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1 Civil Wars: From Frontline Combat to Backroom Diplomacy John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard University IGA-228, Spring 2017 M/W 8:45-10:00 a.m., Littauer 130 Professor Jonah Schulhofer-Wohl 124 Mt. Auburn, Course Assistant: TBA Faculty Assistant: Melissa Kappotis, Course Description This course explores major debates about civil wars, including insurgency/counter-insurgency and the operations of terrorist groups. We will focus on three clusters of topics: underlying causes and the path to the onset of hostilities; conduct of civil war including the recruitment of fighters, violence against civilians, military engagements between armed rivals, and foreign intervention; and termination of conflict and the transition to a post-war political system. Students will become familiar with the methodological approaches and findings of established and emerging new social scientific research on conflict, as well as policy studies. Pairing this research with case studies of the trajectories of specific armed groups and conflicts from the Ukrainian Insurgent Army during the Second World War to Jebhat al-nusra in Syria today students will develop the analytical skills necessary to answer complex questions about civil wars in a policy setting. For each of the course s three topic clusters, we will identify common policy-making assumptions and assess their evidentiary basis. By the end of the course, students will be able to effectively communicate and present policy recommendations, on both trans-national issue areas and individual civil wars. Course Requirements Grades will be determined on the basis of: 1. In-class participation (20%): Attendance at every class meeting, for the full length of the class, is required and expected. Class participation is not an attendance grade, but instead reflects active participation during class, including asking questions and grappling with arguments, concepts and evidence. The course assistant will keep a record of participation for each class session, according to the following rubric: 2 points for participation that is active and thoughtful (i.e., makes an original comment or ask a pertinent question about the course material); 1 point for brief participation (i.e., 1

2 answers a short question); 0 points for no participation or if absent. In order to receive full credit for participation, students need to earn at least 24 points, which is the equivalent of earning 2 participation points approximately every other class session. If you were unable to participate in the discussion and would like to pose a question or make a comment, please do so within 24 hours of the end of the class in the Discussions section of the course website; comments and questions posted there within the specified time frame will be counted in the calculation of your class participation grade as well. Active participation necessitates completion of the required reading prior to the class meeting. If you are not present in class, you are unable participate and, as a result, will receive no participation credit for that class. I will drop your two lowest class participation grades in the calculation of your final grade in the course. 2. Group presentation (20%): Students will be divided into small groups at the beginning of the semester (approximately 2-3 people per group, depending on class size). Starting on February 1, each class meeting (with the exception of days with guest speakers) will begin with one group giving a presentation on the topic of the day. The presentation should feature three important points or questions to help generate discussion. These presentations are not a summary of the readings; highlighting questions or critiques that cut across themes in several readings, or that relate the readings to other relevant course concepts are strongly encouraged. In addition, the presentation and discussion questions should address some of the policy implications of the readings. The presentation can include a short exploration of a relevant case. The use of multimedia material is strongly encouraged. For example, groups may wish to distribute a news article or to screen a brief video that might inspire a debate in the class. Students will be responsible for presenting a number of times (probably about twice, depending on class size) throughout the semester. Presentation dates will be assigned at the beginning of the course. In addition to the oral presentation, each group should prepare a Powerpoint slide summarizing each of the lecture s readings. Within 24 hours of your presentation, please your reading slides to Melissa Kappotis so that they can be posted on the course website as a resource for all students in the course. The presentation slides are due to me by at least 24 hours prior to the day of the presentation. Each student s grade on the presentations will be based in part on evaluations by the other members of the group. 3. Short policy memo assignment (20%): A short policy memo (5 pp.*) on a civil war with which the student is unfamiliar. The assignment and instructions about submission of the memo will be distributed by February 8 (one month in advance). In accordance with HKS policy, consultation and collaboration with other students are both strictly prohibited, and all rules of attribution apply, including but not limited to providing complete and correct citations to others work. 2

3 4. Long policy memo assignment (40%): A long policy memo (10 pp.*) and supporting annotated bibliography on the civil war that the student selected at the beginning of the semester. The assignment and instructions about submission of the memo will be distributed by March 20. In accordance with HKS policy, consultation and collaboration with other students are both strictly prohibited, and all rules of attribution apply, including but not limited to providing complete and correct citations to others work. * Both memos must be double-spaced in 12 pt Times New Roman font, with 1-inch margins. Course Policies Attendance This course requires that you manage your time well, keep track of the assigned readings and, most importantly, attend and participate actively in every class session. Plan your schedule around the class meeting, including avoidable conflicts, such as doctor s appointments or interviews. There are no excused absences per se; however, as noted above, your lowest two participation grades will be dropped. If you will be absent for a total of two full weeks or more over the course of the semester due to non-emergency and/or avoidable reasons (including vacations, travel or training), you may be ineligible to take this course. Please let me know in the first week of the course if you have planned an extended absence. Late/missed assignments Deadlines listed in the syllabus are firm, in the interest of fairness to all students. Extensions for assignments and/or makeup exams will not be granted except casse of serious illness, family emergency or religious observance (see below). Papers will lose one third of a letter grade for each 24 hours or portion thereof that they are handed in late (i.e. an A becomes a B+, etc.). Academic integrity Plagiarism and cheating are unacceptable and will be pursued to the full extent of the University s policies in accordance with the HKS Academic Code. Providing proper citations in your writing is necessary and expected. If you have any questions about what constitutes a correct citation, it is your responsibility to seek guidance prior to submitting the assignment. As stated in the Academic Code, in all writing, you must put any words that are not your own between quotation marks. You must also attribute any ideas that are not your own to the source from which you derived them. All suspected violations will be reported to the Associate Dean of Students. I may make use of anti-plagiarism software, both to detect and to confirm suspected plagiarized writing. For further information on academic integrity at HKS, please consult Grading Students are encouraged to consult with me during office hours about questions on an assignment before handing it in. In the event of a low grade on an assignment, you will not be allowed to rewrite or to resubmit the assignment for an improved grade except in rare and extraordinary circumstances. If you have faced an extraordinary circumstance that resulted in a lower grade on 3

4 an assignment and would like the opportunity to resubmit that assignment, you must contact me within one week of receiving your assignment grade. If you believe that there was an error in the calculation of a grade, you may submit a re-grading request. All such requests must be submitted to me in writing, along with a memo explaining where you believe an error was made. If you elect to have an assignment re-graded, please be aware that this may result in a lower final grade on the assignment. Religious observance Students may ask for reasonable and timely accommodations for religious observances. Please review the syllabus closely to determine if religious obligations will present scheduling conflicts with any of the assignments. Students must inform me of any such conflicts within the first two weeks of the semester. Accommodations In compliance with Harvard University policy, I will provide appropriate accommodations for students with documented disabilities. Please provide your accommodations paperwork to me as soon as you have it available, within the first two weeks of the semester. For further information, please see the HKS Student Disability Coordinator. Laptops and other electronic devices: Surfing the web, checking your or social media, and sending messages during class distract you and your fellow students. If you choose to take notes on your computer during class, please disconnect your wireless access. Please also refrain from using cell phones and other mobile devices except in case of emergency. Violations of this policy may result in a reduction in your class participation grade or in a ban of laptop use in class. Note that research has found that students absorb class material better when taking notes by hand than when using a computer. Communication should generally be used for brief questions only. I will respond to s within 24 hours. Should you need to contact me regarding an urgent matter, please make a note of this in the subject line and cc Melissa Kappotis. In-person discussion is far preferable to , so you should plan to attend office hours for any questions relating to course content or assignments (see below). Office Hours I encourage you to come to my office hours with any questions or comments. I hold weekly office hours on Wednesdays from 4:00-6:00 p.m. Students must sign up for a time slot in advance online, at Please be sure to cancel your reserved time if you cannot come so that it can be made available to another student. Course website Students should direct any questions or concerns about the course website and its content including any difficulties accessing the reading to Melissa Kappotis (melissa_kappotis@hks.harvard.edu). Cross-registered students from other universities should have full access to course readings and materials. If you are unable to access course materials, please contact Melissa Kappotis as soon as possible. 4

5 Writing in this course As someone engaged in policy-relevant research, you will need to communicate your ideas often in written form to a variety of audiences, including policymakers, the public, academic researchers, NGOs and grant agencies. Being able to write effectively is essential to your success in this course and to your future career. For all course assignments, you can avail yourself of the many resources at HKS to receive help with and feedback on your writing. These resources include the HKS library reference desk and the writing consultants ( As a policy, I will not read or provide written comments on rough drafts, but I will provide verbal feedback, during office hours, about your ideas prior to the deadline. Extra credit An enormous number of events relevant to this course will take place over the course of the semester, both around HKS and the University. One weekly event is the International Security Program s Brown Bag Seminar at the Belfer Center (Thursdays, 12:15-2:00pm). In this seminar series, scholars present their ongoing research on a range of topics related to international security. To encourage you to attend, you can earn one point on your final course grade for attending a meeting of the seminar and ing the course assistant a 250-word reaction/critique of the speaker s talk. You may earn up to three points total by attending the seminar and submitting written reactions. If you intend to take advantage of this opportunity, please send all reactions by Monday, May 1. Auditing Students who are participants in HKS programs may audit this course, with prior permission only. Auditors will only be admitted to the course if there is room after HKS students and crossregistrants have completed their registration processes (generally by the end of the first week of class). Auditors are expected to be fully integrated members of the class. If you audit the class, you must attend all class sessions, complete all the reading, participate actively in class discussion, and complete the group presentation assignment. If you wish to attend one (or a few) class session(s) as a visitor rather than auditing the class, please speak to me at the beginning of the semester. 5

6 Outline of Topics Introduction What is a civil war? Forms and types of civil war Part 1: Causes of Civil Wars and the Path to Onset Causes of war; Rationalist explanations of war Economics and Natural resources Ethnic hatred and nationalism Social and environmental conditions Gender inequality, demographics, climate change Governance and failed states Case study 1 Part 2: Conduct of Civil Wars The individual and violence The individual as group member recruitment, participation, and management Armed force structures and their consequences Interactions between armed forces and civilians Violence in civil wars, pt 1: Civilians as target Violence in civil wars, pt 2: Warfare Violence in civil wars, pt 3: Effects social polarization, public support, politics Alliances Foreign intervention Case study 2 Part 3: Conflict Termination and the Transition to Post-War Politics (6 sessions) Defining peacebuilding and post-conflict peace Cease-fires, peace processes, treaties, and other forms of negotiation Peacekeeping Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration Post-conflict elections and politics Case study 3 6

7 COURSE SCHEDULE January 20: Shopping Day (two optional sessions, separated by a break; first session is 8:45-9:15, break is 9:15-9:30; second session is 9:30-10:00). INTRODUCTION January 23: What is a Civil War? Overview of the course. Defining civil war. Levels of analysis in the study of civil war. O Brien, Tim. The Things They Carried. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. How to Tell a True War Story, pp Sambanis, Nicholas What is Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition. Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(6): Kalyvas, Stathis The Logic of Violence in Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ch. 1, Concepts, pp Armitage, David Civil Wars: A History in Ideas. New York: Knopf. Introduction, Confronting Civil War, pp Tilly, Charles The Politics of Collective Violence. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ch. 1, Varieties of Violence, pp Armitage, Civil Wars, Conclusion, Civil Wars of Words, pp January 25: Forms and Types of Civil Wars Kalyvas, Stathis N New and Old Civil Wars: A Valid Distinction? World Politics 54(1): King, Charles The Myth of Ethnic Warfare: Understanding Conflict in the Post-Cold War World, Foreign Affairs 80(6): Sambanis, Nicholas What is an Ethnic War? Organization and Interests in Ethnic Insurgency. Working paper, Yale University. U.S. Department of the Army [Petraeus, David H., James F. Amos, and John A. Nagl] Counterinsurgency (U.S. Army Field Manual No. 3-24). Washington, DC: Department of the Army. Introduction and Ch. 1. Kalyvas, Stathis N Review Symposium on FM Perspectives on Politics 6(2): Odom, William E On Internal War: American and Soviet Approaches to Third World Clients and Insurgents. Chapel Hill: Duke University Press. Pp Kalyvas, Stathis N The Changing Character of Civil Wars, In Hew Strachan and Sibylle Scheeipers, eds., The Changing Character of War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7

8 Kaldor, Mary Elaborating the New War Thesis. In Hew Strachan and Sibylle Scheeipers, eds., The Changing Character of War. Oxford: Oxford University Press Kalyvas, Stathis N The Urban Bias in Research on Civil Wars. Security Studies 13(3): 1-31 Sambanis, Nicholas Terrorism and Civil War. In Phillip Keefer and Norman Loayza, eds. Terrorism and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Martin, Kimberly Warlordism in Comparative Perspective. International Security 31(3): Gat, Azar The Pattern of Fighting in Simple, Small-Scale, Prestate Societies. Journal of Anthropological Research 55(4): PART 1: CAUSES OF CIVIL WAR (AND THE PATH TO ONSET) January 30: Causes of War; Rationalist Explanations of War Bass, Gary What Really Causes Civil War? New York Times, August 13. Eckstein, Harry On the Etiology of Internal Wars. History and Theory 4(2): Mack, Andrew Civil War: Academic Research and the Policy Community, Journal of Peace Research 39(5): Fearon, James D. Rationalist Explanations for War. International Organization. Sambanis, Nicholas Using Case Studies to Expand Economic Models of Civil Wars. Perspectives on Politics 2(2): Blattman, Christopher and Edward Miguel Civil War, Journal of Economic Literature 48(1): February 1: Economics and Natural Resources Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler Greed and Grievance in Civil War, Oxford Economic Papers 56 (4): Sambanis, Nicholas and Håvard Hegre Sensitivity Analysis of the Empirical Literature on Civil War Onset. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50(4): Ross, Michael How Do Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from Thirteen Cases, International Organization 58(1): Peruse Blood and Gold, a photo essay from Foreign Policy (2011) Read Is my cell phone full of rape? (July 13, 2011) on Wronging Rights blog and skim some of the linked articles Ross, Michael A Closer Look at Oil, Diamonds, and Civil War, Annual Review of Political Science 9:

9 February 6: Ethnic Hatred and Nationalism Matthiesen, Toby Syria: Inventing a Religious War. New York Review of Books Blog, June 12. Sambanis, Nicholas Do Ethnic and Nonethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes? A Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry (Part 1). The Journal of Conflict Resolution 45(3): Mueller, John The Banality of Ethnic War, International Security 25(1): Posen, Barry R The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict, Survival 35(1): Fearon, James Grievances and Civil War, The Monkey Cage blog, June 27. Fearon, James Ethnic Mobilization and Ethnic Violence, Oxford Handbook of Political Economy, eds. Barry Weingast and Donald Wittman, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cederman, Lars-Erik, Andreas Wimmer, and Brian Min Why Do Ethnic Groups Rebel? New Data and Analysis, World Politics 62(1): Van Evera, Stephen Hypotheses on Nationalism and War, International Security 18(4): Hassner, Ron To Halve and to Hold: Conflicts over Sacred Space and the Problem of Indivisibility, Security Studies 12(4): Walker, Connor Beyond Reason: The Nature of the Ethnonational Bond, Ethnic and Racial Studies 16(3): February 8: Social and Environmental Conditions Gender Inequality, Demographics, Climate Change Greenslade, Leith The Hidden Link between Women and War, The Daily Beast, December 12. Fearon, James. D Governance and Civil War Onset. World Development Report 2011 Background Paper. Section 5.8 only. Caprioli, Mary Primed for Violence: The Role of Gender Inequality in Predicting Internal Conflict, International Studies Quarterly 49(2): Hvistendahl, Mara Young and Restless Can Be a Volatile Mix. Science 333: Burke, Marshall, Edward Miguel, Shanker Satyanath, John Dykemae, and David Lobell Warming Increases the Risk of Civil War in Africa, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (49): Tertrais, Bruno The Climate Wars Myth, The Washington Quarterly 34(3): Listen to How Could A Drought Spark A Civil War? NPR story (read article and listen) [LINK] (Note: 11 minutes) Den Boer, Andrea and Valerie M. Hudson A Surplus of Men, A Deficit of Peace: Security and Sex Ratios in Asia's Largest States, International Security 26(4): Sen, Amartya More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing, New York Review of Books, 9

10 December 20: Chauveau, Jean-Pierre and Paul Richards West African Insurgencies in Agrarian Perspective: Côte d Ivoire and Sierra Leone Compared. Journal of Agrarian Change 8(4): Buhaug, Halvard Climate Not to Blame for African Civil Wars, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(38): De Chatel, Francesca The Role of Drought and Climate Change in the Syrian Uprising: Untangling the Triggers of the Revolution. Middle Eastern Studies 50(4): Friedman, Thomas L WikiLeaks, Drought and Syria. New York Times, January 21. February 13: Governance and Failed States Fearon, James, and David Laitin Ethnicity, Insurgency and Civil War, American Political Science Review 97(1): Fearon, James D Governance and Civil War Onset. World Development Report 2011 Background Paper. The World Bank. Zukerman Daly, Sarah Organizational Legacies of Violence: Conditions Favoring Insurgency Onset in Colombia, Journal of Peace Research 49(3): February 15: Case Study 1 (Guest) [Readings TBD] February 20 President s Day (No Class) PART 2: THE CONDUCT OF CIVIL WAR February 22: The Individual and Violence Grossman, Dave On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Selections. Marlantes, Karl What It Is Like To Go To War. Preface and Ch. 1, Temple of Mars, pp.xi-xii, Wright, Evan Generation Kill: Devil Dogs, Iceman, Captain America and the New Face of American War. New York: Penguin. Selections. February 27: The Individual as Group Member Recruitment, Participation, and Management Sambanis, Nicholas, Schulhofer-Wohl, Jonah, and Moses Shayo Parochialism as a Central Challenge in Counterinsurgency. Science 336(6038): and Supplementary Material. Humphreys, Macartan and Jeremy M. Weinstein Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War. American Journal of Political Science 52(2):

11 Shapiro, Jacob N. and David A. Siegel Moral Hazard, Discipline, and the Management of Terrorist Organizations. World Politics 64(1): Browning, Christopher R Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York: HarperCollins. Selections. Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah Hitler s Willing Executioners, pp Hardin, Russell The Crippled Epistemology of Extremism. In Albert Breton, Gianluigi Galeotti, Pierre Salmon, and Ronald Wintrobe, eds. Political Extremism and Rationality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Guichaoua, Yvan Process of Violent Political Mobilization: An Overview of Contemporary Debates and CRISE findings. CRISE. Kalyvas, Stathis and Matthew Adam Kocher How Free is Free Riding in Civil Wars: Violence: Insurgency and the Collective Action Problem. World Politics 59: March 1: Armed Force Structures and their Consequences U.S. Department of the Army Organization of the United States Army. Pamphlet (skim). Sinno, Abdulkader H Organizations at War in Afghanistan and Beyond. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Ch 3, Advantages and Limitations of Structures. Staniland, Paul Every Insurgency is Different. New York Times, February 15. Taber, Robert War of the Flea: A Study of Guerrilla Warfare Theory and Practise. New York: L. Stuart. Pp.1-58, especially The Guerrilla as Missionary. Weinstein, Jeremy Resources and the Information Problem in Rebel Recruitment, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49:4 (August 2005), : Gutiérrez Sanín, Francisco Telling the Difference: Guerrillas and Paramilitaries in the Colombian War. Politics & Society 36(1):3-34. Staniland, Paul Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion and Collapse. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Ch. 1, Organizing Insurgency. Shy, John A People Numerous and Armed: Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence. New York: Oxford University Press. Ch. 2, A New Look at the Colonial Militia. Hoover Green, Amelia The Commander s Dilemma: Creating and Controlling Armed Group Violence. Journal of Peace Research 53(5): Stanton, Jessica A Regulating Militias: Governments, Militas, and Civilian Targeting in Civil War. Journal of Conflict Resolution. March 6: Interactions between Armed Forces and Civilians Petersen, Roger D Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press. Introduction and Ch. 1, pp Arjona, Ana Wartime Institutions: A Research Agenda. Journal of Conflict Resolution 58(8):

12 Arjona, Ana Institutions, Civilian resistance, and Wartime Social Order: A Processdriven Natural Experiment in the Colombian Civil War. Latin American Politics and Society 58(3): Wood, Elisabeth J Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ch. 1, The Puzzle of Insurgent Collective Action, pp.1-30 Leites, Nathan Constantin and Charles Wolf Rebellion and Authority: An Analytic Essay on Insurgent Conflicts. RAND Report 462. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, Giustozzi, Antonio The Art of Coercion: The Primitive Accumulation and Management of Coercive Power. New York: Columbia University Press. Ch. 5, Maintaining the Monopoly: The Political Micromanagement of Population Control, pp Arjona, Ana M Social Order in Civil War. Book ms., Northwestern University. Selections. March 8: Violence in Civil Wars, pt. 1: Civilians as Target * Short policy memos due in class * * Midterm course evaluations * Kalyvas, Stathis N The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 6 and 7. Balcells, Laia Rivalry and Revenge: Violence against Civilians in Conventional Civil Wars. International Studies Quarterly 54 (2): Cohen, Dara Kay Causes of Rape during Civil War: Cross-national Evidence, American Science Review 107(3): Elster, Jon Kidnappings in Civil Wars. Paper prepared for the Workshop on Techniques of Violence, Oslo, August Humphreys, Macartan and Jeremy M. Weinstein. 2006: Handling and Manhandling Civilians in Civil War. American Political Science Review 100(3): Lyall, Jason Does Indiscriminate Violence Incite Insurgent Attacks? Evidence from Chechnya. Journal of Conflict Resolution 53(3): Wood, Elisabeth Armed Groups and Sexual Violence: When is Wartime Rape Rare? Politics and Society 37(1): Cohen, Dara Kay, Amelia Hoover Green, and Elisabeth Wood. Wartime Sexual Violence: Misconceptions, Implications, and Ways Forward. United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 323, February 2013, Kalyvas, Stathis N. and Matthew Adam Kocher The Dynamics of Violence in Vietnam: Analysis of the hamlet Evaluation System (HES). Journal of Peace Research 46(3):

13 March 13-March 17: Spring Break (No Class) March 20: Violence in Civil Wars, pt. 2: Warfare Kalyvas, Stathis. N Warfare in Civil Wars. In Isabelle Duyvesteyn and Jan Angstrom, eds. Rethinking the Nature of War. Abingdton: Frank Cass, Ramsay, Kristopher W Settling It on the Field: Battlefield Events and War Termination. Journal of Conflict Resolution 52(6): Jurdeini, Paul A., McLaurin, R.D., and Price, James M Military Operations in Built Up Areas U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Memorandum Lyall, Jason Are Co-Ethnics More Effective Counter-Insurgents? Evidence from the Second Chechen War. American Political Science Review 104(1): Lockyer, Adam The Dynamics of Warfare in Civil Wars. Civil Wars 12(1/2): Hanf, Theodor Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon. London: I.B. Tauris. Chapter 5, Violence without Victory: Forms, Costs, and Consequences of War. March 22: Violence in Civil Wars, pt. 3: Effects Social Polarization, Public Support, Politics Tilly, Charles The Politics of Collective Violence. New York: Cambridge University Press. Mechanisms, Processes and Explanations, pp.20-2; Violent Rituals, pp De Figueiredo, Rui and Barry R. Weingast The Rationality of Fear: Political Opportunism and Ethnic Conflict. In Barbara Walter and Jack Snyder, eds., Civil Wars, Insecurity and Intervention, Columbia University Press Hage, Ghassan Nationalist Anxiety or the Fear of Losing Your Other. Australian Journal of Anthropology 7(2): Balcells, Laia and Abbey Steele Warfare, Political Identities and Displacement in Spain and Colombia. Political Geography 51: Fuji, Lee Ann The Puzzle of Extra-Lethal Violence. Perspectives on Politics 11(2): LeBas, Adrienne Polarization as Craft: Party Formation and State Violence in Zimbabwe. Comparative Politics 38(4): Sambanis, Nicholas and Moses Shayo Social Identification and Ethnic Conflict. American Political Science Review 107(2): Steele, Abbey Electing Displacement: Political Cleansing in Apartadó, Colombia. Journal of Conflict Resolution 55 (3): Jaeger, David. A., Esteban F. Klor, Sami H. Miaari, and M. Daniele Paserman Can Militants Use Violence to Win Public Support? Evidence from the Second Intifada. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 13

14 Khalaf, Samir Civil and Uncivil Violence: A History of the Internationalization of Communal Conflict. New York: Columbia University Press. Ch. 2, The Radicalization of Communal Loyalties. March 27: Alliances Walt, Stephen M The Origins of Alliances. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Chs. 1 and 2, pp Christia, Fotini Alliance Formation in Civil Wars. New York: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 2 and 3, pp Bennett, D. Scott Testing Alternative Models of Alliance Duration, American Journal of Political Science 41(3): Weitsman, Patricia A Alliance Cohesion and Coalition Warfare: The Central Powers and Triple Entente. Security Studies 12(3): Seymour, Lee J. M Why Factions Switch Sides in Civil Wars: Rivalry, Patronage, and Realignment in Sudan. International Security 39(2): March 29: Foreign Intervention Mazzetti, Mark C.I.A. Study of Covert Aid Fueled Skepticism About Helping Syrian Rebels. New York Times, October 14. Hironaka, Ann Neverending Wars. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Chapter 6. Kuperman, Alan The Moral Hazard of Humanitarian Intervention: Lessons from the Balkans, International Studies Quarterly 52(1): Regan, Patrick M Interventions in Civil Wars: A Retrospective Survey with Prospective Ideas. Civil Wars 12(4): : Byman, Daniel, et. al Trends in Outside Support for Insurgent Movements. Santa Monica: RAND. Chapters 2-6. Kathman, Jacob D Civil War Diffusion and Regional Motivations for Intervention. Journal of Conflict Resolution 55(6): Kathman, Jacob D Civil War Contagion and Neighboring Interventions. International Studies Quarterly 54(4): Lockyer, Adam Foreign Intervention and Warfare in Civil Wars. Review of International Studies 37: Cunningham, David E Blocking Resolution: How External States Can Prolong Civil Wars. Journal of Peace Research 47(2): ] April 3: Case Study 2 (Guest) [Readings TBD] 14

15 PART 4: CONFLICT TERMINATION AND THE TRANSITION TO POST-WAR POLITICS April 5: Coercion and the End of Civil War Sambanis, Nicholas, and Jonah Schulhofer-Wohl. What's in a Line? Is Partition a Solution to Civil War? International Security 34, no. 2 (October 1, 2009): Luttwak, Edward Give War a Chance, Foreign Affairs, July/August. Additional TBA. April 10: Cease-fires, Peace Processes, Treaties, and Other Forms of Negotiation Schelling, Thomas C. Arms and Influence. Ch. 1, The Diplomacy of Violence, pp Additional TBA. April 12: Peace Operations (Mediation, Peacekeeping, Peace Enforcement, etc.) Doyle, Michael W. and Nicholas Sambanis, Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Ch. 2, Theoretical Perspectives, pp.27-68; Ch. 3, Testing Peacebuilding Strategies, pp Autesserre, Severine The Trouble with the Congo: Local Violence and the Failure of International Peacebuilding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Selections. Stedman, Stephen John Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes. International Security 22(2):5-53. April 17: Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Schulhofer-Wohl, Jonah and Nicholas Sambanis Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Programs and Civil War Recurrence: An Assessment. Folke Bernadotte Academy Research Report. Sandöverken, Sweden. Krebs, Ronald R. and Roy Licklider United They Fall: Why the International Community Should Not Promote Military Integration after Civil War. International Security 40(3): Zukerman Daly, Sarah The Dark Side of Power-Sharing: Middle Managers and Civil War Recurrence. Comparative Politics (April): Berdal, Mats and David Keen Violence and Economic Agendas in Civil Wars: Some Policy Implications. Millennium 26(3): Spear, Joanna From Political Economies of War to Political Economies of Peace: The Contribution of DDR after Wars of Predation. Contemporary Security Policy 27(1):

16 April 19: Post-Conflict Elections and Politics Wood, Elisabeth Jean An Insurgent Path to Democracy Popular Mobilization, Economic Interests, and Regime Transition in South Africa and El Salvador. Comparative Political Studies 34 (8): Wood, Elisabeth Jean The Social Processes of Civil War: The Wartime Transformation of Social Networks. Annual Review of Political Science 11(1): Voors, Maarten J., Eleonara E.M. Nillesen, Philip Verwimp, Erwin H. Bulte, Robert Lensink, and Daan P. Van Soest Violent Conflict and Behavior: A Field Experiment in Burundi. American Economic Review 102(2): Glennerster, Rachel. Monkey Cage article, May 13, Balcells, Laia The Consequences of Victimization on Political Identities: Evidence from Spain, Politics & Society 40(3): Blattman, Christopher From Violence to Voting: War and Political Participation in Uganda, American Political Science Review 103(2) (2009): Bellows, John and Edward Miguel War and Local Collective Action in Sierra Leone, Journal of Public Economics 93(11-12): April 24: Case Study 3 (Guest) [Readings TBD] April 26: Conclusion/Course evaluations (Last class): Monday, May 8: Final papers due at 9:00 a.m. 16