Die Grondwet vanuit n ekonomiese perspektief. Stan du Plessis Departement Ekonomie
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1 Die Grondwet vanuit n ekonomiese perspektief Stan du Plessis Departement Ekonomie 1
2 Plan n Kort opsomming van n baie lang storie Die rol van institusies Politiek op verskillende vlakke Enkele opmerkings oor die Suid-Afrikaanse grondwet 2
3 Podcast Die podcast van die lesing en die skyfies sal beskikbaar wees op: 3
4 n Kort opsomming van n baie lang storie 4
5 Per capita income (1990 US$) Kompetisie met die Neanderdal Bykans geen verandering in lewenstandaard 5
6 Per capita income (1990 US$) Diep in die laaste ystydperk Bykans geen verandering in lewenstandaard 6
7 Per capita income (1990 US$) Nader aan die einde van die ystydperk Bykans geen verandering in lewenstandaard 7
8 Per capita income (1990 US$) Ystertydperk Beduidende styging in lewenstandaard tydens die landbourevolusie en die vestiging van stede 8
9 Per capita income (1990 US$) Twee groot spronge 9
10 Per capita income (1990 US$) Age of empires Inkomste groei ongelyk internasionaal, met Sjina wat relatief beter doen en Europa relatief swakker 10
11 Per capita income (1990 US$) Middeleue Europa oppad na die industriële revolusie 11
12 Die Industriële revolusie Per capita income (1990 US$) 15 For the first time in history, the living standards of masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. The novelty of the discovery that a human society has this potential for generating sustained improvement in the material aspects of the lives of all its members, not just of the ruling elite, cannot be overstressed. We have entered an entirely new phase in our economic history Robert Lucas 12
13 Die aantal persone in armoede daal Bron: Chen, S. and M. Ravallion (2007). Absolute Poverty Measures for the Developing World, Washington, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4211,.
14 Die proporsie in armoede daal Bron: Chen, S. and M. Ravallion (2007). Absolute Poverty Measures for the Developing World, Washington, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4211,.
15 En welvaart styg met inkomste Deaton, A. (2008). "Income Wealth and Well-Being Around the World: Evidence form the Gallup world Poll." Journal of Economic Perspectives 22(2):
16 Die logika van die industriële revolusie Spesialisering Samewerking (markte is gedesentraliseerde samewerking) 16
17 Die rol van institusies 17
18 Wat het gebeur en hoekom? Ekonomiese ontwikkeling is in die eerste plek n kwalitatiewe (eerder as kwantitatiewe) proses The real secret of successful development is the performance of the people concerned...but achievement comes from within (Landers, 1998) In n ontwikkelde ekonomie leef ons... ander en meer gespesialiseerde lewens (wat meer produktief is) wat terselfterf meer interafhanklik is die vinnige verandering wat ons in sulke samelewings ervaar vereis n toekomsperspektief. Ons leef nie meer dieselfde lewens as ons ouers nie, en ook nie dieselfde as ons kinders nie 18
19
20 Wat is institusies? Definisie: Institutions are a set of constraints on behaviour in the form of rules and regulations; a set of procedures to detect deviations from the rules and regulations; and, finally, a set of moral, ethical behavioural norms which define the contours that constrain the way in which the rules and regulations are specified and e n f o r c e m e n t i s c a r r i e d out (Douglas North) 20
21 Wat is goeie institusies? 3 dimensies Mark orientasie (geleenthede is oop) Vestig en beskerm eiendomsreg en kontraktereg Beperk mag van elites (veral die regering, maar ook ander elites) 21
22 Hekkies in die praktyk Bron: De Soto, The Mystery of Capital 22
23 Politiek op verskillende vlakke 23
24 Twee vlakke van politiek Grondwetlike politiek: waar ons die reëls (institusies) bepaal en verander Daaglikse politiek: waar ons doelwitte nastreef met die beskikbare bronne en gegewe die institusionele raamwerk 24
25 Voorbeeld: Tolpaaie in Gauteng Kwessies op die vlak van grondwetlike politiek: die prosedure waarvolgens tenders toegestaan is Daaglikse politiek: die finansieringsmodel vir paaie (belasting vs tol vs tyd) 25
26 My vertrekpunte oor transformerende regspleging As die konstitusionele hof in Suid-Afrika spesifieke veranderings in die samelewing van die regsbank af wil aanmoedig, dan moet die regters die geskiedenis en oorsake van werklik veranderings in die samelewing ondersoek Die vra n studie van hoe samelewings werklik verander en dit vra sensitiwiteit vir die onderskeid tussen daaglikse en konstitusionele politiek Hierdie ondersoek moet die regters veral aanspoor om die onbedoelde gevolge van regsbesluite te verwag 26
27 Voorbeeld uit Minister of Health v New Clicks, 2006 Kortweg: die saak het gehandel oor die vasstel van pryse vir medisyne by apteke in Suid-Afrika. Voortaan sou die prys van alle medisyne deur n komitee van die Dept van Gesondheid vasgestel word, met n klein fooi vir die apteker se diens Die Grondwetlike hof het die saak aangehoor en beslis dat die regering die nuwe beleid mag uitvoer solank as wat die Dept die regte prys vir die medisyne vasstel As ekonoom het twee aspekte van die uitspraak my bekommer: 27
28 1. Regulatory taking Die regters het toegegee dat die beleid aantoonbare skade vir aptekers sou versoorsaak. Chaskalson: The regulation of prices in the disputed regulations adversely affects the rights of pharmacists and other persons in the pharmaceutical industry. Sachs: The price tag put on the activity of the pharmacists affects their interest materially adversely and in an immediately operative way Moseneke: At best for the pharmacies the evidence raises the everpresent possibility that the new dispensing fee will exert downward pressure on the profitability of pharmacies and that some whose profit margins are already low may be forced to close 28
29 Maar geen kompensasie nie Hierdie omstandighede pas die beskrywing van n Regulatory Taking the argument that such an exercise of the regulatory policy power should be treated as a taking, which means that the owner should receive compensation, even though the state does not expropriate the property in the narrow sense of acquiring or appropriating it for public use (van der Walt, 1999: 277). Maar regter Ngobo het die argument van die tafel gevee met: No doubt the interests of the pharmacists is a factor to be taken into consideration... However, they must yield to the interests of the general public Op grond van die argument: [the fee s] determination requires a consideration of conflicting interests of the public who are entitled to access to affordable medicines, on the one hand, and the interests of dispensers who, in terms of the Act, are essential to the public for the supply of medicines and whose economic viability is implicitly recognised by the Act and is of national importance, on the other hand 29
30 2. Objektiewe pryse Die uitstpraak het ook geargumenteer dat die Dept toepaslike pryse moet vasstel en die hof het dit as n objektiewe kwessie gesien Chaskalson: Although the capped fee must be appropriate, and to that extent is subject to objective criteria, regulation 5(2)(g) in effect leaves it to the Minister to determine the appropriateness of the fee, instead of setting a maximum itself. Ekonome beskou pryse as die resultaat van komplekse samewerking wat gewoonlik met plasslike omstandighede wissel en dit hoogs onwaarskynlik maak dat daar n objektiewe korrekte prys vir Kempton Park en Kraaifontein is Ekonome ontken nie die behoefte aan gesamentlike ondersteuning vir toegang to mediese hulp nie. Die argument is egter dat koste van gesamentlike doelwitte op die nasionale begroting betaal moet word, nie deur enige spesifieke groep in die samelewing nie 30
31 Wat was die onbedoelde gevolge Dramatiese afname in die aantal apteke landwyd, veral in landelike gebiede Die ekonomiese les hier is om aandag aan twee aspekte van die ontwikkeling van samelewings te gee: (i) die stadige pas van institusionale ontwikkeling and (ii) die path dependence van die ontwikkeling Die kombinasie van hierdie twee lesse behoort howe versigtig te maak om ingrypende institusionele besluite te neem 31
32 Die rol vir sosiale wetenskap in Suid-Afrikaanse regspleging 32
33 Die noodsaaklikheid van sosiale wetenskap Ekonome gee heelwat aandag aan die sg. Public Choice perspektief op die rol van sentrale owerhede in die samelewing: Hierdie perspektief bestudeer wat die staat in werklikheid doen en beskou die openbare sektor as n mark (hierargiese samewerking) Waar besluitnemers doelstellings, bronne, begrotingsbeperking en insentiewe het. Daar is nie net markmislukkings nie, maar ook owerheidsmislukkings Beklemtoon die relatiewe ondoeltreffendheid van die openbate sektor weens die gebrek aan n terugvoereffek soos mark-kompetisie Hierdie soort teorie maak mens versigtig om ingrypende mag oor beleid aan regters te gee as die regter nie kan toon wat ons uit die besluit kan verwag nie, en dit vra n model (of n teorie). 33
34 Opsomming Die langtermyn voorspoed van n samelewing hang ten nouste saam met (i) die graad van spesialisering en (ii) die omvang van samewerking wat in daardie samelewing plaasvind Die sosiale perke op gedrag wat institusies genoem word en die regsisteem insluit is n bepalende faktor vir die omvang van samewerking en dus ook die graad van spesialisasie Die Suid-Arikaanse grondwet versaf n goeie raamwerk vir samewerking Maar ek is ook bekommerd wanneer howe probeer om die reg vir daaglikse eerder as politiek op die grondwetlike vlak in te span 34
35 Die einde 35
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