Responding to Emergencies and Fostering Development

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1 Responding to Emergencies and Fostering Development The Dilemmas of Humanitarian Aid EDITED BY Claire Pirotte Bernard Husson FranQois Grunewald TRANSLATED BV Julia Monod-Robinson Zed Books London and New York

2 Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations viii List of Contributors x Members of the Urgence-Rehabilitation Developpement (URD) Group xi Preface xii Luc Paunier Foreii/ord xiii Joanna Macrae Introduction In a Troubled World, We Must Remain Alert Part I Towards a New Analysis of Crisis 9 Edited by Bernard Husson and Claire Pirotte I Observations on Crises 11 Bernard Husson, Andre Marty and Claire Pirotte 2 I Development Is Not Peace 14 FranQois Grunewald 3 The Pattern of Conflicts since Jean-Christophe Ruffin 4 Development in the Face of Crisis 18 Christian Fusillier 5 The Crisis of International Aid 19 Mark Duffield 6 Who Determines the Objectives? 21 Pascal Vincent 7 A Better Understanding of the Economic Impact of War 23 l

3 8 Humanitarian Aid Cannot Be Reduced to 'Trucking' 26 Jean-Baptiste Richardier 9 The Humanitarian Impasse 27 Pierre Laurent 10 Keeping Sight of Our Intentions 30 Philippe Biberson interviewed by Claire Pirotte Part II Combining Skills 35 Edited by Bruno Rebelle I M Rehabilitation in North Mali: Variations and Constants 39 since the 1970s Andre Marty 12 I Remaining Operational during Crises Rehabilitation in Cambodia: Uncertain Beginnings 50 Herve Bernard 14 Bokeo: When the Schedule Becomes a Constraint 54 jl5 From Emergency Budgets to Development Funding: 57 the Assessment of a Difficult Transition in Mozambique Claude Simonot (J6] And What if the Problem Were on Our Side? 58 Geneviive Guillou I (7 I Complex Reconstruction in Bosnia 60 Richard Pinder 18 Political Constraints 62 Pierre Laurent j 19 Constraints, Strategies and Policies 64 Part III Towards a New Conception of 67 Outside Intervention in Crisis Situations Edited by and Marc Rodriguez HI./ Renewing the Modalities of Intervention in Crisis Situations 69 Frartfois Grunewald 21 Strengthening Survival Strategies, the Key to Intervention 73 iv

4 lll.il' The Necessity and Specificity of Follow-up Monitoring 76 during a Crisis Franc ois Grunewald 1231 Follow-up Monitoring 78 III.Hi Partnership: an Operational Attitude and a Philosophy The Choice of Partners: the Naive and the Ideologists Need 80 not Apply ] 25 I A Project Based on Partnership in an Emergency Situation: 82 Eastern Kasai, Zaire Marc Rodriguez and Claire Pirotte 126 \ Partnership and Cholera 91 Philippe Le Borgne and Valerie Belchior-Bellino 271 Finding the Right Partner: the Same Problem for Northern 93 and Southern NGOs Elyane Comaty-Mitri and Berengere Cornet-Vernay [28] The ICRC and the National Red Cross and Red Crescent 95 Societies: a Very Special Relationship Carlo von Flue 111.if Strengthening the Actors, or Helping Them to Strengthen 97 Themselves 29 Social Differentiation between Men and Women 97 in Humanitarian Interventions Judy El Bushra 1301 The Specific Problems of Unaccompanied Women in 101 Displaced Persons' or Refugee Camps Annette Correze interviewed by Claire Pirotte 31 Finding the Last Anti-personnel Mine: 102 an Emergency for Long-term Development Bill Howell III.U Using the Money in Crisis Situations Emergency Aid for Income Generation 109

5 1341 Economic Solutions: a Difficult Concept for Some 110 Emergency Operators Part IV Open Debates 113 [35] On Trends and Their Effects 114 IV.i Different Aspects of Crisis Prevention 115 Bernard Husson, Andre Marty and Claire Pirotte 37 Better Utilisation of Early Warning Systems Burundi: When Material Aid Is not Enough 120 Jean-Eudes Beuret IV.H Ethics and Deontology Humanitarian Assistance Is a Right 122 Pierre Laurent 40 Assistance and Protection: Implementing International 124 Humanitarian Law Carlo von Flue interviewed by Claire Pirotte 41 Neutrality and Impartiality: Fundamental Rights 127 Carlo von Flue 42 Neutrality and Impartiality 129 Judy El Bushra 1431 The Rwandan Crisis: Impartiality Reconciliation and Justice Dealing with Inconsistencies 134 Yannick Lassica IV.iH Relations of NGOs with Public Authorities and Guerrilla 137 Movements during Transition Phases 45 Relations with Public Authorities in Afghanistan 137 Philippe Truze \46\ Peru: Working in Areas Controlled by the Shining Path 143 Jean-Jacques Boutrou 47 Contributing to the Management of a Transition Period between 144 Conflicts and Prospects of Decentralisation in North Mali Andre Marty 48 Building New Dynamics: the Example of North Mali 147 Bernard Husson VI

6 W.iv Relations between Humanitarians and the Military 150 Philippe Truze 50 What Role for the Military in Rehabilitation? 154 Veronique de Geoffroy Epilogue 158 Appendices 1 An Analysis of Food Situations in a Crisis Context: East Kasai, 160 Zaire Marc Rodriguez 2 The European Union and Support for Rehabilitation 164 Xavier Ortegat and Sylvie Mantrant 3 A History of the Partnership between the ICRC and the 169 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Carlo von Flue 4 The Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross 171 and Red Crescent Movement 5 Emergency Food Aid 173 Marie-Cecile Thirion and Bibliography 175 Index 178

26th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Geneva, 1995

26th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Geneva, 1995 Resolution 4: Principles and action in international humanitarian assistance and protection The 26th International Conference