2016 JANUARY THE CENTENARY CELEBRATION YEAR THE LONG ROAD TO IRELAND S INDEPENDENCE
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1 ANÁIR 2016 J EANÁIR 2016 JANUARY THE CENTENARY CELEBRATION YEAR THE LONG ROAD TO IRELAND S INDEPENDENCE 198 years ago, the statue Hibernia was placed above the General Post Office (GPO) in Dublin. With spear in one hand, and the Irish harp in the other, Hibernia had been witness to many revolts, as well as to The Great Hunger of But it was the Easter Rising of 1916 that brought massive destruction to the GPO building upon which Hibernia has stood. The Land The Emerald Isle - Ireland - has long been coveted by others. Most groups did not come to conquer, but to settle - survive and blend in with the dominant celtic culture, and its system of government known as Brehon Law. In all agrarian societies - he who owns the land, makes the rules. This was no different in Ireland. It was why the Vikings came in the 8th century and why they founded Dublin-Wexford- Waterford-Cork-Limerick towns. It was why the Battle Of Clontarf under Brian Boru was fought against them on Easter 1014 AD. The Danish Vikings were defeated that day and remained as a group that soon blended in with the Irish clanns. In 1169 AD the Cambro-Normans arrived in Ireland by invitation of the recently exiled regional king Diarmaid MacMurchada (Kavanagh) of Leinster province. They too would blend in with and marry women of the Irish clanns becoming what historians called more Irish than the Irish. Not wanting a 2nd Norman kingdom forming in Ireland, Henry II of England (father of Richard the Lion Heart & Prince John) arrived in Waterford in 1171 AD with a massive naval fleet and Anglo- Norman army. He was the first Anglo-Norman King of England to ever set foot on Irish lands. How many persons of Irish descent know that Henry II then awarded his son Prince John in 1185 AD, all Irish land under the Crown s control, along with the title Dominus Hiberniae - Lord Of Ireland? The same John of Robin Hood tales, who built his castle on the River Shannon in Limerick in 1200 AD. His castle was meant to show that Anglo-Normans controlled Ireland, not the Cambro-Normans. (Tourists today still consider his castle as the best example of 12th century Anglo-Norman castles.) These facts are why we strongly urge persons of Irish descent in this year of the Centenary of the Easter Rising 1916 to discover more of Ireland s true past history. This would include persons of the Irish Diaspóra whose ancestral connections are to the Four Provinces of the Emerald Isle. Whether child or adult, you must first understand the past to truly understand the present. The 19th century increased many times over the hardships in Ireland felt by most, with no relief or concern from the Queen in London. In April 1916, those who held English title to Ireland s land remained the dominant problem, as did continual religious discrimination. Counter that with the late 19th century surge of the Gaelic League, the Irish language and lost heritage, all giving rise to inevitable conflict. The Seven Signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic were men of these times who cherished their ancestors and their lost freedom. The men & women of 1916 who faced the power of the British Empire, were not naïve, but realists who knew Ireland s independence would come at a high cost to them. Continued On Next Page
2 As previously stated most who came to Ireland assimilated into the dominant Irish culture. But that was never the case in speaking of the Anglo-Normans. They came to take, to subjugate, to pass penal laws upon the faithful, and to interchange English culture over Irish culture. That would also include outlawing the Irish language, the Irish gaelic spelling of surnames, Irish regional kings; with the complete submission of the Irish to anglicization in every corner of the 32 counties. When Michael Collins later stated to the Dáil Éireann in 1921, that he had given Ireland something she had wanted for the past 700 years, he was not far off in his dates. Take 1921 and go back to the building of Prince John s Anglo-Norman castle (1200 AD) on the River Shannon near Limerick, and you tally up 721 years of English (Anglo-Norman) rule in the Emerald Isle. As you start to read the Proclamation Of The Irish Republic beginning on this page keep in mind - at least 36 generations ( the dead generations from which she receives her old tradition") of Irish - lived under the domination of an alien government as was so stated in the 1916 Proclamation. Continued On Next Page
3 the right of the people of Ireland to the ownership of Ireland - again the land and its ownership loomed large in the 1916 rebellion. That was because during the 293 years of the Penal Laws, only persons of protestant faiths could own the land, catholics were forbidden. ( The Bryans of Jenkinstown Kilkenny had been a prominent catholic family whose land would have been lost had it not been for the protestant Marquises of Ormonde whose family held the Bryans title secretly passing it down generationally for over a hundred years till able to return the land to the Bryans - The Priest Hunters by Colin Murphy, p.137) A protestant caught holding title to lands actually owned by their catholic friends, would suffer forfeiture of his/her lands and possible imprisonment. Our research found Britain tracked for a century the non-anglican protestant sects of landowners looking for deceivers. About 90% of the population were catholic, meaning a minority held the control of Irish destinies in their hands. Continued On Next Page
4 The Seven Signatories to the Proclamation had to believe that their cause was just and that a free independent Ireland would eventually exist. Otherwise their sacrifices would have been meaningless. They also advanced the concept of equality & voting for women (suffrage), a revolutionary concept at the time which probably led to more of the unnerving of the establishment in both Ireland and England. With a world war being fought, England had long assumed that Ireland was theirs to rule as they wished. They gave no credence to an independent Ireland let alone lose Irishmen as potential soldier recruits. Once they realized that several important locations had been taken over in Dublin by rebels, they ordered 20,000 troops, artillery units and gunboats to Dublin to put down the Easter Rising revolt. When Patrick Pearse came out of the GPO to read the Proclamation Of The Irish Republic, April 24, 1916 at 12:04 P.M., who could imagine at that time that this group of rebels (none of which were professional soldiers) could shake the British Empire at its very roots. Monarchists shouted insults at him and at the rebel strongholds. To historians, this revolution was somewhat similar to that of the earlier American Revolution; where Tories felt the need to put down the American patriots who fought for their freedom and independence from the king. Continued on Next Page
5 Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) Founded in the mid-19th century it was called various names such as Fenian Movement in March 1867, when an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow British rule failed. In 1871, two of its leaders were released from prison, Jeremiah O Donovan Rossa and John Devoy. At that time it began a reorganization creating an eleven-man supreme council. The new council was considered the government of the Irish republic by the IRB. However there were no new rebellions planned at that time. Around 1910, Thomas Clarke helped rejuvenate the leadership of the IRB by bringing in invigorated new leaders to help recruit new members, and take advantage of insurrection whenever it might be advantageous. By 1912, John Redmond leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party began to support a bill detailing Home Rule for Ireland. In March 1913 Pádraig Pearse was one of 4 speakers who spoke in favor of the bill. Redmond (IPP), Devlin (Northern Nationalists), Eoin MacNeill (Gaelic League) were the others. Opposition to Home Rule came in the form of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) formed in They wanted nothing to do with Home Rule. Because of them, some say, the Irish Volunteers (I.V.) were formed. However, years later others like Éamonn de Valera disputed that stating instead that the Irish Volunteers were the next logical step that was needed at the time. Irish Volunteers (I.V.) versus Redmond and MacNeill In November 1913 the Irish Volunteers were formally led by John Redmond. Pearse was in attendance as well and found that Redmond was more interested in his own base of power and Home Rule, than in the freedom and independence of Ireland. Eventually, Redmond s support of British efforts in WWI convinced many I.V. members to join the British army believing Home Rule would come sooner. This caused a split in the I.V., with Redmond moving on creating the Irish National Volunteers (I.N.V.) and Eoin MacNeill taking over as Chief of Staff of the I.V. Meanwhile, men like Clarke & Pearse began to take control of the I.V. through the secret military council (IRB) who believed rebellion was needed now, with England distracted by WWI. In March 1916 MacNeill suspected his power at risk (through Pearse and Clarke) and wrote a wordy 11-page letter to them supporting his stand to arm and train the I.V., kill only those persons who tried to take his arms, and use the I.V. as a defensive army if attacked by Britain stating rebellion was equal to murder. He promised to stop any move towards rebellion. MacNeill did just that on April 22nd when he issued his infamous countermand order (left) for the I.V. to stand down; followed on April 23rd with a notice printed in the newspaper (right) stating the same order to the I.V. nationwide. Volunteers completely deceived. All orders for tomorrow Sunday are entirely cancelled. His motives and reasoning, appeared personal. His actions kept most I.V. confused, and remaining at home. He played no role in the Easter Rising week. He did go to prison, but was released in Historians believe MacNeill had put his self-interest over Ireland s chance for freedom. Continued on Next Page
6 Fenian Jeremiah O Donovan Rossa s Funeral Pádraig Pearse gave his famous speech at the funeral on August 1, Our foes are strong and wise and wary; but, strong and wise and wary as they are, they cannot undo the miracles of God who ripens in the hearts of young men the seeds sown by the young men of a former generation. And the seeds sown by the young men of 1865 and 67 are coming to their miraculous ripening today. Rulers and defenders of the Realm had need to be wary if they would guard against such processes. Life springs from death; and from the graves of patriot men and women spring living nations. The defenders of this Realm have worked well in secret and in the open. They think that they have pacified Ireland. They think that they have purchased half of us and intimidated the other half. They think that they have foreseen everything, think that they have provided against everything; but, the fools, the fools, the fools! They have left us our Fenian dead, and while Ireland holds these graves, Ireland unfree shall never be at peace. ~ ~ ~ No doubt MacNeill s orders suppressed the turnout for the Easter Rising involving the Volunteers 10,000 members. Volunteers nationwide were confused - with approx. only 1,200 reporting. Continued on Next Page
7 2016 Ken Hannon Larson; Teach Tábhairne Fógra.Com
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