Political Science 108: Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration

Transcription

1 Political Science 108: Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration Loren Collingwood University of California April 25, 2017

2 NOTE NOTE: TODAY S LECTURE NOT IN BOOK

3 Explanations of Prejudice/Racism: Psychological Theories Frustration/Aggression Hypothesis Aggression results from individual s frustration at not achieving highly desired goals people turn their anger at less powerful others

4 Explanations of Prejudice/Racism: Psychological Theories Frustration/Aggression Hypothesis Aggression results from individual s frustration at not achieving highly desired goals people turn their anger at less powerful others Authoritarian Personality Theory (APT) Results form child-rearing practices that humiliated and deprecated the child and predicated parental affection on child s immediate and unquestioning obedience to the parents

5 Explanations of Prejudice/Racism: Psychological Theories Frustration/Aggression Hypothesis Aggression results from individual s frustration at not achieving highly desired goals people turn their anger at less powerful others Authoritarian Personality Theory (APT) Results form child-rearing practices that humiliated and deprecated the child and predicated parental affection on child s immediate and unquestioning obedience to the parents Stereotypes Result of basic and normal information processing. People perceive relatively unusual negative traits/behaviors and relatively unusual people (i.e., ethnic minorities) as going together, resulting in negative group stereotypes Illusory correlation People (of majority group) assume infrequent features are more characteristic of a minority group than of a majority group

6 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Focus on structural relationships among groups

7 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Focus on structural relationships among groups Social systems are hierarchically and oligarchically organized and disproportionately controlled by a small group of people ruling class, ruling elite, oligarchs, dominants

8 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Focus on structural relationships among groups Social systems are hierarchically and oligarchically organized and disproportionately controlled by a small group of people ruling class, ruling elite, oligarchs, dominants Group Position Theory

9 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Focus on structural relationships among groups Social systems are hierarchically and oligarchically organized and disproportionately controlled by a small group of people ruling class, ruling elite, oligarchs, dominants Group Position Theory When groups are in a state of power inequality or power imbalance, the more powerful groups seek to maintain their dominant position over less powerful groups by promoting social attitudes and policies that advantage themselves

10 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Focus on structural relationships among groups Social systems are hierarchically and oligarchically organized and disproportionately controlled by a small group of people ruling class, ruling elite, oligarchs, dominants Group Position Theory When groups are in a state of power inequality or power imbalance, the more powerful groups seek to maintain their dominant position over less powerful groups by promoting social attitudes and policies that advantage themselves E.G. whites will resist social policies that they perceive as redistributing power and privilege to other, rival groups (i.e., to blacks)

11 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Marxism Most well-known and influential of all social science theories, developed by Karl Marx/Friedrich Engles

12 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Marxism Most well-known and influential of all social science theories, developed by Karl Marx/Friedrich Engles Analysis/critique of capitalism how it arose, works, whom it benefits, and whom it disadvantages

13 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Marxism Most well-known and influential of all social science theories, developed by Karl Marx/Friedrich Engles Analysis/critique of capitalism how it arose, works, whom it benefits, and whom it disadvantages Capitalist societies are hierarchically organized social systems economic surplus that technologies produce is unequally distributed between owners and workers

14 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Marxism Most well-known and influential of all social science theories, developed by Karl Marx/Friedrich Engles Analysis/critique of capitalism how it arose, works, whom it benefits, and whom it disadvantages Capitalist societies are hierarchically organized social systems economic surplus that technologies produce is unequally distributed between owners and workers Those with power and control over means of production will exploit those with little power and control

15 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Marxism Most well-known and influential of all social science theories, developed by Karl Marx/Friedrich Engles Analysis/critique of capitalism how it arose, works, whom it benefits, and whom it disadvantages Capitalist societies are hierarchically organized social systems economic surplus that technologies produce is unequally distributed between owners and workers Those with power and control over means of production will exploit those with little power and control Those who own capital have major power advantage over those who sell labor the owners then structure economic transactions such that they almost always benefit themselves at cost of workers

16 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Marxism Most well-known and influential of all social science theories, developed by Karl Marx/Friedrich Engles Analysis/critique of capitalism how it arose, works, whom it benefits, and whom it disadvantages Capitalist societies are hierarchically organized social systems economic surplus that technologies produce is unequally distributed between owners and workers Those with power and control over means of production will exploit those with little power and control Those who own capital have major power advantage over those who sell labor the owners then structure economic transactions such that they almost always benefit themselves at cost of workers Ruling class also controls major venues of intellectual production (mass media, elite universities) gives them power over ideas available for public discourse and framing

17 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Marxism Most well-known and influential of all social science theories, developed by Karl Marx/Friedrich Engles Analysis/critique of capitalism how it arose, works, whom it benefits, and whom it disadvantages Capitalist societies are hierarchically organized social systems economic surplus that technologies produce is unequally distributed between owners and workers Those with power and control over means of production will exploit those with little power and control Those who own capital have major power advantage over those who sell labor the owners then structure economic transactions such that they almost always benefit themselves at cost of workers Ruling class also controls major venues of intellectual production (mass media, elite universities) gives them power over ideas available for public discourse and framing Economic power translates over into power of the state

18 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Iron law of oligarchy all social organization inevitably leads to social oligarchy or rule by the few

19 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Iron law of oligarchy all social organization inevitably leads to social oligarchy or rule by the few Pareto Distinguished between governing elites and nongoverning elites

20 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Iron law of oligarchy all social organization inevitably leads to social oligarchy or rule by the few Pareto Distinguished between governing elites and nongoverning elites Governing elites those who wield political power by virtue of their superior political skills, such as cunning, opportunism, or ruthlessness

21 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Iron law of oligarchy all social organization inevitably leads to social oligarchy or rule by the few Pareto Distinguished between governing elites and nongoverning elites Governing elites those who wield political power by virtue of their superior political skills, such as cunning, opportunism, or ruthlessness Nongoverning elites Maintain great power, influence, prestige, status, within a social system by virtue of their superior skills, abilities, attributes (e.g., artists, scientists, inventors)

22 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Iron law of oligarchy all social organization inevitably leads to social oligarchy or rule by the few Pareto Distinguished between governing elites and nongoverning elites Governing elites those who wield political power by virtue of their superior political skills, such as cunning, opportunism, or ruthlessness Nongoverning elites Maintain great power, influence, prestige, status, within a social system by virtue of their superior skills, abilities, attributes (e.g., artists, scientists, inventors) Power exercised based on four factors:

23 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Iron law of oligarchy all social organization inevitably leads to social oligarchy or rule by the few Pareto Distinguished between governing elites and nongoverning elites Governing elites those who wield political power by virtue of their superior political skills, such as cunning, opportunism, or ruthlessness Nongoverning elites Maintain great power, influence, prestige, status, within a social system by virtue of their superior skills, abilities, attributes (e.g., artists, scientists, inventors) Power exercised based on four factors: Social heterogeneity All known human societies have a separation/conflict between mass of people who are ruled and a small/select group of individuals who are the rulers the ruling elite

24 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Iron law of oligarchy all social organization inevitably leads to social oligarchy or rule by the few Pareto Distinguished between governing elites and nongoverning elites Governing elites those who wield political power by virtue of their superior political skills, such as cunning, opportunism, or ruthlessness Nongoverning elites Maintain great power, influence, prestige, status, within a social system by virtue of their superior skills, abilities, attributes (e.g., artists, scientists, inventors) Power exercised based on four factors: Social heterogeneity All known human societies have a separation/conflict between mass of people who are ruled and a small/select group of individuals who are the rulers the ruling elite Interest Goals that individuals wish to attain, such as economic gain or political power

25 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Iron law of oligarchy all social organization inevitably leads to social oligarchy or rule by the few Pareto Distinguished between governing elites and nongoverning elites Governing elites those who wield political power by virtue of their superior political skills, such as cunning, opportunism, or ruthlessness Nongoverning elites Maintain great power, influence, prestige, status, within a social system by virtue of their superior skills, abilities, attributes (e.g., artists, scientists, inventors) Power exercised based on four factors: Social heterogeneity All known human societies have a separation/conflict between mass of people who are ruled and a small/select group of individuals who are the rulers the ruling elite Interest Goals that individuals wish to attain, such as economic gain or political power Residues Psychological dispositions occupying an

26 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Class I Residues Manifestations of sentiments of progressiveness, inventiveness, desire for adventure, drawing of conclusions from abstract principle

27 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Class I Residues Manifestations of sentiments of progressiveness, inventiveness, desire for adventure, drawing of conclusions from abstract principle Class II Residues Express more conservative side of human nature loyalty to society s norms/major institutions such as church, family, military, nation

28 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Class I Residues Manifestations of sentiments of progressiveness, inventiveness, desire for adventure, drawing of conclusions from abstract principle Class II Residues Express more conservative side of human nature loyalty to society s norms/major institutions such as church, family, military, nation Derivations logical justifications elites employ to legitimize essentially nonlogical, sentiment-driven reasons to rule. E.G. equality of opportunity for all, all men are created equal. illusions not possible of being realized not even in principle

29 Social-Structural and Elite Theories Class I Residues Manifestations of sentiments of progressiveness, inventiveness, desire for adventure, drawing of conclusions from abstract principle Class II Residues Express more conservative side of human nature loyalty to society s norms/major institutions such as church, family, military, nation Derivations logical justifications elites employ to legitimize essentially nonlogical, sentiment-driven reasons to rule. E.G. equality of opportunity for all, all men are created equal. illusions not possible of being realized not even in principle Elite theories, in general, are very consistent with the historical record

30 Evolutionary Theory Darwin Organisms that possess physiological and behavioral characteristics that allow them to produce viable offspring within certain offspring will survive across time, whereas those won t

31 Evolutionary Theory Darwin Organisms that possess physiological and behavioral characteristics that allow them to produce viable offspring within certain offspring will survive across time, whereas those won t Evolution Process by which organisms change, largely in response to changing environmental circumstances

32 Evolutionary Theory Darwin Organisms that possess physiological and behavioral characteristics that allow them to produce viable offspring within certain offspring will survive across time, whereas those won t Evolution Process by which organisms change, largely in response to changing environmental circumstances Adaptation Emphasizes relationship between organisms and their environments those more fit to will adapt more readily Some scholars/researchers think that organisms behave in ways that protect not only their own fitness but also the fitness of organisms with whom they share a large number of genes greater perceived genetic overlap greater the altruism

33 Evolutionary Theory Darwin Organisms that possess physiological and behavioral characteristics that allow them to produce viable offspring within certain offspring will survive across time, whereas those won t Evolution Process by which organisms change, largely in response to changing environmental circumstances Adaptation Emphasizes relationship between organisms and their environments those more fit to will adapt more readily Some scholars/researchers think that organisms behave in ways that protect not only their own fitness but also the fitness of organisms with whom they share a large number of genes greater perceived genetic overlap greater the altruism

34 Evolutionary Theory Given that ethnic groups generally consist of genetically related individuals ethnic discrimination and ingroup favoritism are simply means by which genetically related organisms aid in the duplication of their common genes into successive generations

35 Evolutionary Theory Given that ethnic groups generally consist of genetically related individuals ethnic discrimination and ingroup favoritism are simply means by which genetically related organisms aid in the duplication of their common genes into successive generations But Darwinism (Social Darwinism) has been decried when employed to understand relations between social groups, as some people have used it to justify group differences in allocation of resources, etc.

36 Social Dominance Theory A number of classical/contemporary theories of social attitudes and intergroup relations have given us some important insights into intergroup conflict, stereotyping, and group oppression

37 Social Dominance Theory A number of classical/contemporary theories of social attitudes and intergroup relations have given us some important insights into intergroup conflict, stereotyping, and group oppression Social Dominance Theory (SDT) designed to integrate insights into one coherent/comprehensive theoretical model

38 Social Dominance Theory A number of classical/contemporary theories of social attitudes and intergroup relations have given us some important insights into intergroup conflict, stereotyping, and group oppression Social Dominance Theory (SDT) designed to integrate insights into one coherent/comprehensive theoretical model Connects worlds of individual personality and attitudes with domains of institutional behavior and social structure

39 Social Dominance Theory A number of classical/contemporary theories of social attitudes and intergroup relations have given us some important insights into intergroup conflict, stereotyping, and group oppression Social Dominance Theory (SDT) designed to integrate insights into one coherent/comprehensive theoretical model Connects worlds of individual personality and attitudes with domains of institutional behavior and social structure All human societies tend to be structured as systems of group-based social hierarchies

40 Social Dominance Theory A number of classical/contemporary theories of social attitudes and intergroup relations have given us some important insights into intergroup conflict, stereotyping, and group oppression Social Dominance Theory (SDT) designed to integrate insights into one coherent/comprehensive theoretical model Connects worlds of individual personality and attitudes with domains of institutional behavior and social structure All human societies tend to be structured as systems of group-based social hierarchies At very minimum hierarchical social structure consists of one or a small number of dominant groups at top and one or a number of subordinate groups at the bottom

41 Social Dominance Theory A number of classical/contemporary theories of social attitudes and intergroup relations have given us some important insights into intergroup conflict, stereotyping, and group oppression Social Dominance Theory (SDT) designed to integrate insights into one coherent/comprehensive theoretical model Connects worlds of individual personality and attitudes with domains of institutional behavior and social structure All human societies tend to be structured as systems of group-based social hierarchies At very minimum hierarchical social structure consists of one or a small number of dominant groups at top and one or a number of subordinate groups at the bottom Dominant group characterized by possession of a disproportionately large share of positive social value material and symbolic things for which people strive e.g., good job, cars, jewels, political authority and power

42 Social Dominance Theory Subordinate groups possess a disproportionately large share of negative social value low power and social status, high-risk and low-status occupations, relatively poor health care, poor food, modest or miserable homes, high prison rates/death sentences

43 Social Dominance Theory Subordinate groups possess a disproportionately large share of negative social value low power and social status, high-risk and low-status occupations, relatively poor health care, poor food, modest or miserable homes, high prison rates/death sentences What mechanisms produce and maintain this group-based social hierarchy?

44 Social Dominance Theory Subordinate groups possess a disproportionately large share of negative social value low power and social status, high-risk and low-status occupations, relatively poor health care, poor food, modest or miserable homes, high prison rates/death sentences What mechanisms produce and maintain this group-based social hierarchy? Group-Based Social Hierarchy Refers to social power, prestige, and privilege that an individual possesses by virtue of their ascribed membership in a particualr socially constructed group such as race, religion, clan, tribe, lineage, linguistic/ethnic group, or social class

45 Social Dominance Theory Subordinate groups possess a disproportionately large share of negative social value low power and social status, high-risk and low-status occupations, relatively poor health care, poor food, modest or miserable homes, high prison rates/death sentences What mechanisms produce and maintain this group-based social hierarchy? Group-Based Social Hierarchy Refers to social power, prestige, and privilege that an individual possesses by virtue of their ascribed membership in a particualr socially constructed group such as race, religion, clan, tribe, lineage, linguistic/ethnic group, or social class Individual-Based Social Hierarchy Individuals might enjoy great power, prestige, etc., by virtue of their own highly-valued individual characteristics, such as great athletic or leadership ability, high intelligence, scientific talent, good looks, etc.

46 Social Dominance Theory Subordinate groups possess a disproportionately large share of negative social value low power and social status, high-risk and low-status occupations, relatively poor health care, poor food, modest or miserable homes, high prison rates/death sentences What mechanisms produce and maintain this group-based social hierarchy? Group-Based Social Hierarchy Refers to social power, prestige, and privilege that an individual possesses by virtue of their ascribed membership in a particualr socially constructed group such as race, religion, clan, tribe, lineage, linguistic/ethnic group, or social class Individual-Based Social Hierarchy Individuals might enjoy great power, prestige, etc., by virtue of their own highly-valued individual characteristics, such as great athletic or leadership ability, high intelligence, scientific talent, good looks, etc.

47 Social Dominance Theory Not all power, prestige, etc. are completely independent of individuals personal characteristics (e.g., you can grow up in low social class and rise to high social class)

48 Social Dominance Theory Not all power, prestige, etc. are completely independent of individuals personal characteristics (e.g., you can grow up in low social class and rise to high social class) Rather, achievements and status of individuals are not completely independent of the status and power of the groups to which they belong (i.e., more likely to attain high social status if your father is a doctor)

49 Social Dominance Theory Not all power, prestige, etc. are completely independent of individuals personal characteristics (e.g., you can grow up in low social class and rise to high social class) Rather, achievements and status of individuals are not completely independent of the status and power of the groups to which they belong (i.e., more likely to attain high social status if your father is a doctor) Access to the means of individual achievement (e.g., education, specialized skills) is differentially available to ascribed social groups

50 Social Dominance Theory Not all power, prestige, etc. are completely independent of individuals personal characteristics (e.g., you can grow up in low social class and rise to high social class) Rather, achievements and status of individuals are not completely independent of the status and power of the groups to which they belong (i.e., more likely to attain high social status if your father is a doctor) Access to the means of individual achievement (e.g., education, specialized skills) is differentially available to ascribed social groups Even in modern, democratic, and multigroup societies, achieved component of social status is, to a very significant degree, dependent upon social status and power of one s ascribed group membership

51 Trimorphic Structure of Group-Based Social Hierarchy Three stratification systems: Age, gender, arbitrary-set

52 Trimorphic Structure of Group-Based Social Hierarchy Three stratification systems: Age, gender, arbitrary-set Age Adults and middle-age people have disproportionate social power over children and younger adults

53 Trimorphic Structure of Group-Based Social Hierarchy Three stratification systems: Age, gender, arbitrary-set Age Adults and middle-age people have disproportionate social power over children and younger adults Gender Males have disproportionate social and political power compared with females (patriarchy)

54 Trimorphic Structure of Group-Based Social Hierarchy Three stratification systems: Age, gender, arbitrary-set Age Adults and middle-age people have disproportionate social power over children and younger adults Gender Males have disproportionate social and political power compared with females (patriarchy) Arbitrary-set Socially constructed and highly salient groups (based on clan, ethnicity, estate, nation, race, caste, religion, etc.). One group is politically dominant over other groups

55 Trimorphic Structure of Group-Based Social Hierarchy Three stratification systems: Age, gender, arbitrary-set Age Adults and middle-age people have disproportionate social power over children and younger adults Gender Males have disproportionate social and political power compared with females (patriarchy) Arbitrary-set Socially constructed and highly salient groups (based on clan, ethnicity, estate, nation, race, caste, religion, etc.). One group is politically dominant over other groups

56 Arbitrary Set System Arbitrary set characterized by unusually high degree of arbitrariness, plasticity, flexibility, and situational and contextual sensitivity in determining which group distinctions are socially salient and the manner in which ingroups and outgroups are defined

57 Arbitrary Set System Arbitrary set characterized by unusually high degree of arbitrariness, plasticity, flexibility, and situational and contextual sensitivity in determining which group distinctions are socially salient and the manner in which ingroups and outgroups are defined Could be defined in terms of membership in street gangs (Bloods vs. Crips); nationality, race, social class (working vs upper)

58 Arbitrary Set System Arbitrary set characterized by unusually high degree of arbitrariness, plasticity, flexibility, and situational and contextual sensitivity in determining which group distinctions are socially salient and the manner in which ingroups and outgroups are defined Could be defined in terms of membership in street gangs (Bloods vs. Crips); nationality, race, social class (working vs upper) Criteria for membership in one category or another dependent on cultural and situational context (Black in American 1 drop, in Caribbean/South Africa same person would be mulatto)

59 Arbitrary Set System Arbitrary set characterized by unusually high degree of arbitrariness, plasticity, flexibility, and situational and contextual sensitivity in determining which group distinctions are socially salient and the manner in which ingroups and outgroups are defined Could be defined in terms of membership in street gangs (Bloods vs. Crips); nationality, race, social class (working vs upper) Criteria for membership in one category or another dependent on cultural and situational context (Black in American 1 drop, in Caribbean/South Africa same person would be mulatto) Associated with greatest degree of violence, brutality, and oppression; usually exceeding that of other two systems

60 Arbitrary Set System Arbitrary set characterized by unusually high degree of arbitrariness, plasticity, flexibility, and situational and contextual sensitivity in determining which group distinctions are socially salient and the manner in which ingroups and outgroups are defined Could be defined in terms of membership in street gangs (Bloods vs. Crips); nationality, race, social class (working vs upper) Criteria for membership in one category or another dependent on cultural and situational context (Black in American 1 drop, in Caribbean/South Africa same person would be mulatto) Associated with greatest degree of violence, brutality, and oppression; usually exceeding that of other two systems Holocaust; massacres of Kurds by Turkey in 1924; Stalin s slaughter of Kulaks in 1929; Khmer Rouge terror in late 1970s; Rwanda in 1990s

61 Arbitrary Set System Hunter-gatherer societies do not produce enough economic surplus to allow development of highly specialize social roles (i.e., professional armies, police, etc.)

62 Arbitrary Set System Hunter-gatherer societies do not produce enough economic surplus to allow development of highly specialize social roles (i.e., professional armies, police, etc.) All adult males are essentially equal as other adult males. Authority tends to be based on mutual agreement, persuasion, consultation, and individual capacities of male individuals not arbitrary-set groups

63 Arbitrary Set System Hunter-gatherer societies do not produce enough economic surplus to allow development of highly specialize social roles (i.e., professional armies, police, etc.) All adult males are essentially equal as other adult males. Authority tends to be based on mutual agreement, persuasion, consultation, and individual capacities of male individuals not arbitrary-set groups Societies producing substantial and stable economic surplus are those with arbitrary-set systems of social hierarchy

64 Arbitrary Set System Hunter-gatherer societies do not produce enough economic surplus to allow development of highly specialize social roles (i.e., professional armies, police, etc.) All adult males are essentially equal as other adult males. Authority tends to be based on mutual agreement, persuasion, consultation, and individual capacities of male individuals not arbitrary-set groups Societies producing substantial and stable economic surplus are those with arbitrary-set systems of social hierarchy Not all males need to devote most of their time to food procurement and survival and can thus specialize in arts of coercion (e.g., war, policing) or intellectual/spiritual sophistry/manipulation

65 Arbitrary Set System Hunter-gatherer societies do not produce enough economic surplus to allow development of highly specialize social roles (i.e., professional armies, police, etc.) All adult males are essentially equal as other adult males. Authority tends to be based on mutual agreement, persuasion, consultation, and individual capacities of male individuals not arbitrary-set groups Societies producing substantial and stable economic surplus are those with arbitrary-set systems of social hierarchy Not all males need to devote most of their time to food procurement and survival and can thus specialize in arts of coercion (e.g., war, policing) or intellectual/spiritual sophistry/manipulation

66 Arbitrary Set System Specialists are used by political elites to establish and enforce expropriate economic and social relationships with other members of society

67 Arbitrary Set System Specialists are used by political elites to establish and enforce expropriate economic and social relationships with other members of society Once these role specializations are in place, arbitrary-set, group-based hierarchies then emerge

68 Arbitrary Set System Specialists are used by political elites to establish and enforce expropriate economic and social relationships with other members of society Once these role specializations are in place, arbitrary-set, group-based hierarchies then emerge Every attempt to abolish arbitrary-set, group-based hierarchy within societies of economic surplus have, without exception, failed

69 Three Primary Assumptions of SDT 1. Arbitrary-set systems of social hierarchy will invariably emerge within social systems producing sustainable economic surplus

70 Three Primary Assumptions of SDT 1. Arbitrary-set systems of social hierarchy will invariably emerge within social systems producing sustainable economic surplus 2. Most forms of group conflict and oppression can be regarded as different manifestations of the same basic human predisposition to form group-based social hierarchies

71 Three Primary Assumptions of SDT 1. Arbitrary-set systems of social hierarchy will invariably emerge within social systems producing sustainable economic surplus 2. Most forms of group conflict and oppression can be regarded as different manifestations of the same basic human predisposition to form group-based social hierarchies Phenomena such as prejudice, racism, stereotypes, and discrimination simply cannot be understood outside the conceptual framework of group-based social hierarchy

72 Three Primary Assumptions of SDT 1. Arbitrary-set systems of social hierarchy will invariably emerge within social systems producing sustainable economic surplus 2. Most forms of group conflict and oppression can be regarded as different manifestations of the same basic human predisposition to form group-based social hierarchies Phenomena such as prejudice, racism, stereotypes, and discrimination simply cannot be understood outside the conceptual framework of group-based social hierarchy 3. Human social systems are subject to counterbalancing influences of:

73 Three Primary Assumptions of SDT 1. Arbitrary-set systems of social hierarchy will invariably emerge within social systems producing sustainable economic surplus 2. Most forms of group conflict and oppression can be regarded as different manifestations of the same basic human predisposition to form group-based social hierarchies Phenomena such as prejudice, racism, stereotypes, and discrimination simply cannot be understood outside the conceptual framework of group-based social hierarchy 3. Human social systems are subject to counterbalancing influences of: Hierarchy-Enhancing (HE) forces, producing and maintaining ever higher levels of group-based social inequality.

74 Three Primary Assumptions of SDT 1. Arbitrary-set systems of social hierarchy will invariably emerge within social systems producing sustainable economic surplus 2. Most forms of group conflict and oppression can be regarded as different manifestations of the same basic human predisposition to form group-based social hierarchies Phenomena such as prejudice, racism, stereotypes, and discrimination simply cannot be understood outside the conceptual framework of group-based social hierarchy 3. Human social systems are subject to counterbalancing influences of: Hierarchy-Enhancing (HE) forces, producing and maintaining ever higher levels of group-based social inequality. Hierarchy-Attenuating (HA) forces producing greater levels of group-based social equality

75 Legitimizing Myths Consist of attitudes, values, beliefs, stereotypes, and ideologies that provide moral and intellectual justification for the social practices that distribute social value within the social system

76 Legitimizing Myths Consist of attitudes, values, beliefs, stereotypes, and ideologies that provide moral and intellectual justification for the social practices that distribute social value within the social system Functional type whether the myth justifies either group-based social inequality (HE) or its opposite, social equality (HA) sexism, classical racism, white man s burden, fate, negative stereotypes of subordinate groups, nationalism, Monroe Doctrine, manifest destiny, divine rights of kings, specieism

77 Legitimizing Myths Consist of attitudes, values, beliefs, stereotypes, and ideologies that provide moral and intellectual justification for the social practices that distribute social value within the social system Functional type whether the myth justifies either group-based social inequality (HE) or its opposite, social equality (HA) sexism, classical racism, white man s burden, fate, negative stereotypes of subordinate groups, nationalism, Monroe Doctrine, manifest destiny, divine rights of kings, specieism In contemporary U.S. culture most important is individual responsibility, Protestant work ethic, internal attributions of misfortunes of poor (stupid homeless guy get a job, he must be lazy not crazy)

78 Legitimizing Myths Consist of attitudes, values, beliefs, stereotypes, and ideologies that provide moral and intellectual justification for the social practices that distribute social value within the social system Functional type whether the myth justifies either group-based social inequality (HE) or its opposite, social equality (HA) sexism, classical racism, white man s burden, fate, negative stereotypes of subordinate groups, nationalism, Monroe Doctrine, manifest destiny, divine rights of kings, specieism In contemporary U.S. culture most important is individual responsibility, Protestant work ethic, internal attributions of misfortunes of poor (stupid homeless guy get a job, he must be lazy not crazy)

79 Legitimizing Myths That is, each individual occupies the position along the social status continuum that he/she has earned and therefore deserves thus, configurations of hierarchical social system are fair, legitimate, natural, and perhaps even inevitable; conservatism in general is HE-LM

80 Legitimizing Myths That is, each individual occupies the position along the social status continuum that he/she has earned and therefore deserves thus, configurations of hierarchical social system are fair, legitimate, natural, and perhaps even inevitable; conservatism in general is HE-LM HA-LMs directly contradict HE-LMs. The former promote greater levels of group-based egalitarianism

81 Legitimizing Myths That is, each individual occupies the position along the social status continuum that he/she has earned and therefore deserves thus, configurations of hierarchical social system are fair, legitimate, natural, and perhaps even inevitable; conservatism in general is HE-LM HA-LMs directly contradict HE-LMs. The former promote greater levels of group-based egalitarianism Political doctrines such as socialism, communism, feminism, universal rights of man, portions of New Testament, portions of Declaration of Independence

82 Legitimizing Myths That is, each individual occupies the position along the social status continuum that he/she has earned and therefore deserves thus, configurations of hierarchical social system are fair, legitimate, natural, and perhaps even inevitable; conservatism in general is HE-LM HA-LMs directly contradict HE-LMs. The former promote greater levels of group-based egalitarianism Political doctrines such as socialism, communism, feminism, universal rights of man, portions of New Testament, portions of Declaration of Independence Potency of LM is function of at least four factors consensualtiy, embeddedness, certainty, mediational strength

83 Legitimizing Myths 1. Consensuality Degree to which social representations of social ideologies are broadly shared within the social system

84 Legitimizing Myths 1. Consensuality Degree to which social representations of social ideologies are broadly shared within the social system 2. Embeddedness Whether the legitimizing myth is strongly associated and anchored to other parts of the ideological, religious, or aesthetic components of a culture the color black is often associated with implications of evil (Darth Vader), filth (sewers, underworld), depravity, fear; converse for white (Angels, heaven, wedding dress)

85 Legitimizing Myths 3. Certainty Does the legitimizing myth have a high degree of moral, religious, scientific certainty, or truth? E.G., biological racism mi 19th century Western European belief of white superiority belief was consistent with emerging scientific literature of the time. Also squared with white dominance of the world, more generally.

86 Legitimizing Myths 3. Certainty Does the legitimizing myth have a high degree of moral, religious, scientific certainty, or truth? E.G., biological racism mi 19th century Western European belief of white superiority belief was consistent with emerging scientific literature of the time. Also squared with white dominance of the world, more generally. 4. Mediational Strength Whether an LM serves as a link between desire to establish group-based social hierarchy and endorsement of HE/HA social policies at the same time.

87 Legitimizing Myths 3. Certainty Does the legitimizing myth have a high degree of moral, religious, scientific certainty, or truth? E.G., biological racism mi 19th century Western European belief of white superiority belief was consistent with emerging scientific literature of the time. Also squared with white dominance of the world, more generally. 4. Mediational Strength Whether an LM serves as a link between desire to establish group-based social hierarchy and endorsement of HE/HA social policies at the same time. E.G.: Strong endorsement of Protestant work ethic correlates with lower support for help for the poor

88 Legitimizing Myths 3. Certainty Does the legitimizing myth have a high degree of moral, religious, scientific certainty, or truth? E.G., biological racism mi 19th century Western European belief of white superiority belief was consistent with emerging scientific literature of the time. Also squared with white dominance of the world, more generally. 4. Mediational Strength Whether an LM serves as a link between desire to establish group-based social hierarchy and endorsement of HE/HA social policies at the same time. E.G.: Strong endorsement of Protestant work ethic correlates with lower support for help for the poor People endorse Protestant work ethic because it is an accessible and socially acceptable way to justify group-based social inequality

89 Social Dominance Orientation The degree to which individuals desire and support group-based hierarchy and the domination of inferior groups by superior groups

90 Social Dominance Orientation The degree to which individuals desire and support group-based hierarchy and the domination of inferior groups by superior groups SDO pertains to whatever group distinctions may involves sexes, genders, races, social classes, regions, etc.

91 Social Dominance Orientation The degree to which individuals desire and support group-based hierarchy and the domination of inferior groups by superior groups SDO pertains to whatever group distinctions may involves sexes, genders, races, social classes, regions, etc. SDO affected in four ways:

92 Social Dominance Orientation The degree to which individuals desire and support group-based hierarchy and the domination of inferior groups by superior groups SDO pertains to whatever group distinctions may involves sexes, genders, races, social classes, regions, etc. SDO affected in four ways: 1. One s membership in and identification with arbitrary, highly salient, and hierarchically organized arbitrary-set groups. Members of dominant groups should have higher SDO

93 Social Dominance Orientation The degree to which individuals desire and support group-based hierarchy and the domination of inferior groups by superior groups SDO pertains to whatever group distinctions may involves sexes, genders, races, social classes, regions, etc. SDO affected in four ways: 1. One s membership in and identification with arbitrary, highly salient, and hierarchically organized arbitrary-set groups. Members of dominant groups should have higher SDO 2. Background influences: education, religious faith, socialization experiences (e.g., war, depression, etc.)

94 Social Dominance Orientation The degree to which individuals desire and support group-based hierarchy and the domination of inferior groups by superior groups SDO pertains to whatever group distinctions may involves sexes, genders, races, social classes, regions, etc. SDO affected in four ways: 1. One s membership in and identification with arbitrary, highly salient, and hierarchically organized arbitrary-set groups. Members of dominant groups should have higher SDO 2. Background influences: education, religious faith, socialization experiences (e.g., war, depression, etc.) 3. Temperamental predispositions and personalities key role of empathy

95 Social Dominance Orientation The degree to which individuals desire and support group-based hierarchy and the domination of inferior groups by superior groups SDO pertains to whatever group distinctions may involves sexes, genders, races, social classes, regions, etc. SDO affected in four ways: 1. One s membership in and identification with arbitrary, highly salient, and hierarchically organized arbitrary-set groups. Members of dominant groups should have higher SDO 2. Background influences: education, religious faith, socialization experiences (e.g., war, depression, etc.) 3. Temperamental predispositions and personalities key role of empathy 4. Gender males tend to have higher SDO than do females

96 The Psychology of Group Dominance Systems of group-based oppression and their maintenance are complex and multifaceted incorporate expressions of human will, agency, and mind

97 The Psychology of Group Dominance Systems of group-based oppression and their maintenance are complex and multifaceted incorporate expressions of human will, agency, and mind Best way psychology of group dominance expresses itself is in a form called social dominance orientation (SDO)

98 The Psychology of Group Dominance Systems of group-based oppression and their maintenance are complex and multifaceted incorporate expressions of human will, agency, and mind Best way psychology of group dominance expresses itself is in a form called social dominance orientation (SDO) Very general individual difference orientation expressing value people place on nonegalitarian and hierarchically structured relationships among social groups

99 The Psychology of Group Dominance Systems of group-based oppression and their maintenance are complex and multifaceted incorporate expressions of human will, agency, and mind Best way psychology of group dominance expresses itself is in a form called social dominance orientation (SDO) Very general individual difference orientation expressing value people place on nonegalitarian and hierarchically structured relationships among social groups Expresses general support for domination of certain socially constructed groups over other socially constructed groups regardless of how these groups are defined

100 The Psychology of Group Dominance Systems of group-based oppression and their maintenance are complex and multifaceted incorporate expressions of human will, agency, and mind Best way psychology of group dominance expresses itself is in a form called social dominance orientation (SDO) Very general individual difference orientation expressing value people place on nonegalitarian and hierarchically structured relationships among social groups Expresses general support for domination of certain socially constructed groups over other socially constructed groups regardless of how these groups are defined e.g., race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, region, skin color, etc. Groups most likely to be targets of social dominance drives will be those groups that are most salient and define sharpest power differential within any society

101 Is SDO empirically distinguishable? Rokeach s Two-Value Model postulates that attitudes/behaviors driven by importance people give to social equality and individual freedom

102 Is SDO empirically distinguishable? Rokeach s Two-Value Model postulates that attitudes/behaviors driven by importance people give to social equality and individual freedom Correlation between SDO and International Harmony and Equality Scale (IHES measure of Rokeach s model) are present and negative but relatively small (less than -0.4)

103 Is SDO empirically distinguishable? Rokeach s Two-Value Model postulates that attitudes/behaviors driven by importance people give to social equality and individual freedom Correlation between SDO and International Harmony and Equality Scale (IHES measure of Rokeach s model) are present and negative but relatively small (less than -0.4) Political Conservatism SDO sounds intuitively like political conservatism however, conservatism has numerous definitions that are not part of SDO: A) Resistance to chance; B) Respect for traditional institutions, C) Distrust of any gov t activism; D) Resistance to centralized gov t; F) Cautiousness or avoidance of risk taking; G) Opposition to excesses of personal freedom and emphasis on personal responsibility; H) Resistance to planned economies; support for laissez-faire capitalism, etc.

104 Is SDO empirically distinguishable? Rokeach s Two-Value Model postulates that attitudes/behaviors driven by importance people give to social equality and individual freedom Correlation between SDO and International Harmony and Equality Scale (IHES measure of Rokeach s model) are present and negative but relatively small (less than -0.4) Political Conservatism SDO sounds intuitively like political conservatism however, conservatism has numerous definitions that are not part of SDO: A) Resistance to chance; B) Respect for traditional institutions, C) Distrust of any gov t activism; D) Resistance to centralized gov t; F) Cautiousness or avoidance of risk taking; G) Opposition to excesses of personal freedom and emphasis on personal responsibility; H) Resistance to planned economies; support for laissez-faire capitalism, etc. SDO and political conservatism are conceptually and empirically distinct (correlation between )

105 Authoritarianism Authoritarianism as predictor of Trump support

106 Authoritarianism Authoritarianism as predictor of Trump support Authoritarians and those high on SDO are expected to be relatively racist, sexist, homophobic, ethnocentric, and to show little empathy for lower-status others

107 Authoritarianism Authoritarianism as predictor of Trump support Authoritarians and those high on SDO are expected to be relatively racist, sexist, homophobic, ethnocentric, and to show little empathy for lower-status others Authoritarianism is conceptualized as aberrant human condition resulting form harsh child-rearing practices and as ego defense against feelings of inadequacy

108 Authoritarianism Authoritarianism as predictor of Trump support Authoritarians and those high on SDO are expected to be relatively racist, sexist, homophobic, ethnocentric, and to show little empathy for lower-status others Authoritarianism is conceptualized as aberrant human condition resulting form harsh child-rearing practices and as ego defense against feelings of inadequacy Authoritarianism concerns submission to authority of the ingroup SDO concerns attitudes toward hierarchical relationships between groups

109 What is a correlation? Mathematic formula for how two variables tend to go together As one goes up, the other goes up; The more one-to-one this relationship the stronger the positive relationship If one variables goes up and the other goes down, that is negative correlationship Measured on -1,0,1 scale

110 The Power of Consensual Ideology Two ways by which dominant groups maintain their hegemonic position over subordinate groups:

111 The Power of Consensual Ideology Two ways by which dominant groups maintain their hegemonic position over subordinate groups: Threat or actual exercise of naked force

112 The Power of Consensual Ideology Two ways by which dominant groups maintain their hegemonic position over subordinate groups: Threat or actual exercise of naked force Control over ideology and the contents of legitimate social discourse

113 The Power of Consensual Ideology Two ways by which dominant groups maintain their hegemonic position over subordinate groups: Threat or actual exercise of naked force Control over ideology and the contents of legitimate social discourse Control over discourse and ideology are much preferred it s easier and carriers fewer risks

114 The Power of Consensual Ideology Two ways by which dominant groups maintain their hegemonic position over subordinate groups: Threat or actual exercise of naked force Control over ideology and the contents of legitimate social discourse Control over discourse and ideology are much preferred it s easier and carriers fewer risks Use of naked force can stiffen resistance and resentment within subordinate groups

115 The Power of Consensual Ideology Two ways by which dominant groups maintain their hegemonic position over subordinate groups: Threat or actual exercise of naked force Control over ideology and the contents of legitimate social discourse Control over discourse and ideology are much preferred it s easier and carriers fewer risks Use of naked force can stiffen resistance and resentment within subordinate groups If violence is too severe (i.e., kill all your slaves) then usefulness of subordinates to dominants is impaired

116 The Power of Consensual Ideology Exercise of power over discourse gone by several labels: Ideology, false consciousness, the political formula, ideological hegemony

117 The Power of Consensual Ideology Exercise of power over discourse gone by several labels: Ideology, false consciousness, the political formula, ideological hegemony All share common notion ideologies and social attitudes are often used to convince both dominants and subordinates alike of the purported justice, fairness of hierarchically organized social relations

118 The Power of Consensual Ideology Exercise of power over discourse gone by several labels: Ideology, false consciousness, the political formula, ideological hegemony All share common notion ideologies and social attitudes are often used to convince both dominants and subordinates alike of the purported justice, fairness of hierarchically organized social relations What gives these ideologies their power is not their veracity, but whether people accept these beliefs as true, right, and just

119 The Power of Consensual Ideology Exercise of power over discourse gone by several labels: Ideology, false consciousness, the political formula, ideological hegemony All share common notion ideologies and social attitudes are often used to convince both dominants and subordinates alike of the purported justice, fairness of hierarchically organized social relations What gives these ideologies their power is not their veracity, but whether people accept these beliefs as true, right, and just The more firmly myths are tied to the basic values and points of view of their culture, the more difficult they will be to change

120 The Power of Consensual Ideology Legitimizing myths appear true because enough people in the society behave as if they are true

121 The Power of Consensual Ideology Legitimizing myths appear true because enough people in the society behave as if they are true Recall legitimizing myths are either enhancing (HE) or attenuating (HA)

122 The Power of Consensual Ideology Legitimizing myths appear true because enough people in the society behave as if they are true Recall legitimizing myths are either enhancing (HE) or attenuating (HA) For LM to have real staying power, we need to show that people who have high SDO also support policies that are SD enhancing

123 The Power of Consensual Ideology Legitimizing myths appear true because enough people in the society behave as if they are true Recall legitimizing myths are either enhancing (HE) or attenuating (HA) For LM to have real staying power, we need to show that people who have high SDO also support policies that are SD enhancing E.G.: Abolition of affirmative action is a HE social policy it will generally be perceived as impeding the upward social mobility of subordinate groups.

124 The Power of Consensual Ideology Legitimizing myths appear true because enough people in the society behave as if they are true Recall legitimizing myths are either enhancing (HE) or attenuating (HA) For LM to have real staying power, we need to show that people who have high SDO also support policies that are SD enhancing E.G.: Abolition of affirmative action is a HE social policy it will generally be perceived as impeding the upward social mobility of subordinate groups. One argument used against affirmative action is that it violates norms of equity and individual achievement

125 The Power of Consensual Ideology Legitimizing myths appear true because enough people in the society behave as if they are true Recall legitimizing myths are either enhancing (HE) or attenuating (HA) For LM to have real staying power, we need to show that people who have high SDO also support policies that are SD enhancing E.G.: Abolition of affirmative action is a HE social policy it will generally be perceived as impeding the upward social mobility of subordinate groups. One argument used against affirmative action is that it violates norms of equity and individual achievement Protestant work ethic thus serves as an HE-LM (regardless of its legitimacy)

126 The Power of Consensual Ideology To support this statement, three conditions must hold:

127 The Power of Consensual Ideology To support this statement, three conditions must hold: 1. Protestant work ethic must be positively correlated with desire for group inequality and dominance (SDO)

128 The Power of Consensual Ideology To support this statement, three conditions must hold: 1. Protestant work ethic must be positively correlated with desire for group inequality and dominance (SDO) 2. Protestant work ethic must be positively correlated with opposition to affirmative action

129 The Power of Consensual Ideology To support this statement, three conditions must hold: 1. Protestant work ethic must be positively correlated with desire for group inequality and dominance (SDO) 2. Protestant work ethic must be positively correlated with opposition to affirmative action 3. Demonstrate that the effect of the dominance motive works through its relationship to protestant work ethic

130 SDO, HE-LM and Support for Social Policy Diagram