'agissant d'un "fonctionnement plus unifié" sont particulièrement perceptibles dans les domaines suivants: Le développement de systèmes informatiques communs interopérables, tels que TARIC, NSTI et SCE, qui sont unanimement jugés utiles pour uniformiser le 18

20 fonctionnement des douanes, en facilitant les échanges de données entre elles, et en favorisant une application harmonieuse de la législation au sein de l'ue ; La mise en place de formations communes, en particulier le développement de cours communs en ligne sur certains sujets clés ; Des effets d'harmonisation découlent de la grande majorité des activités du programme, qu'il s'agisse ou non de leur objectif explicite. L'établissement de contacts, les discussions, l'échange d'informations, la coordination des approches et la résolution conjointe de problèmes sont des éléments clés qui résultent de quasiment toutes les activités qui rassemblent des représentants des différents Etats membres. Ces caractéristiques conduisent presque inévitablement à la transmission de bonnes pratiques en matière d'approches et de méthodes de travail, et à la réduction des disparités entre les différentes administrations douanières nationales. Objectif IV: Renforcer la sécurité et la sûreté des échanges et des citoyens Le programme C2013 a concouru de façon significative au renforcement de la sûreté et de la sécurité, principalement en favorisant la mise en œuvre des modifications du Code des douanes issues de l'amendement Sûreté-Sécurité, notamment: La gestion du risque: le programme C2013 s'est révélé utile pour développer des règles communes en matière de risques et de sécurité et pour développer des lignes directrices et des formations pour les agents douaniers, afin de faire en sorte que l'analyse et la gestion des risques soient appliqués d'une façon harmonisée dans l'ue. Des éléments issus de l'amendement Sûreté-Sécurité ont également été abordés lors des activités liées à la mise en place des dispositions d'application du Code des douanes communautaires modernisé et du concept d'opérateur économique agréé, ainsi que dans le cadre du développement et de l'amélioration de nombreux systèmes informatiques (notamment NSTI et SCE). En outre, le programme a permis de renforcer la sûreté et la sécurité en facilitant la coordination et l'échange d'informations et de bonnes pratiques s'agissant des contrôles douaniers et des méthodes de travail. Objectif V: Elargissement et relations avec les pays tiers Le programme C2013 a apporté un soutien important aux pays candidats et candidats potentiels, en particulier en donnant à quatre d'entre eux la possibilité de participer pleinement au programme, et donc de prendre part à un grand nombre d'actions conjointes. L'évaluation a permis de confirmer que leur participation a véritablement aidé leur préparatifs pour l'accession à l'ue, en aidant à l'alignement sur les standards européens de leur législation douanière et de leurs méthodes de travail ainsi que, dans la mesure du possible à ce stade, de leurs systèmes informatiques. L'échange d'informations et d'expérience avec des collègues d'autres Etats membres a également été favorisé, ce qui a par la suite permis d'améliorer l'efficacité des contrôle douaniers. Cependant, l'évaluation met en relief des résultats contrastés s'agissant de la coopération avec les autres Etats tiers qui ne bénéficiaient pas du statut de pays participant au programme C2013. Un certain nombre d'initiatives significatives ont été lancées avec les partenaires commerciaux clés de l'ue, en particulier la Russie (quatre actions) mais aussi les Etats Unis, le Japon et la Russie. Néanmoins, il y a eu peu d'initiatives visant à engager et à soutenir les pays de la politique de voisinage européenne en Europe de l'est, et aucune s'agissant de l'afrique du Nord et du Moyen-Orient. 19

21 E. Gestion du programme Le programme C2013 est géré de façon efficace et transparente: les actions conjointes sont généralement bien préparées, organisées et mises en œuvre, et les administrations nationales apprécient beaucoup les différents éléments du système de gestion qui fournissent un soutien utile aux pays participants (et à la Commission européenne). La gestion fondée sur les objectifs est très appréciée, et les pays participants sont satisfaits des méthodes de mise en œuvre, ainsi que du financement, de l'allocation des fonds et des processus de supervision. Dans l'ensemble, le programme C2013 est un bon exemple de programme qui simplifie la formation de ses membres et qui s'adapte en permanence pour fournir un soutien optimal en vue d'atteindre les objectifs visés. Le travail de plusieurs comités et institutions impliqués dans la gestion du programme et leurs apports respectifs ont globalement été perçus comme positifs par les administrations douanières nationales. En revanche, certaines institutions existantes, en particulier le Comité Douane 2013 et les groupes de pilotage, pourraient être mieux exploités dans la gestion et la coordination du programme. En particulier, il y a un consensus sur le faire que: 1/ les interactions entre le Groupe politique douanière et le Comité 2013 pourraient être améliorées, 2/ une clarification des relations entre les différentes institutions serait utile pour une meilleure gouvernance du programme, 3/ une communication plus interactive ainsi que de plus grandes possibilités de discussions stratégiques à certains niveaux seraient souhaitables. F. Efficacité A mi-parcours, 56% du budget alloué pour la période a été dépensé. La différence la plus importante entre budget initialement prévu (et engagé) et finalement dépensé en 2010 concerne les systèmes informatiques, qui représentent la part la plus importante de l'enveloppe totale. Cependant, cela n'est pas véritablement préoccupant à ce stade: il est normal d'avoir des dépenses moindres au début de la mise en œuvre d'un programme pluriannuel tels que C2013, et il est probable que l'utilisation des fonds augmentera au fur et à mesure du programme (sauf si les dates de lancement des programmes informatiques sont revues). Les actions conjointes sont quant à elles largement efficaces, et le fait que leur coût se limite généralement aux frais de transport et de subsistance des participants leur donne un très bon rapport coût / efficacité. Il ne parait pas souhaitable d'essayer de limiter les coûts du programme en réduisant les déplacements (par exemple en restreignant le nombre de participants à certains événements ou séminaires), car cela risquerait d'avoir un effet négatif sur son efficacité, dans la mesure où les contacts directs entre agents douaniers des différents pays sont l'un des aspects les plus plébiscités du programme. En outre, des gains d'efficacité pourraient être réalisés en maximisant la diffusion des résultats des activités du programme C2013 au sein des administrations nationales (augmentant ainsi leur impact). En particulier, l'utilisation de l'espace d'information et de collaboration pour les programmes (PICS) devrait être généralisé et la formation devrait être encouragée. Actuellement, c'est l'aspect "élaboration" du programme C2013 qui mobilise ses gestionnaires (le nombre d'activités, les réunions, les participants, etc.), et il n'y pas de ressources disponibles pour contrôler la qualité du travail ou assurer un suivi des résultats. Aussi, le passage de la gestion des aspects "élaboration" vers la gestion des aspects "production" du programme (c'est-à-dire le suivi de la qualité des résultats, l'amélioration de leur traitement et de leur diffusion) pose un défi important, dans la mesure où l'évaluation a révélé que l'équipe de gestion du programme avait constamment amélioré son efficacité 20

22 dans la gestion du programme, et que le niveau actuel de ressources humaines ne permettait pas vraiment de faire mieux. G. Valeur ajoutée de l'ue L'évaluation montre que l'intervention au niveau de l'ue dans le cadre de ce programme C2013 est d'une grande valeur ajoutée, et ce principalement de deux manières. En premier lieu, le programme soutient un certain nombre d'activités nécessaires pour assurer un fonctionnement efficace de l'union douanière, et qui n'auraient pas pu être mise en œuvre (ou alors, au prix de ressources beaucoup plus importantes) sans la coordination et le soutien financier de l'ue. Cela est particulièrement vrai s'agissant: du développement des mesures de mise en œuvre et des règles détaillées pour mettre en œuvre la législation douanière ; des lignes directrices communes et des formations permettant d'assurer une interprétation et une application correctes et uniformes partout dans l'ue ; et des systèmes informatiques interopérables facilitant l'échange d'informations et de données entre administrations douanières nationales et la Commission européenne. Le programme C2013 a été actif dans tous ces domaines, et il a eu un réel impact et des résultats concrets qui n'auraient vraisemblablement pas pu être atteints par la seule Commission ou par les Etats membres individuellement. Sa principale valeur réside dans le fait qu'il rassemble et qu'il exploite l'expertise et la connaissance des experts de tous les Etats membres dans la poursuite d'objectifs spécifiques. Compte tenu de la tension qui pèse actuellement sur le budget des douanes des Etats membres, un tel niveau de coopération et d'implication aurait dans la grande majorité des cas été impossible à atteindre sans soutien financier de l'ue, avec des conséquences inévitables sur la qualité et la rapidité des résultats, ainsi que sur l'adhésion des Etats membres. En outre, les efforts conjoints permettent généralement de réduire les coûts par rapport aux situations dans lesquelles les Etats membres doivent développer individuellement des solutions pour chaque problème. Des économies d'échelle via une mise en commun des efforts peuvent être réalisées en particulier grâce aux systèmes informatiques européens, ainsi que grâce aux divers modules de formation en ligne. En deuxième lieu, le programme facilite la coopération et la coordination entre administrations douanières nationales, contribuant ainsi à la diffusion des informations utiles et des bonnes pratiques. Ce constat s'applique aux domaines et aux questions qui ne sont pas incontournables au sens strict pour la mise en œuvre de l'union douanière, mais qui, en améliorant les méthodes de travail et les procédures douanières, contribuent au renforcement de l'efficacité des contrôles douaniers et à une uniformisation des pratiques des administrations douanières nationales. Il existe des preuves indubitables que la plupart des actions conjointes du programme ont un effet positif à cet égard, en ce qu'elles facilitent un grand nombre de contacts personnels et directs entre administrations douanières nationales et entre leurs agents, qui ont un effet manifeste en termes d'harmonisation des approches et des méthodes et de transmission des bonnes pratiques. H. Recommandations Sur la base des constats et des conclusions de l'évaluation à mi-parcours, les recommandations suivantes sont formulées pour faire face à certaines insuffisances et tirer parti des possibilités d'améliorations identifiées: 21

23 Traiter les problèmes externes qui freinent les améliorations en matière de facilitation des échanges et rendre prioritaires les activités du programme dans ce domaine ; Communiquer plus largement sur les résultats des travaux des groupes de projet développant et mettant en œuvre l initiative sur l avenir des douanes, pour sensibiliser toutes les parties prenantes à cette question et les engager à prendre part à un processus participatif ; Soutenir la pleine mise en œuvre des dispositions d'application du Code des douanes communautaires modernisé et de gestion du risque, ainsi que l'application uniforme des nouvelles règles, procédés et concepts clés ; Etablir des mécanismes pour aborder les questions qui relevaient auparavant du troisième pilier et développer des outils pour les traiter dans le cadre des programmes qui succéderont à C2013. De manière plus générale, la DG TAXUD devrait œuvrer à l'amélioration de la coordination du traitement des questions douanières au sein de la Commission ; Se pencher avec attention sur les implications des nouvelles activités du programme C2013 en termes de ressources humaines, et éviter d'accroître la charge pesant sur les équipes des Etats membres et de la Commission dans le contexte économique actuel ; Encourager la participation des associations commerciales aux activités du programme lorsque cela est approprié, et assurer une transparence dans la sélection et l'invitation de représentants de sociétés individuelles à participer à des actions conjointes ; Suivre de près le recours aux outils de formation communs et proposer, lorsque cela est nécessaire, un soutien supplémentaire ; Etendre le soutien aux pays candidats et aux candidats potentiels (y compris les pays ne participant pas au programme C2013) ; Traiter les questions extérieures qui minent l'efficacité des systèmes informatiques européens communs en matière de douanes ; Améliorer les modes de collaboration et les interactions entre certaines institutions du programme C2013 ; Améliorer la manière dont ART2 reflète les liens entre les activités du programme C2013 d'une part, et ses objectifs et priorités d'autre part. 22

24 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG A. Das Programm Zoll 2013 Das Programm Zoll 2013 (Z2013) ermöglicht es nationalen Zollbehörden und der Europäischen Kommission in Bereichen gemeinsamer und wichtiger Interessen zusammenzuarbeiten. Zoll 2013 wurde mit der Entscheidung 624/2007/EG vom 23. Mai 2007 ins Leben gerufen und wird vom 1. Januar 2008 bis zum 31. Dezember 2013 laufen. Die Teilnehmerländer von Z2013 umfassen alle 27 EU-Mitgliedstaaten, sowie Kroatien, die Türkei, Serbien und die ehemalige Jugoslawische Republik Mazedonien. Die EU und die Teilnehmerländer haben sich die Kosten des Programms aufgeteilt. Der finanzielle Rahmen für die sechsjährige Implementierung des Programms wurde auf EUR Millionen festgelegt. Das Jahresarbeitsprogramm beschreibt sieben Politikbereiche (I-VII); die ersten fünf stimmen eng mit den Prioritäten, die in der Z2013-Entscheidung angegeben werden, überein (siehe Tabelle unten). Aus Gründen der Kontinuität benutzt dieser Report die Nummerierung des Jahresarbeitsprogramms. Politikbereiche des Jahresarbeitsprogramms und übereinstimmende Prioritäten Politikbereich (laut Zoll 2013 Jahresarbeitsprogramm für 2010, Teil A) Übereinstimmende Priorität (laut der Z2013-Entscheidung) I Schutz der finanziellen und wirtschaftlichen c) Interessen der Gemeinschaft II Handelserleichterungen, Zusammenarbeit und a) Wettbewerbsfähigkeit III Wie eine einzige europäische Zollverwaltung b) IV Stärkung der Sicherheit für Handel und Bürger d) V Erweiterung und Beziehungen zu Drittländern e) VI Horizontale Unterstützung des Programms Umfasst alle Prioritäten VII Verschiedenes - Um seine Zielsetzungen zu erreichen stützt sich das Programm hauptsächlich auf: Gemeinsame Maßnahmen, inkl. Seminare und Arbeitskreise, Projektgruppen und Lenkungsausschüsse, Arbeitsbesuche, Trainings- und Überwachungsmaßnahmen, Benchmarking und andere Aktivitäten; Informationstechnologiesysteme (inkl. trans-europäische Systeme und gemeinsame Zollanwendungen). B. Der Zwischenbericht Die Z2013 Entscheidung sieht als Ziel dieser Evaluierung, eine Bewertung der bis zur Programmhalbzeit erzielten Ergebnisse hinsichtlich ihrer Wirksamkeit und Effizienz (...); ferner wird die fortbestehende Relevanz der ursprünglichen Programmziele bewertet. Das Projekt zur Erstellung des Zwischenberichts wurde im September 2010 initiiert. Er umfasst die ersten drei Jahre der Intervention ( ). Aufgrund der komplexen und vielschichtigen Natur des Programms und seiner breiten Zielsetzungen bewertet der Zwischenbericht den Grad der Implementierung und die Resultate des Zoll 2013 Programms 23

25 im weiteren Sinne mittels einer Mischung aus qualitativen Informationen und quantitativer Daten (wo verfügbar), um die Relevanz, Effektivität, Effizienz, Management und den Mehrwert des Programms zu bewerten. Der Zwischenbericht hat Daten und Informationen durch eine Mischung von partizipatorischen und statischen Methoden gesammelt, mit einem starken Fokus auf die Gewinnung von Primärdaten durch Ersteres. Die wichtigsten Methoden zur Datensammlung beinhalteten: Ein Evaluierungsfragebogen für die nationalen Zolladministrationen aller 31 Teilnehmerländer; Eine Befragung von Zollbeamten, die an einer oder mehreren der zahlreichen gemeinsamen Maßnahmen von Z2013 teilgenommen haben; Eine Reihe von 30 detaillierten Interviews mit Mitgliedern verschiedener Einrichtungen, Organe und Mechanismen, die im Management von Z2013 involviert sind; Sechs Fallstudien zu spezifischen thematischen Bereichen, die aufgrund ihrer allgemeinen Relevanz und ihrer Bindung an eine der Haupt-Zielsetzungen des Programms ausgewählt wurden; Sekundärforschung, bei der Daten von Quellen wie das Acticity Reporting Tool 2 (ART2) und die CIRCA-Datenbank benutzt werden, sowie auch Daten die direkt von der GD Steuern und Zollunion bereitgestellt wurden. C. Relevanz Die Zielsetzungen des Programms korrespondieren eng mit den Bedürfnissen und Problemen der Haupt-Begünstigten, wie z.b. den nationalen Zollbehörden. Alle Zielsetzungen und damit verbundene Prioritäten wurden als wichtig eingestuft, obwohl Zielsetzung III (Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Zollverwaltungen der Mitgliedstaaten und Erfüllung ihrer Aufgaben in so effizienter Weise, als wären sie eine einzige Verwaltung) generell als etwas wichtiger als die anderen angesehen wird, da Z2013 durch die Harmonisierung von Arbeitsmethoden und prozeduren auch zu den weiteren Zielsetzungen beiträgt, z.b. die finanziellen Interessen der EU zu schützen und Sicherheit und Schutz für Handel und Bürger zu wahren. In Zukunft wird es wichtig sein zu verfolgen, ob das Z2013- Programm weiterhin einen angemessenenen Mittelweg findet zwischen Handelserleichterungen (Priorität für den Handel) auf der einen Seite, und der Stärkung von Sicherheit und Schutz für Handel und Bürger sowie die Wahrung der EU-Interessen auf der anderen Seite. Im Hinblick auf die wichtigsten Prioritäten für die Zukunft wird der Schwerpunkt für die nächsten drei bis fünf Jahre auf der Implementierung der Durchführungsvorschriften für den Modernisierten Zollkodex und der zugehörigen IT-Systeme liegen. Darüber hinaus ist es wichtig für Z2013 und seine Nachfolger, durch die Entwicklung und Implementierung von Vorschlägen mit Bezug auf die Initiative zur Zukunft des Zolls nach vorne zu schauen, sich mit Angelegenheiten zu befassen, die vormals zur 3. Säule gehörten (interne Sicherheit), und Zollbehörden zu ermöglichen, ihre knappen Resourcen besser einzusetzen. D. Effektivität Basierend auf dem überwältigend positiven Feedback seiner Zielgruppen (sowohl nationale Zollbehörden als auch individuelle Programmteilnehmer) und auf einer intensiven Analyse einer kleinen Auswahl von Aktivitäten in ausgewählten Themenbereichen, kommt der 24

26 Zwischenbericht zu dem Schluss, dass Z2013 sehr hilfreich im Hinblick auf das effektive Funktionieren des Binnenmarktes im Zollbereich war, indem es dazu beigetragen hat alle Hauptziele des Programms zu erreichen. Bei der Bewertung der Effektivität von Z2013 ist es wichtig zu beachten, dass das Programm nicht in einem Vakuum existiert. Es ist stattdessen eng verbunden mit der Zollunion, deren Funktionsfähigkeit hauptsächlich auf einer Reihe von EU-Gesetzen im Bereich des Zolls beruht (wie z.b. der Gemeinschaftliche Zollkodex). Letztendlich ist es die Implementierung und Anwendung dieser Gesetze, die ausschlaggebend für die Erreichbarkeit der verschiedenen politischen Ziele (wie Handelsförderung oder Gewährleistung von Sicherheit und Schutz für EU-Bürger und Händler) ist. Z2013 spielt vor allem eine unterstützende und ermöglichende Rolle, und hat so indirekte Auswirkungen auf die Erreichung dieser Ziele. Das untenstehende Diagramm ist ein Versuch, die vielen verschiedenen Arten, auf die das Zoll 2013 Programm mit den relevanten Zollbehörden, der Zoll-Gesetzgebung und den diversen politischen Hauptzielen interagiert, graphisch darzustellen: Der Zwischenbericht bietet aussagekräftige und eindeutige Beweise, dass die verschiedenen Ergebnisse des Programms auf direkte und bedeutsame Weise zur Implementierung und Anwendung der EU-Zollgesetzgebung beitragen; Auf diese Weise hat Z2013 eine positive indirekte Auswirkung auf alle politischen Ziele, indem es dazu beiträgt, dass die Zollgesetzgebung einheitlich in der gesamten EU implementiert, interpretiert und umgesetzt wird (Ziel III), und zwar auf eine Weise die effektiv ist und eine angemessene Balance wahrt zwischen der Betrugsbekämpfung (Ziel I) und dem Angehen von Sicherheits-Risiken (Ziel IV) auf der einen Seite, und der Verringerung der Belastung für den legitimen Handel (Ziel II) auf der anderen Seite; Zusätzlich hat der Austausch von Informationen, und die Koordinierung und Kooperation zwischen den Zollbehörden der Mitgliedstaaten und der Kommission im Rahmen von Z2013 einen direkten Einfluss auf Ziele III und V. Ersteres (den Zollbehörden der Mitgliedstaaten dabei zu helfen, im Einklang zu agieren) ist wiederum mit den anderen Zielen verbunden: einheitlichere und harmonischere Zollverfahren und Arbeitsmethoden bieten faire Voraussetzungen, durch welche nahezu unausweichlich Risiken reduziert und unnötige Handelsbarrieren beseitigt werden. 25

27 Konzeptueller Rahmen der Z2013-Intervention und ihrer Folgen Ausschuss für den Zollkodex, Gruppe für Zollpolitik Europäischer Rat Europ. Parlament Zollrecht (und eng verwandte Rechtsbereiche) Politische Ziele I. EU finanzielle interessen Primäres Zollrecht Implementierung des Zollrechts Anwendung des Zollrechts II. Handelserleichterung IV. Sicherheit Vorbereitung des Zollrechts Trans-Europäische IT Systeme Fortbildung (inkl. elearning), Richtlinien, Information, etc. III. Zollbehörden der MS agieren im Einklang Ergebnisse Überwachungsergebnisse Informationsaustausch, Koordination, Kooperation V. Erweiterung und Beziehungen zu Drittländern DirekteAuswirkungen von Z2013, sehr deutliche Anzeichen Indirekte Z Auswirkungen von 2013, weniger deutlicheanzeichen Da die meisten Programmaktivitäten mehr als ein Programm-Ziel gleichzeitig verfolgen, ist es schwierig, den relativen Fortschritt im Hinblick auf die einzelnen Ziele auf robuste Art und Weise zu analysieren. Trotzdem suggerieren die Ergebnisse des Zwischenberichts, dass der größte Beitrag von Z2013 im Bereich der Harmonisierung der Arbeitsmethoden nationaler Zollbehörden (Ziel III) liegt, da dies in gewissem Umfang aus fast allen gemeinsamen Aktivitäten und IT Systemen resultiert, die Verfahren standardisieren, nationale Zollbeamte zusammenführen und den Austausch von Informationen und optimalen Verfahren fördern. Am anderen Ende des Spektrums gibt es Anzeichen, dass durch den anhaltenden Fokus auf die Implementierung der Sicherheitsänderungen des Zollkodex die Förderung des Handels (Ziel II) eine eher sekundäre Rolle in vielen Programmaktivitäten spielt; obwohl Fortschritt im Bereich der Handelserleichterung gemacht wurde, neigt er dazu langsamer als in anderen Bereichen zu sein. Z2013 hat es geschafft, anhand einer großen Anzahl an Maßnahmen, inklusive Gemeinschaftsaktionen und IT-Systemen, einen bedeutenden Beitrag zur Funktionstüchtigkeit der Zollunion (und zu den Zielen, die deren Basis ausmachen) zu leisten. Die umfassende und flexible Beschaffenheit der Werkzeuge, die dem Programm zur Verfügung steht, ist seine herausragendste Stärke. Die Fallstudien, die im Rahmen dieses Zwischenberichtes durchgeführt wurden, machen anschaulich, wie Z2013 dazu beitragen konnte eine Vielzahl verschiedener Herausforderungen zu bewältigen und verschiedene Zielgruppen anzusprechen. 26

28 Zum Beispiel nutzen Projektgruppen das Wissen und die Erfahrung nationaler Experten, um spezifische Probleme in Angriff zu nehmen und Lösungen zu entwickeln (seien es Richtlinien, sekundäre Gesetzgebung oder Ausbildungsmaterialien) von denen alle Mitgliedstaaten profitieren. Workshops können unter anderem auf effektive Weise dazu beitragen, dass Zollbeamte an den Grenzen relevante Regeln und Hilfsmittel kennen und korrekt anzuwenden wissen. Seminare sind nützlich, um politische Unterstützung zu bestimmten zentralen Themen und Entwicklungen einzuholen, wohingegen Arbeitsbesuche, Benchmarking und Überwachungsmaßnahmen besonders effektiv im Hinblick auf die Identifizierung und Verbreitung von optimalen Verfahren sind. Die wichtigsten Arten, wie Z2013 zu den jeweiligen Hauptzielen des Programms beigetragen hat, sind in Kürze untenstehend beschrieben. Ziel I: Schutz der finanziellen und wirtschaftlichen Interessen der Gemeinschaft Der Zwischenbericht bietet eindeutigen Beweis dafür, dass Z2013 den Mitgliedstaaten dabei geholfen hat, die wirtschaflichen und finanziellen Interessen der EU zu schützen. Es gibt drei Bereiche, in denen der Beitrag von Z2013 besonders offensichtlich und wichtig ist: Z2013 war für das Erstellen der Durchführungsvorschriften für den Modernisierten Zollkodex unentbehrlich; Z2013 hat Zollbehörden zusätzliche Hilfsmittel (wie z.b. Richtlinien, Anleitungen, und vor allem IT-Systeme) zur Verfügung gestellt, die bei der Umsetzung des Zollrechts helfen; Z2013 bietet eine Kollaborationsebene für Mitgliedstaaten, wo diese die existierenden und aufkommenden Unterschiede, wie z.b. solche die sich auf die Klassifikation bestimmter Güter beziehen, identifizieren und individuelle oder kollektive Maßnahmen ergreifen können, um die Interessen der EU im Hinblick auf zu bezahlende Zölle zu wahren. Ziel II: Handelserleichterungen, Zusammenarbeit und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit Z2013 hat den Zollbehörden der Mitgliedstaaten dabei geholfen, den Handel zu erleichtern und den Wettbewerb zu verbessern. Jedoch suggeriert das Feedback, das von den nationalen Zollbehörden eingeholt wurde, dass der Fortschritt von Z2013 in diesem Bereich etwas langsamer oder weniger bedeutend im Vergleich zu den anderen Programmzielen ist. Die wertvollsten Aspekte von Z2013 im Bereich der Handelserleichterung, Zusammenarbeit und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit waren: Die Beteiligung von Stellvertretern der Wirtschaft in diversen Gemeinschaftsaktionen, die es ihnen ermöglicht hat, einen Beitrag zu Diskussionen um relevante Themen zu leisten und den Mitgliedstaaten und der Kommission ein besseres Verständnis davon zu vermitteln, wie sich ihre Entscheidungen auf Wirtschaftsbeteiligte und Handelsabläufe auswirken; Z2013 hat dabei geholfen, einen bedeutenden Fortschritt im Hinblick auf die Implementierung des Konzepts des zugelassenen Wirtschaftsbeteiligten (AEO) zu ermöglichen, unter anderem indem es den Austausch zwischen den 27 Mitgliedstaaten gefördert hat, wodurch ein einheitlicherer und harmonischerer Ansatz zur Implementierung des AEO entstanden ist, sowie die Bereitstellung der notwendigen Unterstützung für die gegenseitige Anerkennung der Konzepte in den USA und China, die äquivalent zum AEO-Konzept der EU sind. Ziel III: Wie eine einzige europäische Zollverwaltung Z2013 hat wesentlich dazu beigetragen, den Verwaltungen der Mitgliedstaaten zu helfen, immer mehr wie eine einzige europäische Zollverwaltung zu handeln. Obwohl es generell 27

29 anerkannt ist, dass einheitliches Handeln ein langfristiges Ziel ist, das aufgrund unterschiedlicher Geschichte, Kultur und Resourcen des Zolls in den Mitgliedstaaten vielleicht niemals erfüllt werden kann, zeigt die Evaluierung, dass Fortschritt in diesem Bereich gemacht wird, und dass Z2013 in diesem Kontext hilfreich ist. Die Effekte hinsichtlich des einheitlichen Handelns sind vor allem in den folgenden Bereichen sichtbar: Die Entwicklung der gemeinsamen IT-Kommunikationssysteme wie TARIC, NCTS and ECS, die generell dabei helfen, dass Zollbehörden als Einheit handeln, indem sie den Datenaustausch erleichtern und helfen, die einheitliche Anwendung der Gesetzgebung in der EU zu sichern; Die Schaffung von gemeinschaftlichen Aus- und Fortbildungskursen, vor allem die gemeinschaftliche Entwicklung von E-Learning Modulen in bestimmten thematischen Bereichen; Harmonisierende Effekte werden von der großen Mehrheit der Programmaktivitäten erzeugt, ob es ein ausdrückliches Ziel ist oder nicht. Networking, Diskussionen, Austausch von Informationen, Koordination von Methoden und gemeinsame Problemlösungen sind ein Hauptmerkmal von nahezu allen Aktivitäten, die Beamte von verschiedenen Mitgliedstaaten zusammen bringen. Dies trägt fast unweigerlich zu einer Verbreitung von bewährten Verfahren hinsichtlich der Arbeitsmethoden und -ansätzen bei, und zu einem Schließen der Lücke, die zwischen verschiedenen nationalen Zollbehörden existiert. Ziel IV: Stärkung der Sicherheit für Handel und Bürger Z2013 hat maßgeblich dazu beigetragen, Schutz und Sicherheit zu stärken. Z2013 hat hauptsächlich zu dieser Zielsetzung beigetragen, indem es die Implementierung der Sicherheitsänderungen des Zollkodex vorangetrieben hat, zum Beispiel: Risikomanagement: Z2013 war hilfreich darin, gemeinsame Risikokriterien und Sicherheitsrisiko-Regeln sowie Anleitung und Training für Zollbeamte zu entwicklen, um sicherzustellen, dass Risikoanalyse und management in einer harmonisierten Weise in der EU durchgeführt wird; Elemente im Hinblick auf die Sicherheitsänderungen wurden auch im Rahmen anderer Aktivitäten in Angriff genommen, insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit den Durchführungsvorschriften für den Modernisierten Zollkodex und der Implementierung des Konzepts des zugelassenen Wirtschaftsbeteiligten, sowie mit der Entwicklung und Weiterentwicklung vieler IT-Systeme (inkl. NCTS und ECS); Außerdem hat Z2013 dazu beigetragen, die Sicherheit zu stärken, indem es die Koordinierung und der Austausch von Informationen und bewährten Verfahren in den Bereichen Zollkontrollen und Arbeitsmethoden gefördert hat. Ziel V: Erweiterung und Beziehungen zu Drittländern Z2013 hat erhebliche Unterstützung für Kandidatenländer und potenzielle Kandidaten bereitgestellt, insbesondere dadurch, dass es vier von ihnen ermöglicht hat, voll an dem Programm teilzunehmen, und dadurch an einer großen Anzahl von gemeinsamen Aktionen teilzunehmen. Die Evaluierung bestätigt, dass diese Teilnahme wesentlich zu ihrer Vorbereitung auf den EU-Beitritt beigetragen hat, indem sie bei der Angleichung der Zollbestimmungen, Arbeitsmethoden und (in dem derzeit möglichen Maße) IT-Systeme an die in der EU benutzten Systeme mitgewirkt hat. Es führte außerdem zu einem Austausch von Informationen und Erfahrungen mit Kollegen in den Mitgliedstaaten, was wiederum geholfen hat die Effektivität der Zollkontrollen zu verbessern. Im Hinblick auf die Kooperation mit anderen Drittstaaten, die nicht den Status von Z2013- Teilnehmerländern haben, zeigen die Resultate der Evaluierung ein gewisses Ungleichgewicht. Eine Reihe von nützlichen Initiativen mit wichtigen Handelspartnern der EU 28

30 wurde initiiert, vor allem mit China (vier Aktionen), aber auch mit den USA, Japan und Russland. Allerdings wurde bislang nur wenig getan, um die Länder der Europäischen Nachbarschaftspolitik in Osteuropa zu beteiligen und zu unterstützen; Staaten in Nordafrika und im Mittleren Osten wurden überhaupt nicht beteiligt. E. Programm- Management Das Z2013-Programm wird gut und in transparenter Weise geführt: gemeinsame Aktivitäten werden generell gut geplant, organisiert und ausgeführt, und nationale Zollbehörden zeigen einen hohen Grad an Anerkennung für verschiedene Elemente des Managementsystems, die den Teilnehmerländern (und der Europäischen Kommission) wertvolle Unterstützung bieten. Der zielorientierte Managementansatz wird sehr geschätzt, und die Teilnehmerländer sind zufrieden mit dem Bewerbungsprozess sowie auch mit den Fördersätzen, der Ausschüttung der Fördermittel, sowie den Kontrollmaßnahmen. Insgesamt ist Z2013 ein gutes Beispiel für ein Programm, dass das Lernen der Mitglieder erleichtert und sich kontinuierlich weiterentwickelt, um eine optimale Unterstützung bereitzustellen damit die erwünschten Resultate erreicht werden. Die Arbeit der verschiedenen in das Programm-Management involvierten Kommittees und Gremien und ihre Rollen wurden von den nationalen Zollbehörden hauptsächlich als positiv angesehen. Einige der bestehenden Gremien, wie zum Beispiel das Z2013 Komittee und die Lenkungsausschüsse, könnten allerdings besser zur Programm-Management und Koordinierung genutzt werden. Es herrscht vor allem die generelle Wahrnehmung dass: 1) die Interaktion zwischen der Gruppe für Zollpolitik und dem Z2013 Komittee weiter verbessert werden kann; 2) größere Klarheit, wie verschiedene Gremien zueinander stehen, für die Z2013-Durchführung nützlich sein könnte; 3) vermehrte wechselseitige Kommunikation sowie Raum für strategische Diskussionen verschiedener Gremien erwünscht sind. F. Effizienz Zur Hälfte des Implementierungszeitraumes von Z2013 waren 56% der vorhandenen Haushaltsmittel für ausgegeben. Die größte Diskrepanz zwischen dem geplanten (und verpflichteten) Budget, und der Summe, die tatsächlich 2010 ausgegeben wurde, ist bei den IT-Systemen zu verzeichnen, die auch insgesamt den größten Teil des Haushalt einnehmen. Dies gibt im Moment allerdings keinen großen Anlass zur Sorge: niedrigere Ausgaben zu Beginn einer Programm-Implementierung sind normal für mehrjährige Interventionen wie Z2013, und es ist zu erwarten, daß die Haushaltsauslastung ansteigen wird, je weiter das Programm abgeschlossen ist (es sei denn der Endtermin für die Implementierung der IT-Systeme wird geändert). Die generell hohe Effektivität der gemeinsamen Aktivitäten und die Tatsache, daß die Kosten hauptsächlich auf Reisen und die Verpflegung der Teilnehmer begrenzt sind, bedeuten, dass die Effizienz dieser Aktivitäten als sehr hoch angesehen werden muss. Es ist nicht empfehlenswert, zu versuchen, Einsparungen von Kosten dadurch zu erreichen, dass die Anzahl der Reisen reduziert wird (z.b. durch die Reduzierung der Größe der Delegationen für spezielle Treffen oder Veranstaltungen, oder durch die Reduzierung der Anzahl der Treffen). Dies birgt das Risiko, dass auch die Effektivität sinken würde, denn der direkte persönliche Kontakt zwischen Zollbeamten aus verschiedenen Teilnehmerländern ist einer der wertvollsten Aspekte des Programms. Andererseits könnte eine weitere Effizienzsteigerung durch eine bessere Verbreitung der Resultate von Z2013-Aktivitäten innerhalb der nationalen Zollbehörden erreicht werden (da dies deren Effektivität steigern 29

31 werden). Dies beinhaltet, einen vermehrten Gebrauch der online Kollaborations-Plattform (PICS) anzuregen, und Training zu fördern. Im Moment ist das Z2013-Management in erster Linie mit Einsatz (inputs) beschäftigt (wie z.b. die Anzahl der Aktivitäten, Treffen, Teilnehmer etc.) und es gibt keine freien Mittel, um die Qualität der Arbeit zu überwachen, oder die erzielten Resultate zu verfolgen. Daher würde ein Wechsel von Einsatz (inputs) zu Ergebnissen (outputs) (z.b. die Qualität der Resultate, ihre verbesserte Dokumentation und Verbreitung) eine erhebliche Herausforderung darstellen, da die Evaluierung aufgezeigt hat, daß das Z2013 Management-Team das Programm immer effizienter begleitet, und dass nicht viel Spielraum für Verbesserungen mit der momentanen Personallage bleibt. G. Der EU-Mehrwert Die Evaluierung zeigt, dass das Z2013 Programm einen erheblichen EU-Mehrwert darstellt. Dies tut es hauptsächlich auf zweierlei Art. Einerseits unterstützt Z2013 eine Anzahl von Aktivitäten, die notwendig sind, um das korrekte Funktionieren der Zollunion sicherzustellen, und die ohne die EU-Koordinierung und finanzielle Unterstützung nicht hätten stattfinden können (oder erheblich Resourcen- und/oder zeitintensiver gewesen wären). Dies bezieht sich insbesondere auf: Die Entwicklung von Durchführungsvorschriften und detaillierten Regeln, um die Zollgesetzgebung zu implementieren; Gemeinsame Richtlinien und Training, um sicherzustellen, daß die Bestimmungen und Regeln korrekt und einheitlich in der EU implementiert und angewendet werden; und Dialogfähige IT-Systeme, um den Austausch von Daten und Informationen zwischen den nationalen Zollbehörden und der Europäischen Kommission zu erleichtern. Z2013 war in all diesen Bereichen aktiv, und hat eine Fülle von konkreten Ergebnissen und Resultaten hervor gebracht, die kaum allein von der Europäischen Kommission oder den Mitgliedstaaten hätten produziert werden können. Eine der größten Vorzüge von Z2013 ist, dass es das Wissen und die Erfahrung von Experten aller Mitgliedstaaten zusammenbringt und nutzt, um spezifische, konkrete Zielsetzungen zu erreichen. Aufgrund des Drucks auf die Haushalte der Zollbehörden in den Mitgliedstaaten wäre Kooperation und Involvierung in diesem Ausmaß in den meisten Fällen ohne die finanzielle Unterstützung der EU nicht möglich, was unvermeidlich negative Konsequenzen hätte für die Qualität der Resultate und die Schnelligkeit, mit der sie erreicht werden können, sowie auf die Akzeptanz und die Identifizierung der Mitgliedstaaten mit den Resultaten. Außerdem können gemeinsame Bemühungen zu erheblichen Kosteneinsparungen führen, wenn man sie mit einer Situation vergleicht in der Mitgliedstaaten Lösungen zu bestimmten Herausforderungen hätten alleine entwickeln müssen. Klare Beispiele, wie Skaleneffekte durch gemeinsame Bemühungen erreicht werden können, sind die gemeinsamen und trans-europäischen IT-Systeme, sowie auch die verschiedenen e-learning Module. Zum anderen erleichtert Z2013 die Kooperation und Koordinierung zwischen den nationalen Zollbehörden, und trägt so zur Verbreitung von relevanten Informationen und bewährten Verfahren bei. Dies bezieht sich auf die Bereiche und Probleme, die nicht unbedingt für die Implementierung der Zollunion notwendig sind, aber die die Arbeitsmethoden und Zollprozeduren verbessern, und dadurch zu einer effektiveren und effizienteren Zollkontrolle und faireren Wettbewerbsbedingungen zwischen nationalen Behörden beitragen. Es gibt zahlreiche Anzeichen dafür, dass die meisten Z2013 gemeinsamen Aktionen einen positive Effekt in dieser Hinsicht hatten, indem sie eine hohe Anzahl von persönlichen und direkten Kontakten zwischen nationalen Zollbehörden und ihren Vorgesetzten ermöglichen, die in der 30

32 Summe einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Harmonisierung der Ansätze und Methoden und die Verbreitung von bewährten Verfahren haben. H. Empfehlungen Basierend auf den Ergebnissen und Schlussfolgerungen des Zwischenberichts werden die folgenden Empfehlungen gemacht, um die existierenden Schwächen zu addressieren und das Verbesserungspotenzial wahrzunehmen: Externe Probleme, die den Fortschritt im Bereich der Zollerleichterung verlangsamen, sollten addressiert und Programmaktivitäten in diesem Bereich priorisiert werden; Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit von Projektgruppen, die die Initiative Zoll der Zukunft entwickeln und implementieren, sollten an eine große Zielgruppe kommuniziert werden, um das Bewusstsein in diesem Bereich zu verbessern und alle interessierten Akteure einzubeziehen; Die volle Implementierung der Durchführungsvorschriften für den Modernisierten Zollkodex, das Risikomanagement und die einheitliche Anwendung von wichtigen neuen Regeln, Prozessen und Konzepten sollten unterstützt werden; Es sollten Mechanismen eingeführt, und Werkzeuge entwickelt werden, um sich im Rahmen der Nachfolgeprogramme von Z2013 mit Themen zu befassen, die vormals der 3. Säule zugeordnet waren. Grundsätzlich sollte die GD Steuern und Zollunion sich bemühen, die Koordination der Zollaktivitäten innerhalb der Kommission zu verbessern; Die Auswirkungen von potenziellen neuen Z2013-Aktivitäten auf die personellen Resourcen sollten sorgfältig abgewogen werden, und es sollte vermieden werden, die Gesamtbelastung von Mitgliedstaaten und Kommissionsbeamten in dem momentanen wirtschaftlichen Klima zu erhöhen; Wo relevant und angebracht, sollte die Teilnahme von Wirtschaftsverbänden an Z2013-Aktivitäten gefördert werden. Gleichzeitig sollte bei der Auswahl und Einladung von Repräsentaten einzelner Firmen die Transparenz sichergestellt werden; Die Nutzung gemeinsamer Trainingsmittel sollte genau untersucht und, wo notwendig, zusätzliche Unterstützung angeboten werden; Die Unterstützung von Kandidatenländern und potentiellen Kandidaten (inkl. Ländern, die nicht an Z2013 teilnehmen) sollte ausgedehnt werden; Externe Probleme, die die Effektivität der trans-europäischen und gemeinsamen Zoll-IT-Systeme hindern, sollten angegangen und nach Möglichkeit behoben werden; Die Vorgehensweisen von und Interaktionen zwischen einigen der Z2013-Gremien sollten verbessert werden; Die Weise, wie ART2 die Verbindung zwischen Aktivitäten und den Z2013 Zielsetzungen / Prioritäten reflektiert, sollte verbessert werden. 31

33 1 THE SUBJECT OF THE EVALUATION Customs 2013 is a programme which gives the national customs administrations of the EU, together with the European Commission, the opportunity to co-operate in areas of common and high interest. The following sections briefly describe the programme and its policy context. 1.1 EU Customs Policy The origins of the current Customs Union were established by the European Community in 1968, which abolished customs duties at internal borders and put in place a uniform system for taxing imports. With the creation of the Single Market in 1993, customs checkpoints at borders between the European Union (EU) countries disappeared completely. Since then, the Customs Union has been an essential element of establishing the Single Market the latter can only function properly when there is a common application of common rules. This requires that customs administrations of all Member States act as though they were one, and apply the common tariff as well as a range of other common rules that extend to all aspects of trade policy, including preferential trade, health and environmental controls, the common agricultural and fisheries policies, the protection of the EU s economic interests by non-tariff instruments and external relations policy measures. Thus, in addition to their traditional role of collecting customs duties and indirect taxes at import, customs in the EU today play a dual role. On the one hand, they protect the interests of the Union and its citizens by making an important contribution to the fight against fraud, terrorism and organised crime, thereby providing a safe and secure environment for EU citizens. At the same time, customs are to keep the burden placed on trade regarding customs legislation and procedures to the minimum that is necessary, facilitating trade and thereby contributing to ensuring the competitiveness of the European trade environment. Recognising that customs bear an important part of the responsibility for the management of the Customs Union, one of the foundations upon which the European Union is based, the Commission adopted a customs strategy 1 in It highlights that the environment in which customs operate is changing, meaning that customs are now facing the difficult challenge of coping with an increasing range and number of Community controls in an environment where the volume and speed of international trade is increasing. At the same time the increasingly global marketplace offers greater opportunities for fraud and organised crime Given these new challenges, the customs strategy aims to modernise control methods and reinforce co-operation between the different services in order to achieve the correct balance between the competing demands. As an important step in the implementation of the customs strategy, the Commission adopted a package of measures (often referred to as the customs package) in The package set out the detailed vision for EU Customs and the detailed objectives - including simplifying administration and strengthening security at the EU s external borders. The measures covered the role of customs for the integrated management of the external borders, a paperless environment for Customs and Trade, and proposals for amending the Community Customs Code. Among others, the package called for improved co-operation and exchange of information between all services responsible for goods crossing the EU's 1 Communication from the European Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee concerning a strategy for the Customs Union (COM(2001) 51 final): 32

34 external borders, and established a strategy for the simplification and rationalisation of customs regulations and procedures, maximising the use of information technology and supported by improved risk analysis and advanced auditing. Ultimately, its measures were meant to be a way to meet security requirements whilst at the same time facilitating trade. Since the adoption of the customs strategy in 2001, the EU has taken further steps to improve customs legislation and procedures. Among the most significant recent developments is the strategy for the evolution of the Customs Union 2 agreed in The strategy is aimed at modernising the legal environment through the adoption of the Modernised Customs Code 3 and at building a robust communication chain between all customs offices in the EU, between customs and other public authorities operating at the border, and between public authorities and traders through the creation of a pan-european electronic customs system that brings a paperless environment for customs and trade. 1.2 The Customs 2013 Programme The Customs 2013 programme is the fifth Community action programme for customs. It is the successor to Customs 2007 (covering the period from 2003 to 2007), Customs 2002 (covering the years 2001 and 2002), Customs 2000 (covering the period from 1996 to 2000) and Matthaeus programme ( ). The current programme takes into account the Commission s customs strategy mentioned above, and represents part of the response to the challenges that were identified. The Customs 2013 programme was established by Decision 624/2007/EC of 23 May 2007 and will run from 1 January 2008 to 31 December Objectives The Customs 2013 programme was designed to meet five objectives specified in the Decision, namely ensuring that customs administrations: a) Carry out coordinated action to make sure that customs activities match the needs of the internal market, including supply chain security and trade facilitation, as well as support the strategy for growth and jobs; b) Interact and perform their duties as efficiently as though they were one administration, ensuring controls with equivalent results at every point of the Community customs territory and the support of legitimate business activity; c) Provide the necessary protection of the financial interests of the EU; d) Contribute to strengthening security and safety; and e) Take the necessary steps to prepare the countries for accession, including by means of the sharing of experience and knowledge with the customs administrations of those countries. 2 Communication from the European Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee concerning a Strategy for the evolution of the Customs Union (COM(2008) 169 final): 3 The implementing rules that make the modernised Customs Code applicable are expected to enter into force between 24 June 2009 and 24 June

35 The Annual Work Plan (AWP) specifies seven policy areas (I-VII); the first five of these correspond very closely with the objectives in the Customs 2013 Decision specified above (see Table 1 below). For the sake of consistency, the numbering from the AWP is used in the remainder of this report. Table 1 AWP policy areas and corresponding objectives Policy Area (as per Customs 2013 Annual Work Programme for 2010, Part A) Corresponding objective (as per Decision 624/2007/EC, Article 4) c) I Protection of the financial and economic interests of the EU II Trade facilitation, cooperation and competitiveness a) III Act as one single European Customs administration b) IV Strengthen security and safety for trade and citizens d) V Enlargement and relations with third countries e) VI Horizontal programme support Cuts across all objectives VII Any other topic - Under each programme objective (or policy area ), the C2013 AWP also specifies a number of related priorities (which can be understood as specific objectives) to enhance planning and provide some structure for the wealth of activities carried out in pursuit of the wider programme objectives. The proposal for each joint action (see below) needs to specify which objective and priority the proposed action mainly pursues. The priorities have remained fairly stable from one AWP to another (some minor changes and adaptations notwithstanding). Figure 1 overleaf depicts all objectives and priorities included in the 2010 AWP and how they have been defined to relate to each other; it also shows (in the box on the left) a summary of the actions and tools that are available through C2013 to pursue these objectives and priorities. More information on these is provided in the ensuing sections. 34

36 Figure 1 Overview of C2013 objectives, priorities and actions Actions Specific objectives (priorities) Programme objectives Global objective I.A. Simplification, modernisation and implementation of customs legislation I.B. Correct and uniform application of customs legislation and standardisation of methods I.C..Co-operation between customs administrations and between them and other public or private bodies to improve security and the fight against fraud I. Protection of Community financial and economic interests II.A Understanding and interpretation of complex legislation Approximately 75 individual programme subpriorities (operational objectives) and 180 actions pursuing operational, specific and/or programme objectives, using different programme tools listed below. Tools: Joint Actions Benchmarking Seminars and Workshops Project groups and steering groups Working visits Training activities Monitoring actions Participation in activities under the Programme Information sharing II.B Cooperation with EO in correct implementation of customs legislation to support the competitiveness of European companies II.C Cooperation between MS and third countries in relation to trade facilitation III.A (Inter) operability, maintenance and upgrading of the existing communication and information exchange systems; deployment, maintenance and evolutions of systems related to the "safety and security initiative" III.B Preparation and implementation of new IT projects III.C Management of a common training approach, training infrastructure, e-learning modules and other customs related information III.D Define the future direction of customs in the EU in partnership with the trade community and ensuring coherency between all future activities IV.A Supply chain security IV.B Increased effectiveness of customs controls IV.C Development of a scientific customs force that can rapidly give support, if necessary also on the field or online IV.D Protect society by applying effective measures against the movement of illicit, restricted and prohibited goods II. Trade facilitation: Meet the demands of globalisation and contribute to strengthening the competitive environment of the EU III. Equivalent results / support of legitimate business activity: Help MS administrations interact and perform their duties as though they were one IV. Strengthening security and safety for trade and citizens Ensure that customs activities match the needs of the Community s internal market, including supply chain security and trade facilitation, and support for the strategy for growth and jobs. IT systems V.A Sharing of experience and knowledge on customs legislation and procedures and their implementation V.B Exchange of experience and cooperation between customs administrations of the Community, (potential) CC, ENP Countries and other third countries V. Enlargement and relations with third countries V.C Cooperation with third countries on security and safety related risks by international trade as well as on the facilitation of trade flows VI.A Management of the Customs 2013 Programme VI.B Communication and information sharing VI. Horizontal Programme Support VII. Any Other Topic Abbreviations: MS: Member State CC: Candidate country PC: Participating country EO: Economic operator Source: TEP based on the Annual Work Programme (2010) 35

37 The Customs 2013 programme is primarily aimed at providing support to and fostering cooperation and co-ordination between the national customs administrations of the Member States - who are the programme s primary beneficiaries - to ensure the effective functioning of the internal market in the customs field. To achieve its objectives (which are spelled out in the Decision 624/2007/EC), the programme relies primarily on: Joint Actions, including seminars and workshops, project groups and steering groups, working visits, training activities, monitoring actions, benchmarking and other actions; Information technology (IT) systems for which the costs present majority of the programme s budget (approximately 81%) Joint Actions Joint actions represent the human element of the C2013 programme. They bring together officials from national customs administration of Participating Countries, the European Commission and (in some cases) economic operators in a variety of ways and bodies, sometimes for regular meetings (such as in the case of project groups), sometimes for oneoff events (such as seminars or workshops) in Brussels or elsewhere. The main cost factor in joint actions is usually the travel and subsistence expenses of participants, which are paid from the programme budget. The following types of joint actions can be used and financed under C2013: Project groups usually consist of around 5-10 participants who meet a certain number of times during a fixed period. They are established to achieve specific predefined objectives; Seminars are formal one-off events, such as forums or conferences, to bring the administrations of all Participating Countries together to examine specific topics, mainly at a strategic level; Workshops are one-off events that bring the administrations of Participating Countries together to examine specific topics. Workshops are similar to seminars, but tend to deal with more operational matters; they are also less formal and more flexible regarding aspects such as the duration, participants, organisation etc.; Benchmarking consists of a comparative analysis between two or more countries to identify best practices in other administrations or work areas, and then implement those best practices in the participating administrations; In monitoring activities, EU-MS joint teams visit selected administrations to provide guidance and ensure the correct understanding and application of EU legislation and administrative procedures; Working visits are visits of an official of a Participating Country to another Participating Country in order to realise a predefined objective. They can last up to one month; IT training: The Commission organises training sessions related to the information exchange systems to ensure that the officials of Participating Countries are prepared to secure the operability and interconnectivity of the applications; Steering groups are established to perform activities of a coordinating nature under specific areas of the work under C2013. A total of 196 C2013 joint actions were organised in The majority have been Project Groups (57%), followed by workshops (15%) and seminars (12%). IT training activities represent the smallest percentage of the total number of actions. In addition, a total of 2,159 customs officials took part in working visits (the working visits are not counted as 36

38 separate actions; instead, all working visits that take place in a given year count as one single action in ART2). Figure 2 Breakdown of C2013 joint actions by type, Breakdown of actions by type Project Groups Workshops Seminars Benchmarking Steering Groups Monitoring IT Training Contracts Other Source: ART IT systems For more than 15 years, the EU customs policy has required the implementation of IT trans- European systems to enable the exchange of information between national customs administration, the Commission, and in some cases traders. Since 2003, when the Commission issued a Communication on a simple and paperless environment for customs and trade 4 that was subsequently endorsed by the Council, 5 the efforts towards creating increasingly efficient, effective and interoperable information and communication systems have been bundled under the electronic customs initiative. At present, the C2013 programme provides funding for more than 20 separate IT systems in the area of customs. In some cases, this means covering the development and maintenance cost of central customs applications that are common to the Commission and all Member States (such as TARif Intégré Communautaire TARIC, or the Community Risk Management System CRMS). In other cases, each Member State operates its own national IT system, but these need to be interoperable and comply with common specifications. For such trans-european systems (such as the New Computerised Transit System NCTS or the Export Control System ECS), C2013 supports the production of common system specifications, co-ordination of the deployment, conformance testing, quality of service monitoring, etc. Most of the central and trans-european customs systems rely on the secure Common Communications Network (CCN-CSI) to supply the necessary communication services and associated connectivity. CCN links national customs and taxation administrations in 29 4 COM (2003) 452, OJ No C 305, p

39 countries, DG TAXUD and other DGs, like OLAF. It allows them to exchange data in a large number of customs and taxation domains. Figures 3 and 4 below provide an indication of the evolution of the volume of traffic through CCN, and of the percentage of the total number of messages exchanged that correspond to different applications. Please note that some of these applications (such as the VAT Information Exchange System VIES) pertain to the domain of taxation (and not customs). Figure 3 CCN traffic evolution (Volumes: ) Source: DG TAXUD (CCN-CSI Monthly Report September 2010) Figure 4 CCN Applications Source: DG TAXUD (CCN-CSI Monthly Report September 2010) 38

40 1.2.4 Budget and Participating Countries The countries that participate in Customs 2013 include the 27 EU Member States, as well as Croatia, Turkey, Serbia and F.Y.R.O.M.; the two latter countries joined the initiative for the first time in The cost of the programme is shared between the European Union and the Participating Countries. The financial framework for the six years of the programme s implementation was set at EUR million. As presented in Table 2 below, the indicative budget for the C2013 programme over the last three years ( ) amounts to over EUR 140 million (or 43.4% of the total available for the full six years). 81% of the budget for was earmarked for the IT systems (EUR million), 16% designated for the joint actions (EUR 22.5 million), and 3% assigned to the common training tools (EUR 4.8 million). Table 2 Budget planned for (in million EUR) IT actions Joint actions Common training tools Total budget AWP AWP AWP Total Source: AWP Programme Management The Customs 2013 programme is implemented in partnership between the European Commission and the Participating Countries. The Commission (DG TAXUD) has a facilitating and organising role. As illustrated in the diagram below, the main responsibility for the management of the programme lies with the Customs 2013 Committee, which is responsible for its overall functioning, and for providing the link between programme activities and the objectives of the programme. It is composed of one delegate per participating country (normally a Deputy Head of the customs administration in charge of the implementation of the programme at national level). As explained in the Commission s Decision in Article 4(2), the common approach regarding customs policy shall continuously be adapted to new developments in partnership between the Commission and the Member States in the Customs Policy Group. The Customs Policy Group (CPG) is comprised of the Commission and the heads of the customs administrations of the Member States (or their representatives). Under a specific mandate of the Customs 2013 Committee, six steering groups were also established to manage specific areas of the work (i.e. electronic customs; working methods; customs laboratories; training; programme coordination and communication; and Ad-hoc High Level Steering Group for the Modernised Customs Code Implementing Provisions MCCIP). As a result of ongoing Customs 2000, 2002 and 2007 programmes, a number of other contact networks have also been established. These contact networks have allowed national administrations to get to know their counterparts in all Member States on a personal basis, 39

41 which in turn greatly facilitates decision-making processes, problem solving and more effective communication between all Participating Countries and the European Commission. Some of these networks also include economic operators, and this also enables more effective communication between the traders and customs officials. Figure 5 overleaf provides an overview of the Customs 2013 programme management structure. 40

42 Figure 5 C2013 activity management scheme Source: DG TAXUD 41

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