TO STUDY THE ROLE OF EDUCATION TO OVERCOME TERRORISM IN UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI

Transcription

1 TO STUDY THE ROLE OF EDUCATION TO OVERCOME TERRORISM IN UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI Rizwana Muneer Assistant Professor Department of Education, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan Abstract Terrorism is a stigma for educational institution. Education is a basic right of every one. Students go towards educational institutions like universities to get higher education. Educational institutions are the seats of research and education. Educational institutions should be free from all kinds of political pressures and terrorism. In any educational institution terrorism create problem for smooth teaching learning process. Students feel difficulty to achieve education in a stressful scenario. Education should be free from political and religious pressures. Terrorism overshadowed all the sectors especially education which was the worst hit of militancy. The educational institutions are being easily targeted by terrorism because the pressure groups know the fact that only educated people could frustrate their nefarious designs. KEYWORDS: ROLE OF EDUCATION, TERRORISM Introduction Terrorism is a great hurdle in our economic prosperity, political stability, geo-strategic sustainability, energy security and for education as well. Rise of terrorism is self generated threat of Pakistan due to its weak policies, corruption and political instability. Pakistan has to uproot the plant of terrorism before this plant of casualties; hatred sought its enough roots to become a tree of hell. Terrorism is an art of demanding at own prescribed rules from the any government and authority. However, it is believed that so far not only single definition is come into light through COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 439

2 majority consensus. A person fighting for independence carries two labels for same action such as he/ she is a freedom fighter or a liberator and a terrorist, at a same time for different people. Islam is not a origin of terrorism, it is mere a propaganda by the western media. If we look back into the history, we found from , 249 terrorist acts are recorded which are committed by Jewish organization. Terrorism emerges in different regions of the world and used as a tool by some elements to get accepted their demands. It is necessary to understand the causes behind terrorism in Pakistan to search panacea for it. 1 In University of Karachi many political group exist. Students prefer to achieve education and get their degree. But, these political groups clash with each other on different things. Sometimes they clash on damaging banners, posters and flags and sometimes on sitting places. They use stones, rods and bottles for clashes in the University of Karachi. 2 In this condition, students face problems to continue their studies and a peaceful environment. Due to these clashes the University of Karachi suffers to maintain its semester break. University of Karachi has 6 months semester break but these clashes extend the semester break. 3 Terrorism is a stigma for educational institution. Education is a basic right of every one. Students go towards educational institutions like universities to get higher education. Educational institutions are the sign of the strong base of education COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 440

3 Educational institutions should be free from all kinds of political pressures and terrorism. In any educational institution terrorism is a resistance for educational process. Students feel difficulty to achieve education in a stressful scenario. Education should be away from politics and religion. Terrorism overshadowed all the sectors especially education which was the worst hit of militancy. The educational institutions are being targeted by terrorism because they know the fact that only educated people could frustrate their nefarious designs. Fighting terrorism has a vital importance to protect and guard home. We should preserve the well proven principle of justice innocent until proven guilty, in our society, not the opposite. There is no excuse for terrorism, there is no excuse of killing innocent civilians, and there is no excuse for violating human rights either, even if it was for fighting terrorism COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 441

4 Aims of the Study 1. To identify the causes of terrorism in University of Karachi. 2. To explore terrorism effect in University of Karachi. 3. To suggest ways to resist terrorism in University of Karachi. 4. To develop a peaceful environment in University of Karachi. 5. To understand reasons of frustration in student of University of Karachi. Hypotheses 1. Employment will stop terrorism in University of Karachi. 2. Psychological satisfaction will help for it in University of Karachi. 3. Mal adjustment will be reason of terrorism in University of Karachi. 4. Behavior of teachers will effect on students of University of Karachi. 5. Justice in behavior, attitude and academic activities will be helpful for terrorism in University of Karachi. COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 442

5 Literature Review Terrorism is systematic or planned, attacks designed to create fear among the public, often to further a political or fundamental religious agenda. Terrorism is also used as a tool to influence the government policy of a nation. Terrorism is different from conventional warfare. 5 Those who commits act of terrorism certainly have an immediate purpose. Most of the major ones, including spreading fear, creating publicity for the group s cause, provoking the authorities into ever reacting, retaliating against an enemy, and raising the morale of people. Bearing in mind that terrorism is simply a tactic that may be used by groups with different political agendas; the question becomes what are these goals. 6&7 Terrorism has been practiced by a broad array of political organization for furthering their objectives. It has been practiced by both right-wing and left wing political parties, nationalistic groups, religious groups, revolutionaries and ruling government. 8 Terrorism constitutes the illegitimate use of force to achieve a political objective when innocent people are targeted 9 (Walter Laqueur). Terrorism is the premeditated deliberate, systematic murder, mayhem, and threatening of the innocent to create fear and intimidation in order to gain a political or tactile advantage, usually to influence and audience (James M. Poland). Terrorism is the unlawful use of force a violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment there of, in furtherance of political or social objectives (FBI Definition) 5 Terrorism: Key concept in American History, Trevor Conan Kearns, General Editors, Jenifer L. Weber, Ph.D. 2010, Pg & 7. What is Terrorism? Leonard Weinberg and William. Eubank, series consulting edition 2006, p.iv Terrorism and Homeland Security, Jonathan R. White, 7th ed. 2011, pg.11. COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 443

6 According to Brain Jenkins noted, Terrorism is violence for effect not primarily and sometimes not at all for the physical effect on the actual targets but rather for its dramatics impacts on an audience. Developments in world communication, particularly the news media have expanded the potential audience to national and, more recently, to international proportion. 10 in stating that, Terrorism is a violent method to express political opposition. Brain Jenkins is corrected What is terrorism thus seems to depend on the point of view. At some points in the expanding use of the term terrorism can mean just what those who use the term (not the terrorist) want it to mean almost any violent act by any opponent. 11 According to Vice-President Task Force, Terrorism is the unlawful use of threat of violence against persons or property to further political or social objectives. It is usually intended to intimidate or coerce a government, individual or groups, or to modify their behavior or politics. 10 Encyclopedia or terrorism, Clindy C. Combs Martin W. Slann, International Co-operation to suppress terrorism, Noemi Gal-or, Pg.1 COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 444

7 Quotes on Terrorism Paul Wilkman, London Daily Telegraph, September 1, Fighting terrorism is like being a goal keeper. You can make a hundred brilliant save but the only shot that people remember is that gets past you. Christopher Hitchem; Terrorism is the tactic of demanding the impossible, and demanding it at gunpoint. 12 Walter Laqueur, of the center for strategic and international studies, noted that. The only general characteristic of terrorism generally agreed upon is that terrorism involves violence and the threat of violence. Causes of Terrorism Pakistan as a developing countries face many problems since its inception and some of them sow their dragon teeth in the soil of Pakistan to give birth to terrorism, such as; Growing poverty affects the whole nation to cause terrorism. In rural areas people do not have to eat two times a day that that encourage them to adopt illicit alternative to meet their basic needs. Corruption and injustice started rising since 1947 and did not stop, still rising above the maturity. Pakistan stays at 42 nd position in the world providing justice and establishing sound departments. Injustice irks the society in scores to go for alternatives (at google) COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 445

8 Unemployment and ineffective quota system does not meet both ends. employment encourages kalashinkhov culture in affected area. Lack of rights. But the root cause of terrorism, the deliberate targeting of civilians, is not deprivation of Purpose of Terrorism The purpose of terrorism is to spread fear among people, violence enhance the power. Terrorism can be defined as, The deliberate creation of fear to bring out political change 13 Terrorist groups are generally small and have few members, limited firepower, and other resources. For this reason they rely on intense bloody and destructive acts of hit-and-run violence to attract attention to their group and their causes. Through the media they are able to create hostilities among people. 14 Psychological Effect The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, study the impact of traumatic events and treat trauma survivors, said today that there is potential in the recent terrorist s attacks to cause severe distress and psychological suffering. 15 Education outreach as a weapon against terror. Education is often considered the yard stick of a country s progress and is one of the several indicators used to gauge a developing country s measures of progress (at Google) 14. Education, globalization and state in the age of terrorism, Micheal A peters, paradigm publisher, Why education in the later years? Louis Lowy, Darlene O Conner Lexington books pg The-cause-blog.blogspot.com (at google) COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 446

9 Education is only mechanism of eradicating terrorism and ensuring that peace, prevails. It is a process of cognitive cartography, mapping your experiences and finding variety of reliable routes to optimal states when you find yourself in non-optimal states. What truly makes a person educated is that they are able to perceive accurately, think clearly, and an act effectively 17 & 18 according to self defined goals and aspirations. Education for adjustment alone can never be moral, of course, because it denies the right and the opportunity to consider individual and environmental need in isolation from the official doctrine of common political and economic good. 19 Terrorism in University of Karachi In University of Karachi the act of terrorism takes place in these ways. 1. Clashes Clashes are the common terrorism in University of Karachi. Different political parties Clash with each other on different minor reasons like on hoisting flag, chalking, banners and on sitting places etc. 2. Bomb Blast Bomb blast is a serious major act of terrorism in University of Karachi. It is an unbearable action in any education institution. University of Karachi has to face these disgusting attacks. It becomes the causes of injury of different students (at google) 18. Educational Brochure, published by Research wing, Sindh Text Book Board, Jamshoro, Social and moral education, Peter Mc Phail, Basil Blackwell Publisher Oxford 1982, Edition 4 th, Page 181. COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 447

10 3. Threatening Teachers Threatening teachers is an openly terrorism in University of Karachi. Students have links with different political parties to threat teachers on different situations and conditions like, short of attendance and illegal way to sit in examination hall. 4. Cancellation of Interruption During Teaching Learning Process Classes are also going on in University of Karachi. Due to different events of political and religious parties like rallies, clashes, protests and conflicts become the reason for classes cancel. Students who are ambitious and willing to get education in University of Karachi suffer a lot. It is an example of terrorism because these political parties want massive crowd of students in their events. For that purpose they do not feel ashamed to cancel classes. 5. Paper Postponement Paper postpone is also a kind of terrorism n University of Karachi. Students prepare their mind for paper but different stressful elements become a reason to postpone papers. 6. Stress on Students In University of Karachi terrorism is present in shape of stress on students as well. Students have to attend different events of parties unwillingly. Their way of conversation capture students and invite them to join their parties. COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 448

11 7. Cheating Cheating is another source of terrorism in University of Karachi. It snatches the right of studious students who really struggle to achieve education. Students have to face this act in University of Karachi. 8. Favoritism Favoritism between students is terrorism in classrooms of University of Karachi. It comes from teacher side. It creates differentiation among students. It effects psychologically on students performance during studies. Like if a teacher has any sort of favor with any political party he/she gives priority to them. 9. Chalking Chalking on different walls, paths, classes, stairs are terrorism as well. It creates religious, linguistics and caste differences between students. It develops anger which shown by terrorism. Research Methodology The Strategy of study was survey. Sample was selected through simple random sampling. Testing the Hypotheses In order test a hypotheses, the researcher determines the sample measuring instruments design and procedure that will enable her/him to collect data which are then analyze in a manner that permits the researcher to determine the validity of hypotheses. It is just important to know variables are not related as it knows that variables are related. COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 449

12 Interview: An interview is a conversation between two people (the interview and the interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from interviewee Ahmed, Khawaja Manzoor, Research s Guide, 1987, Karachi, P.4 The interview method of research, typically involves face to face meeting in which a researcher (interviewer) asks and individual a series of question. 21. The interview method of research is a conversation with a purpose and is nonexperimental in design. The interview used widely to supplement and extend our knowledge about individual s thoughts, feelings and behavior, interview can give us both quantitative and qualitative data. 22. Interview Questions 1. Do you think behavior of teachers is a cause of terrorism in University of Karachi? 2. How do you handle the situation of terrorism in University of Karachi? 3. Which is the common act of terror in University of Karachi? 4. What problems teachers have to face due to terrorism in University of Karachi. 5. How can education play role to overcome terrorism in University of Karachi? 6. Do you think frustration in students leads terrorism in University of Karachi? 7. Is un-equality of attitude in class become a cause of terrorism in University of Karachi? Gay, L.R. Educational Research Competencies for analysis and application, MC Graw Hill Book, New York, 2 nd Ed. 1981, pg COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 450

13 Summary of Interview A teacher in Faculty of Pharmacy. Stated that the, she has no any practical experience about act of terrorism but she thinks terrorism can be handled or stopped by counseling those low mind people who involved in terrorism. The common acts of terror in University of Karachi are smashing of teachers cars, damaging classrooms, labs, threatening teachers by sms, demands to grant them grades etc. The problems which teachers have to face due to terrorism are restlessness among the neutral students, loss of confidence on the management, feeling insecurity, difficulty in completing the course content due to unexpected class terminations, threat to family especially for children, physical and mental tortures and influence from higher bodies make teachers uncomfortable. She told as well as that providing good education like applied education which is career oriented. Strategies to make the students busy in different healthy activities be used. Education concerning ethics, behavior and social should be provided. The team should be made, assure whatever is taught will be practices in practical life. Frustration is one of the so many reasons. In her view, frustrated students are easily hijacked by the political parties, which use them adversely for their causes. These frustrated elements create fun and destroy the learning environment. Most of the teachers in University of Karachi are very good. They are not expected to make discrimination among students. The reality is that these terrorists are inducted forcefully purposely. They are already trained elements to be used anywhere, anytime to show the strength of these political groups. COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 451

14 Analysis of Data Q.1. Is behavior of teachers a cause of terrorism in University of Karachi? Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference of opinion about behavior of teachers a cause of terrorism in University of Karachi. Suppose: X=Yes Y=No Description X Y Total Fo Fe Referring to table of X 2 the tabulated value of X 2 = is greater than computed value of X 2 =0.64. Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted and it is conducted that behavior of teachers is cause of terrorism. Conclusion: accepted. Level of significance =0.05 Tabulated value=3.841 Calculated value=0.64 Since the calculated value is less than tabulated value therefore, the null hypothesis is COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 452

15 Q.2. Are justice in behavior, attitude and academic activities helpful to stop terrorism in University of Karachi? Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference of opinion about justice in behavior, attitude and academic activities helpful to stop terrorism in University of Karachi. Suppose: X=Yes Y=No Description X Y Total Fo Fe Referring to table of X 2 the tabulated value of X 2 = is less than computed value of X 2 =81. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and it is conducted that attitude and academic activities helpful to stop terrorism. Conclusion: rejected. Level of significance =0.05 Tabulated value=3.841 Calculated value=81 Since the calculated value is greater than tabulated value therefore, the null hypothesis is COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 453

16 Q.3. Is media as a source promoting terrorism in University of Karachi? Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference of opinion about media as a source promoting terrorism in University of Karachi Suppose: X=Yes Y=No Description X Y Total Fo Fe Referring to table of X 2 the tabulated value of X 2 = is greater than computed value of X 2 =0.64. Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted and it is conducted that media as a source promoting terrorism Conclusion: accepted. Level of significance =0.05 Tabulated value=3.841 Calculated value=0.64 Since the calculated value is less than tabulated value therefore, the null hypothesis is COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 454

17 Q.4. Do terrorism spread fear on students in University of Karachi? Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference of opinion about terrorism spread fear on students in University of Karachi. Suppose: X=Yes Y=No Description X Y Total Fo Fe Referring to table of X 2 the tabulated value of X 2 = is less than computed value of X 2 =49. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and it is conducted that terrorism spread fear on students. Conclusion: Level of significance =0.05 Tabulated value=3.841 Calculated value=49 Since the calculated value is greater than tabulated value therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 455

18 Q.5. Do terrorism effects on studies in University of Karachi? Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference of opinion about terrorism effects on studies in University of Karachi. Suppose: X=Yes Y=No Description X Y Total Fo Fe Referring to table of X 2 the tabulated value of X 2 = is less than computed value of X 2 = Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and it is conducted that terrorism effects on studies. Conclusion: rejected. Level of significance =0.05 Tabulated value=3.841 Calculated value=88.36 Since the calculated value is greater than tabulated value therefore, the null hypothesis is COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 456

19 Q.6. Is administration failed to stop terrorism in University of Karachi? Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference of opinion about administration failed to stop in University of Karachi. Suppose: X=Yes Y=No Description X Y Total Fo Fe Referring to table of X 2 the tabulated value of X 2 = is less than computed value of X 2 = Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and it is conducted that administration failed to stop terrorism. Conclusion: rejected. Level of significance =0.05 Tabulated value=3.841 Calculated value=73.96 Since the calculated value is greater than tabulated value therefore, the null hypothesis is COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 457

20 Results 1. For the notation whether behavior of teachers a cause of terrorism in University of Karachi, 46% students replied positively and 54% replied negatively, there by confirming that it is a cause of terrorism. 2. For the notation whether justice in behavior, attitude and academic activities helpful to stop terrorism in University of Karachi. 95% students replied positively and 5% replied negatively, there by confirming that justice in behavior, attitude and academic activities helpful to stop terrorism. 3. For the notation whether psychological satisfaction helpful to decrease terrorism in University of Karachi. 91% students replied positively and 9% replied negatively, there by confirming that psychological satisfaction helpful to decrease terrorism. 4. For the notation whether terrorism spread fear on students in University of Karachi, 85% replied positively and 15% replied negatively, there by confirming that terrorism spread fear on students. 5. For the notation whether terrorism effects on studies in University of Karachi. 97% replied positively and 3% replied negatively, there by confirming that terrorism effects on studies. 6. For the notation whether administration failed to stop terrorism in University of Karachi, 79% students replied positively and 21% replied negatively. There by confirming that administration failed to stop terrorism. COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 458

21 Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion Terrorism is a dreadful deed in University of Karachi. It creates worst sign and situation for education. University has to acquire strategies to overcome terrorism with the help of education and counseling them. It will good result for the University. Terrorism is a curse. We should beat it with the help of education. So, it will effect on society positively. The recommendations are, 1. Students should stay away from the act of terrorism. 2. Education should build a strong foundation of students. 3. Counseling should be provided to students. 4. Motivation should be created by teachers to enhance a positive attitude. 5. Justice in behavior, attitude and academic activities should be provided to all students. 6. Psychological satisfaction should be providing to students. 7. Frustration should be decreased due to fulfillment of their rights. 8. Solution should be given to students according to their problems. 9. Discrimination should not be done with the students. 10. Administration should play its role strictly to stop terrorism. 11. Healthy co-curricular activities should be arranged by University. 12. Learning and to get education should be the main purpose of students only in the University. 13. Stratification should not be developed among students. 14. Students and teachers should obey rules and regulations of University. 15. Different political groups should be stay away from the University. 16. Students and teachers should have a strong relationship. COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 459

22 References 1. Agarwal, L.P., Modern Educational Research, New Delhi, page Ahmed, Khawaja Manzoor, Research Guide, 1987, Karachi, page Best. John, W. Scientific Social Survey and Research, New Delhi, Printice Hall, India, Pvt. Limited, 1982, page Cindy, C. Combs, Martin W. Slann, Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Dictionary of Education, Anmol Publication, New Delhi, 2 nd Edition, Educational Brochure, published by Research Wing, Sindh Text Book Board, Jamshoro, Frankel Jack R and Wallen. N. Norman. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education, 5 th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, p.31, 46 & Gay, L.R. Educational Research Competencies for Analysis and Application, Mc Graw Hill Book, new York, 2 nd Edition, 1981, p Good Carter, V. Dictionary of Education, USA, 1973, p Harold Silver, Matheun, Education and the Social Condition, London and New York. 11. James Lutz and Branda Lutz, Terrorism the Basic, 2011, p John Horgan Routledge, The Psychology of Terrorism, London and New York, 2225, p Jonathan. R. White, Terrorism and Homeland Security, 7 th edition, 2011, p Leonard Weinberg and William L. Eubank, What is Terrorism? Series consulting editors, 2006, p Louis Lowy, Why Education in the later years? Darlene O Conner Lexington Books, p. 10. COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 460

23 16. Michael A. Peters, Education, globalization and state in the age of Terrorism, Paradigm Publisher, Noemi Gal-or, International Cooperation to Suppress Terrorism, N. P.Pahuja, Theory and Principal of Education. Anmol Publications, New Delhi, 2004 page Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary. 20. Peter Mc. Phail, Social and Moral Education, Basil Black Well Publisher Oxford, 1982, 4 th Edition, Page Shahid,S. M. Educational Research and Introduction, Lahore, 2006,, page Trevor Conan Kearns Terrorism: Key Concept in American History, General Editors, Jenifer, L. Weber, Ph.D. 2010, Page. COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 461