Unit 8: Industrialism, War, and the Progressive Era ( )
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1 Unit 8: Industrialism, War, and the Progressive Era ( )
2 New South and Last West Politics in the New South (new vision: economic diversity and laissez-faire) Redeemers Democratic comeback in politics after Reconstruction Whites and African Americans in the South Continued poverty due to late start in industrialization and poorly educated workforce George Washington Carver-scientist at Tuskegee Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) separate but
3 Subordination of freed slaves: Jim Crow segregation laws like -disenfranchisement literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses -barred from serving on juries/ learning trades -lynch mobs -message in cartoon?
4 Responses to Segregation Ida B. Wells editor of Free Speech black newspaper campaigned against lynchings and Jim Crow Booker T. Washington Booker T and Tuskegee philosophy? WEB DuBois NAACP philosophy?
5 Southern Economy Sharecropping New slavery Industrial stirrings Farming increasingly commercialized and specialized Cotton still king (prices down), some diversified Developed into leading steel center (Birmingham Ala.), lumber (Memphis), Richmond (tobacco), textiles (Ga. SC, NC) New railroads
6 Cattle Kingdom Open-range ranching Cattle drives Influence of railroads ship out cattle Abilene Kansas, Chicago Changed American diet Closing due to winter blizzard and drought ( ), Homesteaders and Glidden s barbed wire
7 Day of the cowboy Myths and reality? Turner s frontier thesis?
8 Building the Western Railroad Influence? Transcontinental Railroad and Promontory Point, Utah Workers? Risks? Impact on big business? Vanderbilt, stock companies, politics (land grants, loans)
9 Subordination of Indians: dispersal of tribes Farmers and permanent settlers (Pueblo and Hopi) Nomadic tribes lived on Plains (Sioux, Cheyenne, Crow, and Comanche) horse from Spanish Misunderstandings with American government Reservation Policy (Ft. Laramie. Atkinson)
10 Conflicts due to settlement of miners, cattlemen, homesteaders, failed treaties Sand Creek 1864 Cheyenne women and children massacred Sioux War army column wiped out by Sioux 1870s new round of wars include legendary figures Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and George Custer Indian Wars
11 Assimilation and Aftermath Buffalo hunted out Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor Carlisle School in Pennsylvania Dawes Severalty Act (1887) Ghost Dance Movement 1880s Wounded Knee (1890) - last battle in the Dakotas 20 th Century 1924 US citizenship granted to all Native-Americans FDR s Indian reorganization Act (1934)
12 Carlisle School Before and After
13 Farming the Plains; problems in agriculture Great American Desert Homestead Act of 1862 encouraged settlers with free land and railroad promotions ( ) Problems included severe weather, falling prices for crops, new machinery costs Sodbusters Mail-order windmills for water Dry farming and Deep plowing techniques/ Grangers and Farmer s Alliances
14 Mining Bonanza Gold and silver strikes Big ones - Pike s Peak (Co), and Comstock Lode (Nevada entered Union) Boomtowns- San Francisco, Denver/ Ghost towns- lifestyle? California hostility between Native born Americans and Chinese immigrants Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
15 Industrialization and Corporate Consolidation A. Industrial growth: railroads, iron, coal, electricity, steel, oil, banks By 1900 US leading industrial power due to: Natural resources Labor supply Growing population combined w/ advanced transportation Capital was plentiful Laborsaving technologies Friendly government policies Talented entrepreneurs
16 Laissez Faire Conservatism 1. Gospel of Wealth and Andrew Carnegie (Steel industry), self-made man Message? 2. Myth of the Self-made Man? Protestant work ethic/ Horatio Alger stories 3. Social Darwinism and survival of the fittest 4. Social critics and dissenters Robber Barons or Captains of Industry? Rockefeller and Standard Oil/ JP Morgan and banking and steel/ anti-trust trust movement
17 Robber Barons?
18 Effects of Technological development on worker/ workplace Concentration of wealth richest 10 % controlled 9/10 of nation s wealth Expanding middle class By /3 of Americans worked for wages Working women only 5% of married women - factories (textile, garment, food-processing), Feminized occupations secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, operators. Lower wages and status
19 Union Movement 1. Knights of Labor (Powderly( Powderly) ) and American Federation of Labor (Gompers( Gompers) which one was more successful? Why? 2. Haymarket Square bombing strike for 8 hour day in Chicago bomb killed 7 police officers anarchists found guilty union criticized Knights of Labor folded Homestead Strike (1892) (Pittsburgh) wages cut 20%, manager used lockout, guards, and strikebreakers failed strike Pullman strike Eugene V. Debs, President Cleveland convinced to send army in to break up strike (mail disrupted)
20 Haymarket Square Bombing
21 Lure of the City Immigration Old Immigrants through 1880s from? New Immigrants 1890s WWI from? Restricting Immigration supported by labor unions, nativist society (American Protective Association), Social Darwinists Urban Society
22 City Problems Slums Pollution, Poverty, Crime, tenement living, 10 cent spots, sewage Machine Politics Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall Thomas Nast City changes streetcar cities (lived according to income, may live miles from work), skyscrapers (Steel, elevators, steam heating), ethnic neighborhoods, residential suburbs Public city municipal government
23 Awakening conscience; reforms middle class movement Social legislation Social Gospel (applying Christian principles to social problems), Salvation Army, Settlement houses: Jane Addams and Lillian Wald aid to immigrants Stanton and Anthony s NAWSA continued to fight for suffrage Wyoming first state to grant voting rights to women
24 WCTU and Carry Nation convinced states to close down saloons
25 Intellectual and Cultural Movements Education more public schools, compulsory laws, McGuffey s Readers Colleges and Universities Increased due to land-grants under Morrill Act, philanthropists, women colleges (Smith, Bryn Mawr,, Mount Holyoke) New curriculum modern languages, sciences, research, inquiry German model
26 Realism in literature and art Mark Twain realist author, stepped away from romanticism of post-civil war Naturalist writers who explained how emotion and experience shape lives Stephen Crane Red Badge of Courage, Jack London Call of the Wild Painting Realism, Ashcan school, Whistler s Mother
27 Mass Culture Use of leisure spectator sports, circus, wild west show Publishing and journalism Mass- circulation newspapers - Pulitzer s World, and Hearst s Journal and magazines like Ladies Home Journal
28 National Politics, : The Gilded Age Forgettable presidents Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, and Fillmore Issues - Tariffs, Money, Patronage Tariff controversy Democrats objected to high tariffs (raised prices on consumer goods), Republicans favored them (protect industry) Railroad Regulation Granger laws overturned, Interstate Commerce Act 1886 ineffective at first Trusts pros and cons?
29 Agrarian Discontent Problems falling prices, rising costs, middlemen costs, railroads and haul rates National Grange Movement (1870s) Oliver Kelley led to laws to protect farmers Munn vs. Illinois-state state to regulate business of public nature (RR) Farmer s alliances 1880 and 90s - Ocala platform 1. direct election of senators, 2. lower tariffs, 3. income tax, 4. new banking system, also wanted silver! influenced Populist Party
30 Crisis of the 1890s Populism People s Party Omaha Platform direct election of senators, initiative and referendums, silver!, income tax, 8 hour day for workers Political alliance to tackle trusts and laissez-faire capitalism Third-party
31 Silver Question Panic of 1893 due to over- speculation, bankrupt railroads, farm foreclosures Cleveland championed gold standard Coxey s Army jobless on march to Washington wanted public works program denied and sent home Debtors wanted silver!
32 Election of 1896 McKinley (Republican) vs. Bryan (Democrat/ Populist) William Jennings Bryan and Cross of Gold Speech McKinley and Hanna campaign compared to Bryan? Bryan hurt by rising wheat prices and scared workers
33 Significance of election of 1896 Wizard of Oz End of stalemated politics in Gilded Age Era of Republican dominance Populist demise Urban dominance Modern politics international affairs
34 Progressive Era Origins of Progressivism Progressive attitudes and motives diverse, but many from middle class city - improve lives and preserve democracy for the people The Muckrakers phrase coined by? Magazines exposed corruption Lincoln Steffens and Ida Tarbell
35 Municipal, state, and national Political: suffrage reforms Secret ballot Direct primaries (started by La Follette of Wisconsin nominated by voters!) Direct election of senators ( th Amendment) Initiative, referendum, and recall Cities take control of water supplies, gas lines, electric power plants, urban transportation systems
36 Socialism: alternatives 1901 Socialist Party of America Eugene V. Debs candidate for president in 5 elections (1912 almost a million votes), involved earlier in Pullman strike, critic of business and champion of labor Influence on public ownership of utilities, 8 hour day, and pensions
37 Black America Washington-Tuskegee and work for equality Du Bois- wrote Souls of Black Folk - criticized Washington and demanded equality Garvey Back to Africa 2. Urban migration North and cities 3. Civil rights organizations Niagara Movement and NAACP, National Urban League
38 Women s role: family, work, education, unionization, and suffrage Carrie Chapman Catt president of NAWSA National American Women Suffrage Association wanted vote to empower women and care for family in industrial society Alice Paul militant suffragists pickets, parades, and hunger strikes Nineteenth Amendment 1920 women s suffrage after WWI
39 Roosevelt s Square Deal anthracite coal strike actions? 1. Managing the trusts trustbuster targeted railroads Northern Securities Company ICC Elkins Act (1903) Consumer Protection Upton Sinclair s The Jungle Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act
40 Conservation Forest Reserve Act (1891) used to preserve more federal land Newlands Reclamation Act irrigation projects
41 TR and Taft 1. Pinchot (TR s man)- Ballinger (Sec. Of Interior) Controversy Pinchot criticized Ballinger s sale of public lands in Alaska Taft fired Pinchot 2. Payne-Aldrich tariffs promised to lower tariffs, raised them busted more trusts than TR Split in Progressive Party TR and Taft
42 Foreign Policy, Seward and the Purchase of Alaska 1867 Seward s Folly? Seward s icebox? Russia? The new imperialism needed markets and sources of raw materials
43 International Darwinism: missionaries, politicians, and naval expansionists Missionaries and Josiah Strong s Anglo-Saxon fittest Republican politicians protect industry Mahan s Sea Power
44 Spanish American War (1898) Causes Splendid Little War? Jingoism (extreme nationalism) Cuban revolt Yellow press De Lome letter Sinking of the Maine McKinley s War message end barbarities, protect American property, injury to business and trade, and menace to our peace
45 Remember the Maine!
46 Cuban independence Teller Amendment once peace, Cuba would control own government Rough Riders Platt Amendment (1901) resented by Cuban nationalists had to agree never to sign a treaty that impaired independence, don t build up debt, US could intervene if problems, naval base at Guantanamo Bay
47 Debate on Philippines Victory at Manila Bay Commodore George Dewey Aided by rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo turned against US when independence not granted fought for 3 years Benevolent Assimilation Result of war Cuban independence and US acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines
48 The Far East John Hay and the Open Door Policy concerned about spheres of influence, passed to ensure US access to trade Boxer Rebellion (1900) attacked foreigners
49 Far East Russo-Japanese War ( ) Treaty of Portsmouth TR and Nobel Prize Gentlemen s Agreement schools and immigration from Japan Great White Fleet Root-Takahira Agreement US and Japan mutual respect of each other s possessions in Pacific
50 Theodore Roosevelt The Panama Canal Revolution in Panama Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) US build on own Building the canal dangerous, Dr. Gorgas - helped eliminate yellow fever due to mosquitoes Important connection for trade and for military purposes
51 Roosevelt Corollary US would intervene whenever necessary in Latin America Police Power Manage collection of European debts Strengthened the Monroe Doctrine
52 Taft and Dollar Diplomacy Belief that American financial investment in China and Latin America would lead to greater stability there hurt by anti- imperialism
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