IRISH FREEDOM. Copyright, Dave Kershaw, Background

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1 IRISH FREEDOM Copyright, Dave Kershaw, Background This game simulates the Irish War of Independence from 1919 to It then covers the Irish Civil War from 1922 to As the player, you play the Irish rebel forces fighting for Independence against the British in the War of Independence. If you are successful in this, you then play the Free State forces against the Republican irregulars in the Irish Civil War. Game play involves moving your forces, represented by counters, on a map of Ireland. You can also raise fresh forces to help your armed operations. A simulated enemy move will attempt to prevent your victory. Victory is achieved by a combination of how quickly you can win the War of Independence and how quickly/completely you can win the Civil War. Game terminology Unfortunately, in Ireland terminology is fraught with political meaning. So this will offend someone, or maybe everyone. Oh well, this is the terminology the game uses: Term Ireland IRA Northern Ireland Free State Republicans British Irish The Treaty What it means in the game The whole island of Ireland, including Ulster. Nothing. This name was used by the Irish forces fighting the British in the War of Independence, and it was then used by both sides as the name of their armed forces fighting each other. Even today there are several organisations in Ireland that use this name for their armed forces. Too confusing to use. Although Northern Ireland only consists of 6 of the 9 counties that make up the province of Ulster, in the game Ulster will be synonymous with Northern Ireland, not least because in the 1920s the border was still disputed. This is the state that was set up from the Treaty with Britain that ended the War of Independence, and which evolved into the Republic of Ireland we know today. In the game, the Free State is your side in the Civil War. Your forces are the Free State forces (blue units). This is the side that was opposed to the Treaty with Britain at the end of the War of Independence that set up the Free State. They are the enemy in the Civil War, and their units are green. Please note that in the War of Independence you will control both the Green Republican and Blue Free State units, as they were on the same side at that point. As well as the British army, this term includes all forces that fought against the Irish rebels, even though most of them were Irish themselves. All red and Orange counters are British. Although plenty of Irish fought on the British side, in the game, Irish forces are all those that fight against the British in the War of Independence. In the Civil War, both the Free State and Republican forces are Irish. The British in Northern Ireland are still the British. This is the agreement between the Irish and the British that ended the War of Independence, and set the stage for the Civil War. The pro-treaty side are represented by the Free State forces (you) and the anti-treaty side are represented by the Republicans.

2 The Map There is map of Ireland is divided into six Regions, each of which is divided into four Areas. The six Regions correspond to broad geographical portions of Ireland, concentrating on those where the fighting was heaviest: 1. Dublin This represents the city of Dublin, as well as the surrounding counties. 2. Midlands This represents the central portion of Ireland. Geographically a large area, but it saw little fighting. 3. Ulster Consists of both the six counties now comprising Northern Ireland, and the neighbouring parts of Ulster, notably Donegal. 4. The West The West coast from Limerick up almost to Sligo. Includes the counties of Limerick, Mayo, Galway and Clare. Only Limerick is represented as a city due to its strategic value in the wars. 5. Cork Covers the Southern portion of Ireland from Cork in the West to Wexford in the East. 6. Kerry Although this is the smallest Area, it was the heartland of the the rebel forces fighting the British, and then the Munster Republic fortress of the Republicans in the Civil War. As well as county Kerry, it includes West county Cork. Each Region is numbered, as above. This is important for two things: You can determine a Region randomly by rolling a six-sided die ( D6 ). A roll of a further D6 compared the the Region number will determine the type of forces raised. Regions are connected to each other roads show which Region connects to which other Region. For example, Kerry connects to Cork and The West. The small white numbers are to help determine a road randomly. Within a Region, the four Areas are also numbered, so that one can be randomly selected with a roll of a D6. The letters in coloured circles are only to help with setting up the game. Each Area has a type of terrain representing it. There are 3 types of terrain in the game: 1. City: The large Urban Areas, distinct in size and prestige from other towns in Ireland. They are Belfast, Cork city, Limerick city and Dublin city, which, due to its size, covers 2 Areas. 2. Townland: A generic terrain of Ireland, covering the open, rolling green fields and their associated villages and towns. 3. Bogland: Above the townlands and at the edges of fertile lands, boglands cover a range of rough upland grass, mountainous heath and outright swamp. Still, the Area is scattered with rudimentary farms and microscopic villages and offers excellent refuge, or ambush opportunity, for a small group of rebels on the run. The map has a grid numbered 1 to 10, which can be used to keep track of the turn number and also morale levels. There is also a red box for the War of Independence where eliminated British units (red only) that affect morale can be placed, as an aide-memoir.

3 The counters There are several counters in the game, most representing the fighting forces. British forces have a red or orange background, Irish have blue or green. British forces: Red represents Crown forces there are 3 types of these: Army The British army fresh from beating the Germans in the Great War, probably the best soldiers in the world. Except they are no longer fighting a conventional enemy, and the war is supposed to be over. RIC Royal Irish Constabulary. The armed police force in Ireland. Charged with keeping order, including suppressing local rebels. Tans The infamous Black and Tans. Irregular soldiers with little interest in Ireland except in keeping themselves alive, collecting pay, and collecting scalps. Brutal and, sometimes, effective. Orange represents forces loyal to the Crown, but not officially beholden to the Crown UVF Ulster Volunteer Force a paramilitary force raised before the Great War to oppose Irish home rule, many members then fought in the Great War and they are a force to be reckoned with in their home Areas. Various protestant mobs that will intimidate local Areas and keep Irish forces occupied. Irish forces: Blue represents the rebel forces that will eventually join the pro-treaty (Free State) side in the Civil War. Green represents the rebel forces that eventually join the anti-treaty (Republican) side in the Civil War. s The mainstay of rebel forces small groups able to spring up, cause damage, and then melt away before they can be seriously confronted. s assorted protest groups, rioters, saboteurs and general nuisance makers who take precious resources and manpower to suppress. s (blue only) Better trained guerrillas with a semblance of military organisation and efficiency. Flying Columns (green only) More efficient guerrillas with better mobility to hit harder and run faster. Every armed force counter has 3 ratings. These are their strengths (from left to right) in Bogland, Townland and City terrain. For example, the Flying Column in 3-2-1, so it has a strength rating of 3 in Bogland, 2 in Townland and 1 in City terrain. All units can move within a Region from one Area to any other Area, except for s, which cannot move at all. All units can move between two Regions along a road, except for s, RIC, and UVF (and s).

4 The cards There are two sets of nine cards. The green ones are for the War of Independence only, while the blue ones are for the Civil War only. These cards add historical flavour to the game by generating random events, but could be omitted, if desired. War of Independence Set the turn counter to 1 on the turn track. Shuffle the two separate decks of cards (War of Independence and Civil War). Set the British morale points to 10. Find a regular six-sided die (D6). Set up units in the Regions are follows: 1. Dublin Place an RIC in the Townland, an Army in the City 3-4 Area, and a Blue Irish in the City 6 Area. 2. Midlands Place an RIC in the 3-4 Townland, and a Blue Irish in the 1-2 Bogland. 3. Ulster Place an RIC in the 5 Townland, place an Army and a UVF in the City, place another UVF in the 6 Townland, place a Green Irish in the Bogland. 4. The West Place an RIC in the City, place a Green Irish in the 1-2 Bogland. 5. Cork Place an RIC in the 1-2 Townland, place an Army in the City, place a Green Irish in the Bogland. 6. Kerry Place an RIC in the Townland, place a Green Flying column in the 1-2 Bogland. The map has small letters in coloured circles to help ease set-up: R = RIC, A = Army, U = UVF, F = Flying column, G =, M =. Irish units placed correspond to the colour of the circle. Turn Sequence The War of Independence consists of 6 phases, as detailed below: 1. Random event (skip on first turn) 2. Treaty check (skip on first turn) 3. British upgrade 4. British move 5. Irish move/recruit 6. End turn Random event phase Draw a card from the War of Independence deck. Perform the action noted on the card and then discard the card.

5 Treaty check phase Calculate the British Morale Points: 1 per Region with a British (red or orange) unit in it 1 per City Area without an Irish unit in it (i.e. contains either a British unit or is unoccupied) Subtract 1 per British unit eliminated (only Army, RIC or Tan. UVF and do not matter) Roll a D6. If the result is greater than the British morale points (obviously not possible if the morale points are 6 or greater), there is an immediate ceasefire and the Treaty happens. If the Treaty happens, skip the rest of the turn and perform the special Treaty sequence. British upgrade phase Roll a single D6 to select a Region: If there is an RIC unit in this Region, remove it and replace it with a Tan counter. If there is no RIC, but there is a Tan counter in the Region, roll a D6 to determine an Area in the Region. Roll another D6 if this is greater than the Region number, place a Blue Irish mob in the Area, otherwise place a Green Irish. If there is no RIC or Tan counter in the Region, nothing happens. British move phase Roll a single D6 to select a Region. If there are no British units in the Region (or just s), nothing happens and proceed to the next phase. Otherwise, select the most powerful British unit in the Region. This will be Army, then Tans, then RIC, then UVF. s cannot be selected. If there are two or more units of the same power, select one of them randomly using whatever method you prefer. Immediately move this unit to the weakest Irish unit in the same Region. If there are two or more units of the same power, select one of them randomly using whatever method you prefer. If there are no Irish units in the Region, and the selected unit is Army or Tans (not RIC or UVF), roll a D6 and move the unit along the road selected to the adjacent Region, and place it on the weakest Irish unit there. If there is no Irish unit in that Region, roll randomly for which Area to place the unit in. (In the case where the selected unit is RIC or UVF and there is no Irish unit in the Region, nothing happens, and proceed to the next phase). At the end of the British move phase, if there is a British and Irish unit in the same Area, combat occurs (see combat section)

6 Irish move/recruit phase As the Irish player you have two actions in this phase. They are Recruit or Move. You can do both the same, or both different, in any order. Note that you may move a unit you have just recruited. Recruit select any Region. You may do one of the following: Replace a with a of the same colour (e.g. replace a blue with a blue ) Replace a blue with a blue Replace a green with a green Flying Column Roll a D6 to select an Area. Roll another D6 if this is greater than the Region number, place a Blue in the Area, otherwise place a Green. It does not matter if there is already another British or Irish unit in the Area. Move Select an Irish unit, other than a, in any Region. Move this unit as follows: move to any other Area in the same Region /Flying column move to any other Area in the same Region, or, move to any Area in any Region joined by a road. After the two actions are complete, if there are British and Irish units in the same Area, combat occurs (see combat section). End Turn phase 1. Advance the turn marker by Start a new turn, unless the turn marker is beyond turn 10 in this case, the game ends immediately with a British victory and you have lost (badly). Combat section This happens at the end of each phase where there are two opposing units occupying the same Area. Wait until the phase is completely over before resolving combat. The side that moved into the contested Area (or was recruited there) is the attacker, the side originally present in the Area is the defender. Total up the strength of the attackers for the Area's terrain and subtract the total strength of the defenders for the terrain. Then roll a D6 and add this to the result to get a combat score: 1 or less: 2 attackers eliminated, any other attackers retreat. 2: 1 attacker eliminated, any other attackers retreat. 3: All attackers retreat. 4: All defenders retreat. 5: 1 defender eliminated, any other defenders retreat. 6 or more: 2 defenders eliminated, any other defenders retreat.

7 Eliminated: Eliminate the weakest unit first. If two units are the same, chose one randomly. The victor in this combat may upgrade one unit. First, a mob is upgraded to a (of the same colour). Secondly, a blue is upgraded to a blue, while a green is upgraded to a green Flying Column. Again, if two units are tied for an upgrade, chose one randomly. British never upgrade through combat. Retreat: Roll a D6 the units move to that Area in the Region (which could be the same one the combat was just in). If this Area has units of opposing sides in it, fight another round of combat, with the retreating units as the attackers. Armoured cars and Artillery retreat with the loser. However, if the loser is entirely eliminated, replace the Armoured car or Artillery with a different colour. It remains in place as property of the victor. Optional rule: Sometimes one side or other will have a modifier of 4 or greater. In these cases, treat the worst possible result for that side as the enemy retreating, rather than an enemy elimination. Treaty sequence This is a special one-off event, which will end the Irish War of Independence and set the game up for the Civil War. The victory level in the War of Independence is determined by the turn: Turn 2-4 = 4 Victory points Turn 5-6 = 3 Victory points Turn 7-8 = 2 Victory points Turn 9 or 10 = Victory point Plus, you are awarded a bonus Victory point if there are more strength points of Irish forces in Ulster than there are British. 4+ Victory points = Major Irish Victory 3 Victory points = Good Irish Victory 2 Victory points = Historical Irish Victory 1 Victory points = Poor Irish Victory You can stop playing at this point, or if you want you can continue to the Civil war.

8 Civil War During the civil war, you will control the blue Irish units (Free State), while the green Irish units (Republican), and the remaining British units, will be the enemy. To set the game up for the Civil War follow the steps below: 1. Remove British units in all Regions, except for Ulster. 2. In Ulster, remove any Army, RIC or Tan counters. Place an RIC in the 5 Townland, place an Army in the City. Any UVF and/or counters remain in place. 3. Replace all blue s with blue s. 4. Replace all green s with green Flying columns. 5. Replace all Irish mobs with a counter of the same colour. 6. Roll for a random Irish recruitment in each Region, except Ulster. 7. Place a green unit in Area 6 of Dublin Region. 8. Place a blue unit in Area 3-4 of Dublin Region. 9. Place a blue Artillery counter on another blue counter in any Area of Dublin Region. 10. Place a blue Armoured car counter on another blue counter in any Area of any Region, except Ulster. 11. If there are any Areas with both blue and green Irish units, perform an immediate combat between them, as per the combat section, with the blue as the attackers. 12. If there are any Areas in Ulster with either blue or green Irish units and British units, perform an immediate combat, as per the combat section, with the Irish units as the attackers. 13. Place the turn marker on turn Remove the British morale counter and place the Republican morale marker - Set the Republican morale points as follows: 1 point for each Region with green Irish units 1 point if the above Region has no blue Irish or British units 1 point per City Area that does not contain blue Irish or British units Turn sequence The Civil War The turn sequence for the Civil War is very similar to the War of Independence, with 6 phases: 1. Random event (skip on first turn) 2. Surrender check (skip on first turn) 3. Republican upgrade/recruitment 4. Republican move 5. Free state move/recruit 6. End turn Random event phase Draw a card from the Civil War deck. Perform the action noted on the card and then discard the card.

9 Surrender check phase Calculate the Republican Morale points: 1 per Region with a Republican (green) unit in it 1 per Region with a Republican (green) unit in it and no British or Free State (blue) units in it 1 per city either unoccupied by any unit, or with a Republican (green) unit in it. Roll a D6. If the result is greater than the Republican morale points (obviously not possible if the morale points are 6 or greater), there is an immediate Republican surrender and the game ends see the Ending the Game sequence. Republican upgrade/recruitment phase Roll a D6 to select a Region. If a green is present, replace it with a green. If there is no green, but there is a green, replace it with a Flying Column. If the Region contains no green units, or just Flying column(s) roll a further D6 to select an Area, and then a final D6. If this final D6 is greater than the Region number, place a green in the selected Area, otherwise place a green in the selected Area. Republican move phase Roll a D6 to select a Region, if the Region contains no green Irish units or British units, nothing happens and proceed to the next phase. Otherwise, choose the strongest unit in the Region. This will be Army (British), then Flying Column (Republican), then RIC (British), then (Republican), then UVF (British). s cannot be selected. If there are two or more units of the same power, select one of them randomly using whatever method you prefer. Immediately move this unit to the weakest enemy unit in the same Region. For the British, this will be any Irish unit, whether green or blue. For the Republicans, this will be either a British or blue Irish unit. If there are two or more units of the same power, select one of them randomly using whatever method you prefer. If there are no enemy units, and the selected unit is a Republican Flying column (green Irish), roll a D6 and move the unit along the road selected to the adjacent Region, and place it on the weakest enemy unit there. If there is no enemy unit in that Region, roll randomly for which Area to place the unit in. (If the selected unit is not a Flying column and there are no units in the Region for it to attack, nothing happens and proceed to the next phase). (Green Armoured car or Artillery units will move along with any green Irish unit they started in the same Area with). Combat will now occur in any Area where there are British and Irish units (green or blue) in the same Area, or else Republican (green) and Free State (blue) units in the same Area (see combat section).

10 Free State move/recruit phase In this phase, you get three (not two) actions which can be either move or recruitment, in any combination and/or order. Units recruited with one action may be moved using another action. Recruitment: Place either a blue unit, or a blue Armoured car, or a blue Artillery in either one of the Dublin city Areas. However, an Armoured car or Artillery cannot be placed unless there is a blue Free State unit also present in the same Area. Move Select any blue Free State Irish unit, other than a, in any Region. Move this unit as follows: move to any other Area in the same Region. move to any other Area in the same Region, or, move to any Area in any Region joined by a road. Or special naval movement a starting in an Area with a port symbol may move to any other Area in any Region which also has a port symbol except for Ulster. Any one Armoured car or one artillery can move for free along with a, as long as it starts in the same Area as the. This includes special naval movement. Combat will now occur in any Area where there are British and Irish units (green or blue) in the same Area, or else Republican (green) and Free State (blue) units in the same Area (see combat section). End Turn phase 1. Advance the turn marker by Start a new turn, unless the turn marker is beyond turn 10 in this case, the game ends immediately with a Republican victory/british intervention and you have lost (extremely badly).

11 Ending the Game When the Republicans surrender, you gain victory points as follows: 1 Victory point if the surrender was on turn 5 or 6. 2 Victory points if the surrender was on turn 3 or 4. 3 Victory points if the surrender was before turn 3. 1 Victory point per Region with no units in it other than blue units. Total the Victory points from the War of Independence with the total above. The maximum possible is 5 from the War of Independence and 9 from the Civil War, for a total of or more = Major Victory (Michael Collins) 7 or 8 = Good Victory (The Wind that Shakes the Barley) 5 or 6 = Average Victory (The Field) 4 or less = Poor Victory (The Crying Game)

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13 Counters. Make more if you run out this does not represent any kind of limit. Strength is Bogland Townland City. For example a Flying column (Fly. Col.) is which is strength 3 in Bogland, strength 2 in Townland, and strength 1 in City. RIC RIC RIC RIC RIC RIC Tans Tans Tans Tans Tans Tans Army Army Army Army UVF UVF UVF Fly. Col Fly. Col. Fly. Col. Fly. Col. Fly. Col. Fly. Col A/Car Artillery A/Car Artillery Repub'n Morale A/Car A/Car Artillery Artillery Artillery British Morale TURN

14 Random events War of Independence deck: Tom Barry Kevin Barry Belfast Riots Place a Flying column on any British unit in Kerry. If none, place it on any British unit in Cork. If still none, place it in a random Area in Kerry. Tom Barry was an excellent strategist, springing ambushes and rendering West Cork ungovernable. Army Auxiliaries Roll two random Areas in two random Regions. Place a green in the first and a blue in the other. The hanging of the teenage Kevin Barry caused widespread revulsion: In Mountjoy jail one Monday morning High upon the gallows tree, Kevin Barry gave his young life For the cause of liberty. UVF mobilisation Place a British (orange) in a random Area in Ulster, and a green Irish in another random Area in Ulster. Events in the War caused the simmering tensions between Protestants and Catholics in Ulster to explode into violence. Limerick Soviet Place an additional Army unit in a random Area in a Random Region. Place a green in a random Area in the same Region. Specially recruited ex-officers from the British Army, the Auxiliaries were as hated and feared as the Black & Tans. Place a British (orange) UVF unit on any Irish unit in Ulster. If none, place it in a random Area in Ulster. The Ulster Covenant was signed by almost half a million people. Popular support for the UVF was high in Ulster. British units cannot move from one Region to another this turn. The Limerick Soviet was a Trade union strike action that took over Limerick city. Similar strikes elsewhere hampered British Army movements. G Division Bloody Sunday Reprisals Replace any Irish non- unit in either of the Dublin City Areas with a of the same colour. If none, no effect. Eliminate any RIC unit in Dublin Region. If there is none, replace any Tan counter in Dublin with an RIC counter. If still none, no effect. Roll a random Area in each Region. If there is a unit in that Area, it must immediately be moved to another random Area. G Division was a special branch of the Dublin Metropolitan Police responsible for counterinsurgency and intelligence operations. One of many Bloody Sundays in Ireland's history. The Squad, an elite group of assassins under Michael Collins, crippled British intelligence in Dublin. Reprisals were a savage and frequent aspect of the War. Towns were burnt. Informers, whether real or imagined, were shot. Old scores were settled and petty vengeances satisfied.

15 Random events Civil War deck: Churchill The Mutineer Border Campaign Place a blue Artillery on any blue. The British supported the pro-treaty Free State forces, supplying arms and ammunition. It is rumoured that Winston Churchill and Michael Collins became great friends. Michael Collins Roll to select a random Region with a green unit present. Place a green Armoured car on the strongest green unit in the Region. The anti-treaty republicans were short of heavy weapons, which would severely hamper them. The Mutineer was the name of one of their few armoured cars. Emmet Dalton Place a green Irish in a random Area in Ulster. In Northern Ireland, Irish units were anti-treaty, but remained largely neutral in the civil war. Fighting took place with the British over border towns and villages. Dublin Guards Any one attack of your choice in either Cork or Kerry gains the Free State forces a +2 modifier to their strength Michael Collins, The Big Fella, was a driving force behind the Free State campaign. He was killed leading his forces in the final campaigns in Cork and Kerry. Liam Lynch This turn only, you may make a single Naval landing at any Area in any Region with no port symbol, apart from Ulster and The Midlands. Dalton devised the successful seaborne landing strategy that outflanked the Republicans, personally leading the landing that captured Cork. The Big House Nominate any blue unit. This unit gets a +1 in any attack this turn, but raise a green in a random Area in the Region the attack takes place. The Dublin Guards were the elite fighting force in the Free State army. Like the Black & Tans before them, they became a figure of fear and hatred to the Republicans. Executions Place a green Flying Column in a random Area in a random Region. Liam Lynch was the principle Republican strategist, even if his strategy was hampered by the regional nature and ineffectiveness of his forces. He gave the order for the Republicans to disperse and use warfare. Roll for a random Region other than Ulster. Remove the weakest green Unit from play in that Region (randomly decide, if more than one) Some anti-treaty Republicans resorted to attacks on local Protestants (in The Big House ). It is estimated that the Protestant population was reduced by a quarter during the war. Select a random Area in a random Region. Place a green in that Area. The Free State captured many prominent Republicans, and showed little hesitation to execute them in an attempt to intimidate those still at large.

16 IRISH FREEDOM Play Aid Sheet Phase War of Independence Civil War Random event* Draw card from green deck. Draw card from blue deck. Treaty/Surrender check* Enemy upgrade Enemy movement Player move/recruit Calculate British Morale: +1 per Region with British forces. +1 per City without Irish forces. -1 per eliminated Army, RIC, or Tan. Roll a D6 greater than British morale points triggers the Treaty sequence. Randomly select Region: If RIC present, replace with Tan. If no RIC, but Tan is present, determine random area, D6 higher than Region number = place blue, otherwise green. No RIC or Tan = nothing happens. Randomly select Region: Move strongest British unit to weakest Irish unit. No Irish unit = Army or Tan can move to adjacent Region and weakest unit there. 2 Actions: Move any unit except to Area in same Region. Move or Flying column to Area in same or any Area in Region connected by road. Upgrade: Any to Any green to Flying column Any blue to Recruit: Select Region. Randomly select area. D6 higher than Region number = place blue, otherwise green. Calculate Republican Morale: +1 per Region with green forces. +1 if this Region has no blue/british forces. +1 per City unoccupied or occupied by green units. Roll a D6 greater than the Republican morale points triggers the End game phase. Randomly select Region: Upgrade green to. Otherwise, upgrade green to Flying column. Otherwise select random Area, and D6 higher than Region number = place green, otherwise green. Randomly select Region: Move strongest British/Republican unit. British move to weakest green or blue unit. Republicans move to weakest British or green unit. No unit to move to, Flying column only can move to adjacent Region and weakest unit there. 3 Actions: Move any unit except to Area in same Region. Move to Area in same or any Area in Region connected by road. Or, if started on a port, to any other port. 1 Armoured car or Artillery may be moved with unit. Upgrade: Any to Any to Recruit: Must be placed in Dublin city Area., Artillery, or Armoured car. End Turn Advance turn marker (Turn 11 = You lose!) Advance turn marker (Turn 11 = You lose!) * skip this phase on the first turn only. Treaty sequence Remove all British except UVF/. Ulster = RIC in 5 Townland, Army in City. Upgrade s, then upgrade s. Roll for a random Irish recruitment in each Region, except Ulster. Dublin Area 6 = green ; Area 3-4 = blue. Blue Artillery anywhere in Dublin; Blue Armoured car anywhere (not Ulster). Resolve combat British vs green/blue, then green vs. blue. Turn marker on Turn 1. Set Republican morale points. Victory points War of Independence Treaty on turn 2-4 = 4 Victory points Treaty on turn 5-6 = 3 Victory points Treaty on turn 7-8 = 2 Victory points Treaty on turn 9 or 10 = 1 Victory point +1 Victory point if there are more strength points of Irish forces in Ulster than there are British. Combat section (between units in same Area) Total strength for Area's terrain. Subtract defender from attacker. Add D6: 1 or less: 2 attackers eliminated, rest retreat. 2: 1 attacker eliminated, rest retreat. 3: All attackers retreat. 4: All defenders retreat. 5: 1 defender eliminated, rest retreat. 6 or more: 2 defenders eliminated, rest retreat. Elimination: Weakest first. Victor may upgrade ( before Guerilla). Armoured car/artillery captured if all units eliminated. Retreat: Roll for random Area (could be same Area). Resolve combat again if required. Victory points Civil War 1 Victory point if the surrender was on turn 5 or 6. 2 Victory points if the surrender was on turn 3 or 4. 3 Victory points if the surrender was before turn 3. 1 Victory point per Region with no green/british units. 9 or more = Major Victory (Michael Collins) 5 or 6 = Average Victory (The Field) 7 or 8 = Good Victory (The Wind that Shakes the Barley) 4 or less = Poor Victory (The Crying Game)

17 Game design notes and historical commentary. There are very few games on either the Irish War of Independence, or the subsequent Civil War. This has mildly annoyed me, since I live in Ireland, and I have wondered why this is. It is not a well documented period of history. The British don't want to mention a defeat. The Irish spend far too much on the brief 1916 rising and, also don't really want to mention a shameful Civil War - on top of that, the losers of the Civil War after a brief period out of power, came back and, as the Fianna Fail party dominated politics for half a century. I have no proof, but I think that writing about the Civil War would have been frowned upon by the powers that be. Your career could be at stake. Fianna Fail have had a lot of allegations against them, and whether true or not, it would certainly make one think twice. As wars go, neither of them were particularly heavy in terms of casualties. And both could have been easily avoided. The War of Independence can be indirectly blamed on the Germans. In 1912, after years (centuries, some would say) of resistance, the British parliament passed the Irish Home Rule bill. The bill then began to grind its way through parliament to become law. This was widely approved in Ireland, apart from the North-east, where the largely Protestant population feared for their future in what would be a largely Catholic state. They started to arm themselves as the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), and so did their Irish nationalist adversaries as th Irish Volunteers. Civil war looked likely, but was happily averted by the sudden arrival of several million heavily armed Germans in Belgium and France. Both the UVF and the Irish Volunteers then went and joined the British army to fight the common foe. Meanwhile, the home rule bill was suspended for the war's duration, but sure it would all be over by Christmas... wouldn't it? It wasn't, and by 1916 some more radical Nationalists (called Republicans) got fed up and in Easter staged a farcical uprising, limited to those units that didn't get the message that it had been called off - including even an advert in a newspaper! It was crushed, but the hanging of the leaders, and the increasing harshness of British measures as the war progressed caused a sea-change in public opinion. In the 1918 general election, almost all of Ireland (notably not the Protestant North-east) voted in the Sinn Fein party, which refused to sit in the British parliament and, in 1919 declared Irish independence. Desultory fighting started between the new Irish Republican Army (IRA) and British forces. This is the point at which the game starts, with IRA units of varying capability in most areas of Ireland, and British garrisons (mostly Royal Irish Constabulary) throughout. In 1920 the home rule bill (remember it) passed, but by now with a special amendment allowing two parliaments - one for the North-east (now called Northern Ireland) and one for the rest of Ireland. Sinn Fein ignored it, as they already considered themselves independent, while Northern Ireland voted itself into existence. The game shows this effect with Northern Ireland having extra military units of the UVF. As the war progressed, the IRA were most successful in the Southern parts of Ireland, and the British forces were gradually excluded from the countryside and limited to towns. The game simulates this by giving different units different strength depending on the terrain - IRA guerrillas and Flying columns are best in the countryside, the British better in the urban areas. Part of the British response was to organise extra para-military forces to supplement the beleaguered RIC (Royal Irish Constabulary) who were bearing the brunt of IRA attacks. These were the infamous Black and Tans (so called because of their mismatched uniforms) who were assigned to RIC

18 barracks to give them improved firepower. The game shows this policy through the upgrading of RIC units to Tans, which are better units. However, the Black & Tans, along with regular British forces, were not well disciplined and were prone to taking out their frustrations on innocent Irish bystanders and Irish property. This obviously acted as a recruiting agent for anti-british activity, which is why the game has the possibility for s to be raised during the British upgrade phase. The other paramilitary force raised by Britain to supplement their forces was the Auxiliaries. These were ex-officers from the British army made redundant by the end of the Great War. They operated separately, and were much more efficient than the Tans. They were also prone to the same indiscipline as the Tans, so their arrival as a card event also generates a corresponding Irish. It should be noted that the units are not representative of any particular formation, or numbers. The British army in Ireland was tens of thousands strong, and there were 10,000 members of the RIC, but the IRA and affiliated formations probably never numbered more than a few thousand active guerrillas. The presence or absence of a counter signifies that the Area is under active operational control. Elimination of a counter is not the death of everyone in that unit, but simply represents the removal of influence. Thus, an RIC elimination will simulate the withdrawal from exposed, remote barracks (as happened in the war), and an unwillingness to leave the remaining barracks. An IRA elimination will represent arrests and unwillingness of volunteers to leave their day-jobs for dangerous guerrilla activity. s represent something else again. They are not actual rioters (although that can be part of their description), rather they simulate a polarising of public opinion in an Area resulting in actions that will be detrimental to British activity (except for the one Unionist, which would be hostile to Irish activity). s represent passive and active civilian resistance, ranging from strikes and riots to simpler sabotage and lack of cooperation. Repressing a mob is usually easy, but if left to fester, they can be upgraded to better guerrilla units. This is the expected outcome of uncoordinated resistance becoming organised into a semblance of military effectiveness. Guerillas are the mainstay of the IRA. They, too, can be upgraded. In the War of Independence, the better guerrilla forces called themselves flying columns - a reference to their mobility and ability to hit and run. In the game this is represented by s being restricted to their home Region, while Flying Columns and s can move between Regions. Is should be noted that s at this point in the war would have referred to themselves as Flying Columns. The game makes a distinction to show the difference between the forces that became anti-treaty and those that were pro-treaty. The War of Independence ended with this Treaty. With neither side able to win, and the British half expecting the home rule bill to have solved things in the first place, a peace treaty was signed. In the game, you are aiming to force Britain to the Treaty table. If the British think they are winning, they will not be interested in a treaty. This is abstracted in the game as British Morale. You decrease the British Morale by eliminating Army and RIC, and also by dominating the Regions and Cities. The Treaty gave Southern Ireland (now called the Free State) Dominion status (like in Australia or Canada), with the King still as head of state, and cemented the separation of Northern Ireland. Naturally, this disgusted the more radical elements of Sinn Fein (led by Eamon De Valera), and IRA military units who considered that they had won and so should have full independence. An election in 1922 was won handily by the pro-treaty Sinn Fein, but this did not solve things and fighting started as the pro-treaty IRA forces, under Michael Collins, started to assert themselves over the anti-treaty IRA forces. At this point, the player's forces are split - largely along historical lines, with the South

19 containing more anti-treaty forces, and the East more pro-treaty forces. As the player, you control the Free State forces against the anti-treaty republicans. This also means that you need to be careful how you fight the British in the War of Independence, since you will be raising troops that may not be loyal to the Free State! This is the reasoning behind the numbering of the regions. The higher the number, the more likely the IRA there would be anti-treaty. In the game, this is mapped to the historical divisions, where the IRA in the East were more likely to be pro-treaty, while in the West they were anti. Initially outnumbered, the Free State forces rapidly mobilised and quite quickly crushed the Republicans. They used innovative tactics, notably landing troops by ship at key points behind enemy lines, and were able to win battles because they generally had artillery and armour (armoured cars) while the republicans didn't. In the game you can perform naval landings, and you have attached artillery and armoured car units to give a bonus in combat. The Ulster Question Not so much a question as an unsolved physics conundrum, it does mean that Ulster is treated somewhat differently in the game. The primary reason is that in the early 1900s, Protestants associated most closely with the ruling classes in Ireland, and they were most concentrated in Ulster. Home rule for Ireland would mean that the ruling class would be Catholic, and that was a threat. Therefore, when the War of Independence broke out, Protestants were almost entirely on the side of the British. In practical game terms, this means that the paramilitary UVF in Ulster are going to fight against any Irish units in their Areas, but they will not leave Ulster. Since the initial aim of the Irish was to gain control over the whole Island (something that, ironically, the British were going to give them for free in 1914), as a player you will get a bonus victory point if you manage to get military dominance in Ulster. After the treaty, the Protestants in Ulster had sufficiently made their case, so that part of the treaty involved partitioning Ireland into two jurisdictions. Just temporarily until they could sort out their differences. This means that Ulster will be of very little value in the Civil War because of its large number of forces. If you want to try the game with the assumption that the treaty involved a united Ireland, remove the Army and RIC in Ulster, and place one UVF in each non-bogland Area, plus an orange in the City Area. A personal appeal: This is foremost a game and a historical conflict simulation (a wargame ). It does not intend to make any political points, and is not intended to cause offence. If you disagree with some of the commentary above, feel free to change the set up of the units in the game, or make new cards, to fit your own viewpoint. But most of all, have fun!

20 Biographies Some of the more interesting/important characters of the War of Independence and Civil War. Irish - pro-treaty Michael Collins ( ) Thanks, in part, to a Hollywood film, Collins is the best known Irish figure from the War of Independence and Civil War. A radical Republican from an early age, he was involved in the Easter rising, fighting in the Dublin GPO, an experience that taught him much about military strategy. His considerable talents and charisma led to him being appointed to a number of vital roles in the lead up to, and during, the War of Independence including the critical posts of Finance, Intelligence and command of the army. Operating with impunity in Dublin (often in broad view of the enemy) he organised a key group of assassins, called The Squad who killed important members of the British military intelligence operation. He was one of the representatives sent to London to negotiate the Treaty, famously commenting that by signing it, he had signed his own death warrant. The victory of the Free State in the Civil War was largely down to Collin's understanding of the importance of logistics, as well as his ability to win the key figures in the army over to his side. Thus, while the antitreaty forces were numerically superior at the start of the Civil War, Collins had carefully denied them the organisation and arms that could have given them victory. As Commander in Chief of the Free State army he drove the Civil war in a successful direction, enlarging the army with experienced soldiers returned from the Great War, heavy weapons from the British, and open to original ideas like Armoured cars and Naval landings. He was killed in an ambush while in his home County of Cork it is rumoured on his way to meet with Anti-treaty commanders to arrange a ceasefire. Eoin O'Duffy ( ) Joined the Irish Volunteers early in 1917, and was the first IRA commander to capture an RIC barracks in His obvious military ability led to his rise through the ranks, supported by Michael Collins, to Chief of Staff. He supported the treaty, and he was the commander responsible for the capture of Limerick. It is after the wars though, that his career took a decidedly odd turn. At first things were OK he successfully reorganised the new police service (Garda), but was dismissed by Eamon de Valera when he came to power in the 30s. O'Duffy was involved is setting up the paramilitary Blueshirts to defend pro-treaty political meetings from attacks from anti-treaty paramilitaries (who wore green shirts). He was increasingly becoming influenced by fascism, which was in vogue in the 1930s, and was very likely trying to organise a fascist coup with a Blueshirt march on Dublin in 1933, but de Valera banned it, and nothing came of the effort. Increasingly out of sync with the more moderate politics of his pro-treaty party colleagues (now called Fine Gael) he left, formed a short lived fascist party, and then gathered 7000 volunteers to join him on a military mission to Spain to fight for the fascist side, although only 700 actually made it there. Their performance and leadership was poor, and were more of an embarrassment to Franco than a help. This mis-adventure ended O'Duffy's political and military career. Emmet Dalton ( ) An understated giant of the Free State forces, Dalton was born in the US, but moved to Ireland aged only 2. Despite his families staunch Republican background, and early involvement in the Irish Volunteers, Dalton joined the British army for the Great War, where he was personally heroic and rose to the rank of Major. After that war, he returned to Ireland and promptly got in involved in another.

21 Devoted to Michael Collins, Dalton became a member of The Squad and led several extremely daring missions against the British. With his considerable military experience, he rose to high command in the Irish army. His loyalty to Collins meant that he supported the treaty, and his experience was such that he even had to help the crew fire their first artillery pieces! Dalton was the man behind the audacious Free State amphibious invasions. He simply commandeered ordinary passenger ferries, loaded them with the best troops, artillery and armoured cars, and then sailed them into the docks of Republican owned towns and cities. These were garrisoned with second rate reserves, who could do little but gawp in surprise and then either flee or surrender. This strategy broke the back of the Munster Republic as the Republican heartland was called, and won the Civil War. He was present when Collins was shot ironically because Collins ignored his sensible advice to Drive like hell when the shooting started and instead stayed to fight. Towards the end, the Civil War degenerated into mutual executions of prisoners. Dalton, opposed to this policy, resigned on principle. In his later career he became a film producer and helped to set up Ardman studios, responsible for movies such as The Lion in Winter, Excalibur and the unforgettable sight of Sean Connery wearing a red nappy in Zardoz. Irish Anti-Treaty Tom Barry ( ) Born in Kerry, Barry joined the British army at the outbreak of the Great War, rising to a Sergeant When he returned, he became involved in the War of Independence where he military experience was valuable. He rose to command the 3rd Cork brigade and was responsible for one of the most successful military actions by the Irish, when he ambushed a British column at Kimichael in County Cork, killing almost all of them. He seasoned his men by drilling them amongst the corpses, and his brigade became the most feared and successful in the War of Independence, tying down vastly greater numbers of British troops who they then ran rings around. He rejected the Treaty as a betrayal of the Republic, and had although captured early on, he escaped and typically the formation he then commanded had considerable success. But the conditions were now against him he was fighting fellow Irish, and the locals were more likely to be hostile than not. Barry realised that the war was lost, and pressed his commander (Liam Lynch) to make terms, without success. He was captured again, shortly before the Civil War's end. Barry was clearly the best commander in both the War of Independence and the Civil War at the start of the Civil War his plan to use the more numerous anti-treaty forces to capture key towns may have proved decisive, but instead, under Liam Lynch there were vague and contradictory orders that fatally handed the initiative to the Free State. After the Civil War, Barry dabbled in politics and further resistance without any success. His main success came as an author of Days in Ireland - probably the most famous book about the period. Eamon De Valera ( ) Born in the US, but moving to Ireland as a toddler, De Valera is probably one of the more controversial figures in Irish history. As a keen enthusiast of Gaelic culture and language, de Valera was drawn into Nationalist politics and the paramilitary Irish Volunteers. As such, he led a unit in the 1916 Easter rising but was spared execution upon capture, mostly because he was still an American citizen, at a time when Britain still wanted US public opinion behind them. Freed under an amnesty, de Valera became an important political figure in the nascent Sinn Fein party ending up, in 1918, as president in the confusion of arrests and escapes of leading members (de Valera himself escaped from Lincoln Gaol). He then left for an 18 month fund-raising tour of the US, leaving Michael Collins in charge. On his