Harvard Kennedy School of Government

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1 Harvard Kennedy School of Government Politics and Ethics of the Use of Force (IGA 220) (HDS: 2853) Spring 2015 Tuesday and Thursday (2:40pm-4:00pm) Littauer Building, 230 Professor: J. Bryan Hehir Faculty Assistant: Rosita Scarfo Office: Belfer 123 Office: Hauser Center Telephone: Telephone: Other: Fax: Office Hours: Monday: 4:30pm-6:30pm I. Course Description The course is designed to foster reflection, debate and decision-making across the lines of politics, strategy and ethics. It will focus on normative discourse about war and peace. Primary attention will be paid analytically and historically to the Just-War Ethic: Readings and lectures will examine the ethic in light of challenges from other normative positions and from the nature of modern war. The Just-War Ethic will be assessed and used to engage three broad political-strategic challenges: nuclear strategy, intervention and terrorism. II. Course Requirements (1.) Preparation of Readings and Class Discussion (2.) Op-Ed Essay (1000 words; due: March 10; (15%) (3.)Oral Exam: Based on Lectures and Readings (Jan 27-March 31); Exams Given: April 9-17: 9 (25 pts) (4.) Research Paper (15-20 pages); (due: May 8) (60 pts) (5.) Grading Policy: HKS guidelines for grading III. Course Outline I. Introduction: The Options for an Ethic of War II. Shaping the Ethic: Philosophy, Theology and War a. The Just War Ethic b. Morality Law and War III. Testing the Ethic: Themes and Cases a. The Political-Strategic Context for Moral Choices b. The Nuclear Age-Past and Present 1

2 IV. Conclusion c. Proliferation and Deterrence: Iran and N. Korea d. Ukraine, Russia, U.S. e. War and Intervention: History and Concepts and Cases f. Modern Terrorism and Responses to It g. China h. New Weapons and New Threats: Drones and Cyberwar i. The Role of the United Nations V. Schedule of Lectures Introduction Defining Moral Options about War Just-War Ethics (I.): History and Structure Just-War Ethics (II.): History and Structure Law, Morality and War The Political-Strategic Context for Choice The Nuclear Age (I.): Origins and Implications The Nuclear Age (II.): Development of Doctrine Going to Zero Debate Proliferation and Deterrence: Iran and Mid-East Proliferation and Deterrence: N. Korea and East Asia Ukraine: Russia - Europe U.S. The Gulf War ( ) War and Intervention: Defining Terms The Humanitarian Military Intervention Debate HMI in Africa: Somalia, Rwanda, Congo HMI in Balkans: Bosnia and Kosovo Comparing Cases: Libya and Bahrain The Coming of Terror: 9-11 Responding to Terror: Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan (I.) Responding to Terror: Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan (II.) Syria: The State and the Region Syria, Iraq and ISIS China: Resources, Role and Potential New Weapons: Drones and Cyber The United Nations: Then and Now CONCLUSION VI. Required Readings January 29: 1. J. Childress, Moral Discussion About War in the Early Church, in P. Peachey, ed., Peace Politics and the People of God (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1986) pp. 2

3 M. Walzer, Against Realism, in Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (N.Y.: Basic Books, Inc., 1977) pp S.H Hashmi, interpreting the Islamic Ethic of War and Peace:, in T. Nardin, ed., The Ethics of War and Peace: Religious and Secular Perspectives (Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1996) pp February 3 and 5: 1. F.H. Russell, The Just War in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977) pp J.T. Johnson, Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981) pp J. Childress, Just War Theories, Theological Studies, 39 (1978) pp B. Orend, Justice After War Ethics and International Affairs 16 (2002) pp February 10: 1. A. Roberts and B. Kingsbury, eds., United Nations, Divided World: The UN s Role in International Relations (N.Y., Oxford University Press, 1989) pp M. Glennon, The UN vs. U.S. Power, Foreign Affairs, 82 (May-June2003) pp R.S. McNamara, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (N.Y., Times Books, 1995) pp February 12: 1. Richard Betts, Conflict or Cooperation: Three Views Revisited, Foreign Affairs 89 (Nov. Dec. 2010) pp Richard N. Haas, The Age of Nonpolarity, Foreign Affairs 87 (May-June 2008) pp Lawrence Freedman, On War and Choice, National Interest 107 (May-June 2010) pp February 17: 1. McG. Bundy, Danger and Survival: Choices about the Bomb in the First Fifty Years (N.Y.: Random House, 1988) pp L. Freedman, The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy (N.Y.: St. Martin s Press, 1983) pp

4 3. J.C. Ford, The Morality of Obliteration Bombing, Theological Studies 5 (1944) pp February 19: 1. George Bunn, The Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime and It s History, in George Bunn and Christopher F. Chyba, eds., U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy: Confronting Today s Threats (Washington DC: Brookings Institute Press 2006) pp Graham Allison, Nuclear Disorder: Surveying Atomic Threats, Foreign Affairs 89 (Jan- Feb 2010) pp President Obama, Address in Prague (April 5, 2008) (White House-E-resource) 4. Thomas Schelling, An Astonishing Sixty Years, The American Economic Review (Sept 2006) pp February 24: 1. I. Daadler and J. Lodal, The Logic of Zero, Foreign Affairs (91 (July-August 2012) pp Thomas Schelling, A World Without Nuclear Weapons? Daedalus (Fall 2009) pp Sam Nunn, A World Free of Nuclear Weapons, Daedalus (Fall 2009) pp February 26: 1. Kenneth Waltz, Why Iran Should Get the Bomb, Foreign Affairs 91 (July-August 2012) pp James Dobbin, Coping with a Nuclearizing Iran, Survival 53 (Dec Jan. 2011) pp Barry Posen et al, The Containment Conundrum, Foreign Affairs (89 (July-Aug pp March 3: 1.Jonathan D. Pollack, No Exit: North Korea, Nuclear Weapons and International Security (London, UK: The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2011) pp March 5: 1. Walter Russell Mead, The Return of Geopolitics: The Revenge of the Revisionist Powers, Foreign Affairs 93 (2014) pp G. John Ikenberry, The Illusion of Geopolitics: The Enduring Power of the Liberal Order Foreign Affairs 93 (2014) pp

5 3. Lawrence Freedman, Ukraine and the Art of Crisis Management, Survival 56 (2014) pp March 10: 1. R.W. Tucker and D.C. Hendrickson, The Imperial Temptation: The New World Order and America s Purpose (N.Y.: Council on Foreign Relations, 1992) pp L. Freedom and E. Karsk, The Gulf Conflict (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993) pp March 12 and 24:: 1. R. J. Vincent Nonintervention and International Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press 1974) pp M. Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars, cited, pp J.L. Holzgrefe, The Humanitarian Intervention Debate, in J.L. Holzgrefe and R. O. Keohane, eds., Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical Legal and Political Dilemmas (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003) pp March 26: 1. Walter Clarke and Jeffrey Herbst, Somalia and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention, Foreign Affairs 75 (March/April 1996) pp Samantha Power, Bystanders to Genocide, The Atlantic, Vol. 288 (September 2001) pp Alex de Waal, Darfur and the Responsibility To Protect, International Affairs, 83 (November 2007) pp Paul D. Williams, Keeping the Peace in Africa, Ethics and International Affairs 22 (Fall 2008) pp March 31: 1. Catherine Guicherd, International Law and the War in Kosovo, Survival 41 (Summer 1999) pp Leon Wieseltier, Winning Ugly, The New Republic (June 28, 1999) pp Garth Evans, The Responsibility to Protect, (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2008) pp April 2: 1. Michael Walzer, The Case Against Our Attack on Libya, The New Republic (Mar. 20, 5

6 2011): 2. Timothy Garton Ash, Libya s Escalating Drama Opens the Case, The Guardian (guardian.co.uk) (March 3, 2011) 3. Christopher S. Chivis, Libya and the Future of Liberal Intervention, Survival 54 (Dec Jan. 2013) pp Amnesty International, Bahrain: Reform Shelved, Repression Unleashed (Nov. 2012) (Online) 5. Bruce D. Jones, Libya and the Responsibility of Power, Survival 53 (June-July 2011) pp (Hollis-E-Resources) April 7: 1. Louse Richardson, What Terrorists Want, (N.Y. Random House, 2006) pp. 3-20; Michael Walzer, Arguing About War, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004) pp Michael Howard, Managing in Emergency Foreign Affairs 81 (Jan.-Feb. 2002) pp Nathanial C. Frick and John A. Nagl, Counterinsurgency Field Manual: Afghanistan Edition ; and The General s Next War, Foreign Policy (Jan.-Feb. 2009) pp April 9: 1. President Obama, West Point Address (Dec. 2009) 2. President Obama, West Point Commencement (May 28, 2014) 3. Alexander Nicoli, The Road to Lisbon, in Toby Dodge and Nicholas Redman, Eds. Afghanistan 2015 (London, U.K.: International Institute for Strategic Studies) 2011 pp Toby Dodge, Can Iraq Be Saved? Survival (Oct.-Nov., 2014) pp. 6

7 April 14: 1. R. B. Miller, Justifications of the Iraq War Examined, Ethics and International Affairs 22 (Spring 2008) pp Barnett Rubin and Ahmed Rashid, From Great Game to Grand Bargain, Foreign Affairs 97 (Nov.-Dec. 2008) pp Ahmed Rashid, Pakistan: Worse than We Knew, New York Review of Books (June, 2014) pp David Sanger, Confront and Conceal: Obama s Secret Wars (NY: Crown Publishers, 2012) pp April 16: 1. Charles Glass, Syria: On the Way to Genocide? New York Review of Books, (Dec. 5, 2003) pp Jonathan Stevenson, The Syrian Tragedy and Precedent, Survival 56 (2014) pp Samuel Charap, Russia, Syria and the Doctrine of Intervention: Survival 55 (2013) pp April 21: 1. Rolf Tanner, Narrative and Conflict in the Middle East, Survival ) pp Emile Hokayem, Syria s Uprising and the Fracturing of the Levant (New York: Routledge, 2013) pp April 23: 1. Henry Kissinger, On China (New York: The Peguin Press, 2011) pp Lanxin Xiang, China and the Pivot Survival 54 (2012) pp Charles Glaser, Will China s Rise Lead to War? Foreign Affairs 90 (2011) pp April 28: 1. Peter Bergen and Katherine Tiedmann, Washington s Phantom War Foreign Affairs 90 (July-August) pp Peter W. Singer, Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century (New York: Penguin Books, 2001( pp April 30: 1. Report of the High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change (UN Website December 2,