THE (ATTEMPTED) ANGLICIZATION OF IRELAND. April 10, 2018

Transcription

1 THE (ATTEMPTED) ANGLICIZATION OF IRELAND April 10, 2018

2 14 TH & 15 TH CENTURY: TWO IRELANDS? Anglo-Ireland & Gaelic Ireland Ulster mostly left alone Connacht under Gaelic rule Anglo-Irish areas lost to Gaelic lords Internal divisions led to power shifts : Failed Edward Bruce Invasion Pan-Gaelic front

3 GAELICIZATION OF THE ANGLO- IRISH The Pale Gaeliciziation of the Anglo-Irish Lords? Gaelicization or Hibernicization are the same thing. Exclusion driven by Irish Parliament Encoding of discrimination in law Slander to call someone Irish 1366: Statutes of Kilkenny Lord Lt. was an Anglo-Irishman until Henry VIII The Earls of Kildare from 1470s-1530s

4 THE FIVE BLOODS The O Neills (Ulster) The Mael Shechnaill (Meath) O Conchobair or O Connor (Connacht) MacMurchadha or MacMurrough (Leinster) O Brien (Munster) Allowed into the English court system in Ireland Along with Gaelic Irish bishops and prelates Degenerate English or going native

5 GAELIC IRELAND IN THE 15 TH C Kingship still contentious Professional classes still in place Clergy positions hereditary Pastoral economy Diet was meat & dairy based Fashion

6 THE TUDOR CONQUEST OF IRELAND Late 15 th Century to early 17 th Century

7 HENRY VIII AND IRELAND 1. Break the power of the Fitzgeralds; make Lord Lt. an Englishman 2. Try to impose his Reformation on Ireland 3. Crown of Ireland Act in Surrender & Regrant 1. Sir Anthony St. Leger 2. Matthew vs. Shane O Neill 1. Primogeniture vs. Tanis 5. Helped make the harp a national symbol

8 MARY I OR BLOODY MARY Laois (Queen s County) and Offaly (King s County) Marysborough and Philipstown (now Port Laoise and Dangan) 2/3 of land to English settlers 1/3 of land to natives

9 ELIZABETH I & THE MUNSTER PLANTATION : Munster Rebellion The Desmonds 1584: Plantation of Munster 500,000 acres Undertakers New English 1594: Rebellion by O Donnells, Maguires, and O Neills 9 Years War (or Ulster War)

10 TRINITY COLLEGE, F Purpose of Anglicizing the Irish. Mostly a Protestant seminary to start. Late 1700s: hotbed of Irish nationalism.

11 THE STUARTS COMPLETE THE CONQUEST Early 17 th Century to Early 18 th Century

12 JAMES I ( ) Derry-Londonderry Flight of the Earls Plantation of Ulster Scotch-Irish or Ulster Scots Ulster Right

13 CHARLES I ( ) Civil War ( ) Divisions Roundheads vs. Cavaliers Catholic vs. Protestant Anglican vs. Presbyterian Old English vs. New English Regicide

14 THE ULSTER REBELLION OF October 1641 Ulster and Dublin = the plan Ulster = the reality Led by Phelim O Neill Advance into Leinster and Meath Some 4000 killed Legacy of the Rebellion is more important the actual rebellion

15 BLOUDY NEWES FROM IRELAND OR THE THE BARBAROUS CRUELTIE BY THE PAPISTS USED IN THAT KINGDOME the putting men to the sword, deflowring of women, and dragging them up and downe the streets, and cruelly murdering them, and thrusting their speers through their little infants before their eyes and carrying them up and down on pike-points in great reproach, and hanging mens quarters on their gates in the streets at Armagh, Logall.

16 IMAGES OF THE REBELLION From 'Ireland: Or a Booke: Very Usefull for all sorts of people, that have or may have interest in their Kingdome Published in 1646

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18 CROMWELLIAN IRELAND ( ) Commonwealth and Protectorate Oliver Cromwell = the most hated man in Irish history? 1649: Massacre at Drogheda 3500 Catholics killed as revenge for 1641 Land confiscations A.K.A. The Cromwellian Settlement To Hell or Connacht Slaves sent to Barbados (est. 12,000-60,000)

19 THE STUART RESTORATION Charles II ( ) The land situation and innocent Papists Test Act, 1673 Exclusion Crisis, James II ( ) Mary of Modena Warming Pan Scandal (1688)

20 THE GOLDEN DAYS Ere it was heard a Queen did bear In Protestant Land a Popish heir And ere at 8 months end twas known A child was born without a groan Who was begot or born or made A Prince of Wales in Masquerade

21 THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION From the letter sent to William of Orange in June 1688:... the people are so generally dissatisfied with the present conduct of the government, in relation to their religion, liberties and properties (all which have been greatly invaded), and they are in such expectation of their prospects being daily worse, that your Highness may be assured, there are nineteen parts of twenty of the people throughout the kingdom, who are desirous of a change Mary Stuart & her husband William English Bill of Rights (1689)

22 THE NOT-SO-GLORIOUS REVOLUTION IN IRELAND Williamite War or Jacobite War of April 1689: Siege of Derry August 1689:William s troops first arrive (he comes in June 1690) July 1, 1690: Battle of the Boyne Séamus an Chaca July 12, 1691: Battle of Aughrim Oct. 2, 1691: Treaty of Limerick

23 MAP OF TUDOR AND STUART PLANTATIONS Start of the Land part of the Irish Question Catholic land ownership: 1641: 59% 1688: 22% 1703: 14% Early 1700s: 2 million in Ireland 70% were Catholic

24 THE LONG 18 TH CENTURY

25 PROTESTANT IRELAND Protestant Ascendancy : first used in speech to Irish Parliament in 1782 Protestant or Anglican Irish Parliament : met every 2 years By 1730s: focus of the political aspirations of the Protestant Nation 1800: voted self out of existence (Act of Union)

26 IRISH & ENGLISH PARLIAMENTS Similarities Anglo-Irish political arena Fear of Catholicism, defense of Protestantism Pride in Empire Civil libertarian rhetoric Differences No virtual representation in Ireland Sacramental Test Limited power in Ireland No power to choose the Irish executive

27 GEORGIAN DUBLIN

28 PENAL LAWS Start mid 1600s but intensify from roughly : Act banishing Catholic bishops in Ireland 1704: Act to prevent the growth of Popery Penal laws dealing with land most strictly implemented Laws about laity more complex Purpose of penal laws? Kevin Whelan, The Tree of Liberty: Radicalism, Catholicism, and the Construction of Irish Identity, First chapter: An Underground Gentry? Catholic middlemen in the 18 th Century

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30 LAND & ECONOMY Land Deforestation Counties established Enclosure Population explosion The Rise of the Potato Agrarian violence or outrages Absentee landlords Whiteboys Oak Boys Rightboys or Levellers Economy Little manufacturing besides linen in Belfast French Huguenots Main export = cattle Remain dependent on English market

31 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION : 7 Years War opened debates about recruiting Irish Catholic soldiers Fighting Ireland s war? 1776: embargo on Irish trade to colonies : France & Spain declare war on Britain Rise of the Irish Volunteers

32 THE TRIUMPH OF THE PROTESTANT NATION (1782) 1775-Henry Grattan becomes a MP Wanted Irish independence 1782-Lord North driven from office (Tories Whigs) 1782-Independence for the Irish Parliament Except for defense & foreign affairs BUT there is still a Lord Lt.

33 CATHOLIC RELIEF ACTS Driven by Catholic political activity 1778 Imposed an oath of loyalty to king & renunciation of the Pretender Allowed to purchase & inherit land No Protestant Heir can take land from a family member 1782 Repealed several of the penal laws but did not give political rights 1791 Oath revised some must swear to uphold Protestant succession to the crown Opened up the legal professions 1793 Qualified Catholics could vote & hold minor gov t offices

34 OATH TO TAKE MILITARY OR PUBLIC OFFICE I do solemnly and sincerely, in the presence of God, profess, testify, and declare that I do believe, that in the sacrament of the Lord s supper there is not any transubstantiation of the elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ, at or after the consecration thereof by any person whatsoever; and that the invocation, or adoration of the Virgin Mary, or any other saint, and the sacrifice of the Mass, as they are now used in the church of Rome are superstitious and idolatrous

35 THE PIVOTAL 1790S 1789: Regency Crisis & French Revolution 1791: United Irishmen formed Wolfe Tone Propaganda war 1793: War with Britain & France repression 1794: U.I. banned 1796: Tone & French troops land at Bantry Bay even more repression 1798: Uprising

36 THE 1798 UPRISING Skirmishes in Dublin Fighting in Kildare, Carlow, Wicklow, and Meath Biggest victories in Waterford & Wexford Less fighting in Ulster French sent troops Uprising fails spectacularly Tone committed suicide in jail Violent! Half-hangings Floggings Pitch-Cappings House-burnings Burnings of casualty stations North Cork Militia Led by Protestant loyalists Battle of New Ross Highest death toll rebels 200 military

37 THE ROLE OF RELIGION IN 1798 Meant to be non-sectarian but ended up being highly sectarian 1790s: heightened sectarian consciousness Catholics/church hierarchy supported the government Rumors of sectarian violence were important Post-1798: amnesia of the Presbyterian role set in Increase in membership in the Orange Order

38 OUTCOME OF THE REBELLION Irish Republicanism linked to separatism Irish Unionism Begins Militant loyalism emerges Even closer to Britain Sectarianism stronger than ever after failure of 1798 The Act of Union Prime Minister William Pitt & Thomas Fitzgibbon, Earl of Clare 1799 failed to pass by majority of Act of Union passes Goes into effect January 1, 1801 One Parliament in Westminster (London) 100 Irish MPs out of 658 in the House of Commons 32 peers out of 360 United Church of England and Ireland No Catholic Emancipation Trade freer but not free Robert Emmett leads a rebellion in 1803

39 EMMET S SPEECH FROM THE DOCK September 19,1803 Let no man write my epitaph

40 THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND From 1801

41 FRAGILE PEACE There isn t another rebellion in Ireland until 1848 Was the Union working? The Second Reformation (post-union through 1829) Irene Whelan, The Bible War in Ireland Catholic Emancipation (1829) Repeal Movement

42 O CONNELL STREET

43 O CONNELL S HISTORY Born in 1775 in County Kerry Father was a small landlord Raised in a peasant cottage as a foster child Impressed by the thinkers of the Enlightenment & French Rev Tied Irish Nationalism & Liberalism together Became a barrister in 1798

44 CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION Must come before other reforms Still could not do the following sit in Parliament be judges hold any military rank be ministers in the government hold anything but the lowest offices in the civil service

45 THE CATHOLIC ASSOCIATION Formed in 1823 Besides emancipation they wanted the following Repeal of the union Security for farmers No more tithes Secret ballot more democratic vote Banned Goal = mass membership so Call on the Catholic clergy for support Catholic Rent

46 THE ELECTIONS OF 1826 & 1828 General Election, 1826 Catholic vote largely = tenant farmers Get people to vote according to their religion not their landlords Local clergy involved Clare By-election, 1828 MP for Clare appointed to ministerial office so byelection for his seat Catholic Association nominated Daniel O Connell Priests led people to the polls O C won 2,057 votes to 982

47 THE BRITISH RESPONSE Duke of Wellington (PM) and Robert Peel (Home Secretary) Implicit threat of the Catholic masses Commons = divided; Lords = opposed Wellington & Peel put forth a C.E. bill in 1829 Very small number of Catholics could aspire to any of those higher positions Victory for organized public opinion and constitutional means (??)

48 ROBERT PEEL AS SISYPHUS The Caption: Sisyphus is said to be doomed for ever to roll to the top of a great mountain a stone, which continually falls down again The stone is both Ireland and Daniel O Connell at the same time

49 WHAT COMES AFTER EMANCIPATION? No diversion from nationalism Protestants become more attached to the Union. The first Irish Parliamentary Party O Connell formed an alliance with the Whigs in Parliament Litchfield Compact

50 IRISH REFORM ACT ,000 voters 105 seats in Commons Under-represented & population growth outstripped the increases 1 in 24 men in England 1 in 23 men in Wales 1in 45 men in Scotland 1 in 115 men in Ireland

51 SOME OF THE OTHER REFORMS 1831 Education Act Municipal gov t was cleaned up in 1840 Police made more impartial Tithes converted into a land tax in 1838 Poor Law of commission to investigate poverty in Ireland 2.5 million or 1/3 of Irish were impoverished O Connell voted against it

52 THE IRISH POOR LAW Created the Workhouse 1838 poor law reform in Ireland 1 workhouse per union Central administration: Poor Law Commissioners (appointed) Local administration: Board of Guardians (elected) Families separated Sectarianism in some workhouses Social Experimentation by the English in Ireland

53 REPEAL ASSOCIATION 1834: first attempt at repeal = #epicfail Based on model of Catholic Association Repeal Rent Priests still leading Later British appeal to Pope to stop this practice Monster Meetings British response overwhelmingly negative Turning Point is the calling off of the Clontarf meeting The Famine disrupted this movement

54 YOUNG IRELAND The Nation 1842 James Fintan Lalor Cultural Nationalism 1844 opponents of O Connell s repeal movement Physical force vs. moral force Unsuccessful Insurrection in 1848 Battle of Widow McCormack s Cabbage Patch Convicted of sedition Transported to Van Diemen s Land (Tasmania)

55 BATTLE OF WIDOW MCCORMACK S CABBAGE PATCH, 1848 No, really. That s actually what it s called.