Rethinking Political Violence. Series editor Roger Mac Ginty Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies University of Manchester Manchester, UK

Transcription

1 Rethinking Political Violence Series editor Roger Mac Ginty Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies University of Manchester Manchester, UK

2 This series provides a new space in which to interrogate and challenge much of the conventional wisdom of political violence. International and multidisciplinary in scope, this series explores the causes, types and effects of contemporary violence connecting key debates on terrorism, insurgency, civil war and peace-making. The timely Rethinking Political Violence offers a sustained and refreshing analysis reappraising some of the fundamental questions facing societies in conflict today and understanding attempts to ameliorate the effects of political violence. More information about this series at

3 Sara Hellmüller The Interaction Between Local and International Peacebuilding Actors Partners for Peace

4 Sara Hellmüller swisspeace Bern, Switzerland Rethinking Political Violence ISBN ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: Antrey Getty Images Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

5 To Anna

6 Preface The idea for this book came out of the puzzlement I felt when observing the interaction between local and international peacebuilding actors in Ituri in the north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Even though they had complementary programs and comparative advantages, they often did not cooperate. Therefore, I set out to explore the reasons for this lack of cooperation and to assess avenues to overcome them. The book is thus not to be read as accusation of either local or international peacebuilding actors of not contributing to peace, but exactly the opposite. The job that they are doing is highly challenging; many risk their lives and invest heavily, in professional and private terms. Given this investment, the book attempts to show how to maximize the potential of these efforts by overcoming the dynamics that run counter to the objective that all peacebuilding actors share: to build peace as sustainably as possible. vii

7 Acknowledgments I am indebted to my interview partners and participants in focus group discussions as well as persons who provided invaluable support in Ituri and Kinshasa. This mostly concerns Suzane Adubango, Camilla Dogliotti, Cyprien Gangnon, Aude Le Goff, Roger Kasereka, Pacifique Musaghi Kubota Freddy and Jonathan Ukelo Wanok. Jean Louis Bamuhiga went out of his way to facilitate contacts, organize interviews, answer my endless questions and provide occasions for presenting and testing my findings in Bunia. I sincerely thank him for his support without which I would not have managed to have access to such a wide range of interlocutors. Eric Mongo Malolo invited me to field missions and reunions whenever he could. His commitment to work for peace in Ituri is unique and has earned my deepest respect. Hector Lubamba Ngimbi helped me find my way around bustling Kinshasa and I thank him and his family for the hospitality they offered me. I would also like to thank the members of my doctoral committee, Laurent Goetschel, Didier Péclard and Séverine Autesserre, for their most helpful guidance, advice and support throughout the research process. My thanks also go to my colleagues at swisspeace who provided highly valuable feedback and an environment to discuss ideas. I am particularly grateful to Briony Jones, Corinne von Burg, David Lanz, Dominik Balthasar, Jamie Pring, Julia Palmiano Federer, Julie Bernath, Martina Santschi, Matthias Siegfried, Stefan Bächtold and Yosra Nagui. A special thanks to Mathias Zeller for his comments on numerous chapters and for helping me sharpen many of the arguments made in this book. Alex Veit s remarks on parts of this book when it was still a dissertation and Simon Mason s ix

8 x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS review of the book proposal were both very helpful. My thanks also go to Roger Mac Ginty, Samantha Snedden and Sarah Roughley for their support during the publishing process. Joyce Maxwell provided much appreciated help with language editing and Toni Joller with graphic design. I would also like to thank my parents, Priska and Franz Hellmüller, who have given me strong roots in a local context as well as the passion to explore new environments with an always open spirit. My sister, Lea Hellmüller, merits my gratitude for having taught me intellectual curiosity and for always having been a role model in terms of perseverance and positive thinking. I am also most grateful to my parents-in-law, Vittoria and Raul Tepedino, for their affection and generosity. My thanks also go to Martina Oppliger, Yasemin Eren, Alice Ochsenbein, David Wälti and Yves König for their friendship that has uplifted me since the very beginning of this project. I express my heartfelt thanks to Sergio Tepedino for his love and constant encouragement. I am deeply grateful to have such a beautiful mind closely by my side. The Swiss National Science Foundation, the Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft Basel and swisspeace provided financial support for the research presented in this book. The content of the book is my sole responsibility and does not reflect the views of those who supported me.

9 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Analyzing the Interaction 31 3 Perceiving the War 61 4 Perceiving Each Other Perceiving Peace Conclusion 213 Appendix 223 Index 229 xi

10 Glossary Ituri district/ituri province Local and international peacebuilding actors The status of Ituri changed from district to province on March 2, 2015 as foreseen in the constitution of This book is concerned with a time ( ) when Ituri was still a district and thus refers to it as such. For maps of the Democratic Republic of Congo before and after the change, please see Appendix. The book is about local and international peacebuilding actors. It uses the terms local and international rather than other terms (e.g., outsider/insider; Northern/ Southern; internal/external; top-down/ bottom-up), because they most appropriately distinguish those peacebuilding actors active exclusively at the sub-national level of a given country (e.g., in Ituri) from those active in several countries. Chapter 1 defines the terms in more details. xiii

11 xiv Glossary Local, national, regional, international levels This book distinguishes four geographical levels. Local refers to the sub-national level (e.g., Ituri), national refers to the level of a state (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo), regional refers to an area encompassing several states (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Uganda) and international refers to an area englobing several regions.

12 List of Abbreviations ADF AFDL AMAB ASII AU CAN CAS CDJP Bunia CESVI CFI CHS CLPD CONADER COOPI CPI CRC DAC DCR Allied Democratic Forces Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo/Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo Association des Mamans Anti-Bwaki/Association of Mothers Anti-Bwaki Administration Spéciale et Intérimaire de l Ituri/Ituri Interim Administration African Union Community Alert Network Civil Affairs Section Commission Diocésaine Justice et Paix Bunia/Justice and Peace Commission for the Diocese of Bunia Cooperazione e Sviluppo/Cooperation and Development Commission Foncière de l Ituri/Ituri Land Commission Commission on Human Security Comité Local de Paix et de Développement/Local Peace and Development Committee Commission Nationale pour la Démobilisation et la Réinsertion/National Commission for Demobilization and Reintegration Cooperazione Internazionale/International Cooperation Commission de Pacification de l Ituri/Ituri Pacification Commission Centre Résolution Conflits/Conflict Resolution Center Development Assistance Committee Disarmament and Community Reinsertion Programme xv

13 xvi List of Abbreviations DDR DFID DRC Ecopaix EU EUFOR EUPOL EUSEC FAR FARDC FGD FLC FLEVICA FNI FOMI FONER FPJC FRPI ICC IDP ILP MLC MONUC MONUSCO MRC NGO NPM Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Department for International Development Democratic Republic of Congo À l École de la Paix/In the School of Peace European Union European Union Force European Union Police Mission European Union Advisory and Assistance Mission for Security Sector Reform Forces Armées Rwandaises/Rwandan Armed Forces Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo/ Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo Focus Group Discussion Front de Libération du Congo/Congolese Liberation Front Fleuves d Eau Vive qui Coulent aux Autres/Rivers of Pure Water that Flow to Others Front des Nationalistes et Intégrationnistes/Nationalist and Integrationist Front Forum des Mamans de l Ituri/Forum of Mothers of Ituri Fonds National d Entretien Routier/National Fund for Road Maintenance Front Populaire pour la Justice au Congo/Popular Front for Justice in Congo Force de Résistance Patriotique en Ituri/Patriotic Resistance Front in Ituri International Criminal Court Internally Displaced Person Initiative Locale de Paix/Local Initiative for Peace Mouvement de Libération du Congo/Movement for the Liberation of the Congo Mission de l Organisation des Nations Unies en République Démocratique du Congo/United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Mission de l Organisation des Nations Unies pour la Stabilisation en République Démocratique du Congo/United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Mouvement Révolutionnaire Congolais/Congolese Revolutionary Movement Non-Governmental Organization Noyau Pacifiste des Mamans/Pacifist Nucleus of Women

14 List of Abbreviations xvii OCHA OECD OHCHR ONUC PNC PUSIC QIP RCD RCD-K RCD-ML RCN RHA SFCG SSR TFV TRC UN UN DPKO UN HABITAT UNDP UNEF UNFICYP UNHCR UNICEF UNIFIL UNOPS UNTSO UPC UPDF USAID United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Opération des Nations Unies au Congo/United Nations Operation in the Congo Police Nationale Congolaise/Congolese National Police Parti pour l'unité et la Sauvegarde de l'intégrité du Congo/ Party for the Unity and the Safeguard of the Integrity of the Congo Quick Impact Project Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie/Congolese Rally for Democracy Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie-Kisangani/ Congolese Rally for Democracy-Kisangani Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie-Mouvement de Libération/Congolese Rally for Democracy-Liberation Movement Réseau Citoyens/Citizens Network Réseau Haki na Amani/Justice and Peace Network Search for Common Ground Security Sector Reform Trust Fund for Victims Truth and Reconciliation Commission United Nations United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations United Nations Human Settlements Programme United Nations Development Programme United Nations Emergency Force United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Children s Fund United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon United Nations Office for Project Services United Nations Truce Supervision Organization Union des Patriotes Congolais/Union of Congolese Patriots Uganda People s Defence Force United States Agency for International Development

15 List of Figures and Tables Figures Fig. 3.1 Democratic Republic of Congo before 2015 (United Nations, Map No Rev.10, July 2011) 64 Tables Table 1.1 Conflict issues 7 xix