1 st September. Double Fillers Gopal pura, Jaipur

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1 1 st September Double Fillers 1. Choosing a, fuel-efficient car is a purchase for a recent college graduate. a) luxury, corrupt b) big, tedious c) imported, unhallowed d) sedan, sardonic e) small, judicious 2. Such a violation of school policy should be punished by nothing less than. a) Copious, rejection b) flagrant, expulsion c) raucous, offence d) nominal, relegation e) morose, reprimand 3. With all of the recent events in her life, she felt forces must be at work. a) Resurgent, new b) Premature, positive c) Malignant, negative d) Punctilious, regular e) Antecedent, unprecedented Cloze Test The Economist 27 th May Earth is poorly named. The ocean covers almost three-quarters of the planet. It is divided into five basins: the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian, the Arctic and the Southern oceans. Were all the planet s water placed over the United States, it would form a (1) (basis) of liquid 132km tall. The ocean provides 3bn people with almost a fifth of their protein (making fish a bigger source of the stuff than beef). Fishing and aquaculture assure the livelihoods of one in ten of the world s people. Climate and weather systems depend on the temperature patterns of the ocean and its interactions with the atmosphere. If anything ought to be too big to fail, it is the (2) (ocean). Humans have long assumed that the ocean s size allowed them to put anything they wanted into it and to take anything they wanted out. Changing temperatures and chemistry, overfishing and pollution have stressed its ecosystems for decades. The ocean stores more than ninetenths of the (3) (life) trapped on Earth by greenhouse-gas emissions. Coral reefs are suffering as a result; scientists expect almost all corals to be gone by By the middle of the century the ocean could contain more plastic than fish by weight. Ground down into tiny pieces, it is eaten by fish and then by people, with uncertain effects on human health. (4) (supply) for fish grows nevertheless: almost 90% of stocks are fished either at or beyond their sustainable limits. The ocean nurtures humanity. Humanity treats it with contempt. Such self-destructive behaviour demands explanation. Three reasons for it stand out. One is geography. The bulk of the ocean is beyond the horizon and below the waterline. The damage being done to its health is visible in a few luminal places the Great Barrier Reef, say, or the oyster farms of Washington state. But for the most part, the sea is out of sight and out of mind. It is telling that there is only a single (5) (regular) reference to the ocean in the Paris agreement on climate change. A second problem is governance. The ocean is subject to a patchwork of laws and agreements. Enforcement is hard and incentives are often misaligned. Waters outside national jurisdictions the high seas are a global commons. Without defined property rights or a community invested in their (6) (returns), the interests of individual actors in exploiting such areas win out over the collective interest in husbanding them. Fish are particularly tricky because they move. Why observe quotas if you think your neighbour can haul in catches with (7) (success)? Third, the ocean is a victim of other, bigger processes. The emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere is changing the marine environment along with the rest of the planet. The ocean has warmed by 0.7 C since the 19th century, damaging corals and encouraging organisms to (8) (look) towards the poles in search of cooler waters. Greater concentrations of carbon dioxide in the water are making it more acidic. That tends to harm creatures such as crabs and oysters, whose calcium carbonate shells suffer as marine chemistry (9) (falters). Some of these problems are easier to deal with than others. Ocean blindness can be cured by access to information. And indeed, improvements in computing power, satellite imaging and drones are bringing the ocean into better view than ever before. Work is under way to map the sea floor in detail using sonar technology. On the surface, aquatic drones can get to remote, stormy places

2 at a far smaller cost than manned vessels. From above, ocean-colour radiometry is improving under-standing of how phytoplankton, simple organisms that support marine food chains, move and thrive. Tiny satellites, weighing 1-10kg, are enhancing (10) (security) of fishing vessels. 1. (a) column (b) vapor (c) cloud (d) plume (e) No Change 2. (a) man (b) nature (c) ocean (d) USA (e) No Change 3. (a) pollution (c) gas (c) CO2 (d) heat (d) No change 4. (a) demands (b) necessity (c) appetite (d) required (e) No change 5. (a) fleeting (b) disturbing (c) little (d) big (e) No Change 6. (a) search (b) upkeep (c) way (d) victory (e) No Change 7. (a) impunity (b) reason (c) technology (d) plans (e) No change 8. (a) delay (b) relay (c) migrate (d) degrade (e) No Change 9. (a) shelters (b) alters (c) challenges (d) creates (e) No Change 10. (a) food (b) trail (c) whet (d) scrutiny (e) No Change Parajumble SE348 A. The public markets in America are much less crowded than they once were. B. Merger activity, which reduces the number of listed firms, is damaging competition. C. Twenty years ago America was home to 8,000 listed domestic firms; now the total is close to 4,000. D. In 2016, 74 firms made their stock-market debut, compared with 600 two decades ago. E. Overregulation, which deters younger firms from floating, deprives ordinary investors of opportunities to benefit from America s corporate successes. F. This winnowing is unwelcome. The lessons of demonetisation There is now ample proof that the grand demonetisation gamble has failed to meet its primary objective. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has finally released numbers that show how most of the currency notes that were cancelled were deposited in banks. The airy hopes that the Indian central bank would be able to extinguish a substantial chunk of its liabilities and some mistakenly also argued that this would provide a fiscal bonanza that the government could use to recapitalize the banking system have been belied. The minor relief is that the value of notes returned was not greater than the value of currency printed by the Indian central bank. That would have created a huge accounting mess. Prime Minister Narendra Modi had said in his address to the nation on 8 November that the decision was an attack on the scourge of black money. It was only later that other potential advantages of demonetisation were introduced into the public discourse. The press release by the Union finance ministry after the new currency data was made public similarly tries to broaden the set of benefits from demonetisation. Finance minister Arun Jaitley said on Wednesday that the money is now in the system, where the use of Big Data analytics could help the government identify who deposited black money. This newspaper had welcomed the move when it was announced. In an editorial published on 11 November, we had described demonetisation as a war on the stock of illegal wealth: The Modi government has clearly signalled its intention to move against illegal wealth. The currency swap deals with the stock of black money held by tax evaders. The challenge now is to ensure that the creation of new black money is minimized. There is no magic wand to solve what is a deep problem in India, but a committed government plus tax reforms such as the new goods and services tax (GST) which creates incentives for producers to seek bills from their input providers will be part of the solution. The editorial overestimated the amount of illegal wealth that would be extinguished while paying

3 little attention to the immediate negative impact it would have on economic activity. Every policy has a stated goal as well as secondary consequences, some of which are unintended. It is still quite possible that demonetisation will have positive consequences over a longer period the growth in the direct tax base, the switch in the financial holdings of households from cash to bank deposits, the increased use of digital payments. That is what its supporters are now banking on. The question to be asked is whether the potential long-term benefits will be greater than the short-term costs that the Indian economy had to bear. The main negative economic consequence of demonetisation has been the disruption of unorganized supply chains that are dependent on cash transactions; it is still not clear how smoothly they were being rebuilt as the economy was remonetized. However, it is also true that the Indian economy did not collapse because of the disruption of the monetary base, as some economists had predicted. There are two possible reasons for this. First, the impact on broad money was far less severe than the effect on base money thanks to the growth in bank deposits. Second, informal contracts to settle financial transactions could have kept economic exchange going during the worst weeks of the cash crunch. The reasons will be debated for many years to come. There are a few salient lessons to be learnt from this episode. One, the main lesson, is that the Modi government did not seek the advice of experts before going ahead. The strategic decision to surprise holders of illegal wealth would anyway have restricted the circle of those who could be informed, but it seems that the idea came from outsiders with a penchant for quixotic ideas rather than experienced policy advisers. Two, good policy design should take into account how people will respond to any change in the rules of the game. In other words, incentives matter. Most rational human beings will adjust their behaviour to further their selfinterest. Those who had illegal wealth held in cash obviously gamed the cash exchange process. Good incentive-compatible policy design is thus as important as good policy intent. This is a lesson that is relevant in several contexts, but is one of the clear lessons from the demonetisation experience. Three, political dynamics can be quite different from economic dynamics. That voters have continued to back the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) despite the pain imposed by demonetisation shows that the ruling party has gradually redefined its typical voter from the traditional trading base that supported the Bharatiya Jana Sangh to the aspirational middle class that has a lower tolerance for corruption. Difficult words Ample - क फ enough Extinguish ख़तम करन to destroy sth Chunk बड़ ह स a fairly large amount of sth Bonanza अच नक बड़ फ यद ह न to make lot of money Belie झ ठ ह न to give a false impression of sth Scourge भय/प ड़ द न व ल आदम a person that causes suffering Swap - अदल बदल exchange Magic wand- ज द क छड़ a stick used in magic tricks Collapse- गरन to fall down Disruption खलल to be difficult for sth to continue in normal way Crunch कम not enough of sth Salient म य भ ग most important Penchant झ क व a special liking for sth, fondness Quixotic क प नक वच र imaginary ideas

4 Expressions with Make 1. If there is an earthquake, you should make the park. A) out B) up C) for 2. It was so foggy that she couldn t make the road ahead. A) out B) over C) up 3. It took 20 years for them to make after their fight. A) up B) over C) out 4. The man made with all her money. A) for B) off C) up 5. I wish she wouldn t make stories like that. A) for B) up C) over 6. The room was big, so they made it a conference room. A) into B) of C) on 7. The police don t know who made with the money of that big company. A) for B) out C) off 8. I have already made my mind about it. A) over B) into C) up 9. Nothing will make for their inefficiency. A) in B) out C) up 10. Before going to the supermarket, make a list of items you want to buy. A) into B) out C) for 11. How is he making with his new girlfriend? A) out B) off C) away 12. Don t trust him. He always makes stories. A) up B) out C) after 13. The thief ran but the police made him and caught him. A) up B) off C) after 14. Only good employer-employee relationships can make good production. A) at B) for C) after 15. I can hardly make the letters on that sign. They are too small. A) in B) off C) out Theory make something up - invent, lie about something - Josie made up a story about about why we were late. - make up - forgive each other - We were angry last night, but we made up at breakfast. make someone up - apply cosmetics to - My sisters made me up for my graduation party. Common Error Pronoun 1. I and Sumesh will (a)/ proceed on journey tomorrow (b)/ as it is an auspicious day (c)/ according to my uncle. (d)/ No error (e) 2. On December 2, 1927 (a)/ the Model A ford (b)/ who (c)/ cost $385/ - was introduced. (d)/ No error (e) 3. Laser beams can carry (a)/ long distance signals in a way (b)/ somewhat (c)/ similar to radio waves. (d)/ No error (e) 4. He is certainly the man (a)/ whom I know very well (b)/ is trust worthy beyond doubt (c)/ and meticulous in his habits. (d)/ No error (e) 5. My father asked me (a)/ to go to the fair (b)/ and enjoy there. (c)/ No error (d) 6. He asked Anil (a)/ why your father (b)/ had lost his temper. (c)/ No error (d) 7. In the forthcoming elections (a)/ every man and woman (b)/ must vote for the candidate (c)/ of their choice. (d)/ No error (e) 8. He was the (a)/ man whom (b)/ they thought (c)/ should be the next mayor. (d)/ No error (e)

5 9. His salary (a)/ is lower (b)/than a caretaker. (c)/ No error (d) 10. Every woman in the world (a)/ hoped (b)/ that they would be healthy. (c)/ No error (d). Answers Double Fillers EBC Cloze Test 1. A 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. D Parajumble - Acdfbe Phrasal Verbs 1-C 2-A 3-A 4-B 5-B 6-A 7-C 8-C 9-C 10-B 11-A 12-A 13-C 14-B 15-C Common Error 1. Sumesh and I (2,3,1 rule of pronoun sequence 2= 2 nd person, 3=3 rd person, 1=1 st person) 2. Modal A ford Which 3. D. Radio waves carry. 4. B. who in place of whom 5. C. enjoy myself there Verbs like introduce, put, express, absent, avail, blame, hurt, sacrifice takes reflexive pronoun in absence of direct object. 6. B. why his father 7. D. his choice. If antecedent is every then singular pronoun is used. 8. Who in place of whom in such cases check the whether the verb after whom contains a subject or not. Here should don t have any subject. So who. Whom is used in pure object sense only 9. lower than caretaker s comparison is between salary so use possessive case. 10. C. she would be healthy. antecedent is every woman use singular pronoun