Index 299 ASEAN Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ASEAN-CCI), 140 ASEAN Concord, action programmes for regional cooperation, 168 ASEAN Economic

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1 Index A AAECP, 128 Abdul Razak, Tun Haji, 128 Abdurrahman Wahid, 238 Accord, 92 social contract on wages and prices, 69, 70 advocacy coalitions, 27, 28 AFTA-CER, 11 AFTA-CER Business Council (ACBC), 190 AFTA-CER CEP, progress in 2000s, 237 AFTA-CER FTA postponement of initiative, 215 study proposal from ASEAN, 213, 214 AFTA-CER linkage dialogue, , 184 modality, 190 origin of dialogue, 189 reasons for slow realization of economic benefits, recommendations for improvements, 194 AFTA-CER Ministerial Consultations, 12, 193, 245 Agreement on Commerce with Japan, 45, 89, 159 Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and Australia on the Framework for Security Cooperation, 261 agricultural base ASEAN members, 147 agricultural exporter, 101 agricultural products, unprocessed, 200 agricultural sector policy reform in, 56 realignment of, 61 agriculture FTA with United States, 223 Ali Alatas, 156 Angkor Agenda, 214 Anthony, Doug, 121 anti-protectionist forces, pressure from, 133 ANZUS treaty, 20 APEC Ministerial Meeting (1989), Canberra, 158 Aquino, Benigno assassination of, 160 Arndt, Heinz, 50

2 Index 299 ASEAN Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ASEAN-CCI), 140 ASEAN Concord, action programmes for regional cooperation, 168 ASEAN Economic Ministers Meeting (AEM), 148 ASEAN Framework Agreement on Mutual Recognition Arrangements (MRAs), 187 ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), 11, 174 aim for regional economic integration, 175 review of, Singapore Summit declaration, 175 ASEAN Harmonized Tariff Nomenclature (AHTN), 187 ASEAN Industrial Joint Ventures (AIJV), 169 ASEAN Industrial Projects (AIP), 118, 169 ASEAN Ministerial Meeting (AMM), 170 ASEAN Plus Three (APT), process, 257 ASEAN policy bilateralists, 252, 253 changes, protectionists, 249, 250 trade liberalizers, ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), 174 ASEAN Senior Economic Officials Meeting (SEOM), 190 ASEAN Summit (1976), Bali, 129 ASEAN Summit (1992), Singapore, 173 ASEAN Summit, Kuala Lumpur, 118 ASEAN Trade Fairs, 130 ASEAN Way, 11 handling of regional economic issues, 181 regional cooperation, lowest denominator approach, 198 ASEAN-Australia Business Council, 140 ASEAN-Australia Consultative Arrangements, 118 ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand FTA, 2 ASEAN-Post Ministerial Conference (ASEAN-PMC), 157, 170 Asia 2000 Foundation, 194 Asia Forum, 110 Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), 233 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 2 ASEAN s conditional participation, Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalization (EVSL), failure, 212 establishment of, open regionalism, 152 precursors, Asia-Pacific region cooperation in, 6 multilateral liberalization, 79 Asia-Pacific regionalist strategy, 8, 133 Asian Development Bank, 197 Asian financial crisis, 2 Australia s involvement in rescue package, 232 effect on AFTA-CER linkage dialogue, 195 effect on East Asian regionalism, Asian Industrial Development Council, 197

3 300 Index Asian Monetary Fund Japan s proposal, 245 Associated Chamber of Manufactures of Australia (ACMA), 47, 51 Association of Southeast Asia (ASA), 106 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 1 accelerated development, Australia as dialogue partner, 110 background of formation, common policy when necessary, 166 cross-border growth areas, 185 demand for better market access, development of regional cooperation, Dialogue Partners, 170 focus on, 5 foreign direct investment flows, 141, 142 foreign economic policy shift towards, 2 formation of, increasing importance of market, initiatives to foster Asia-Pacific regional cooperation, 162 integration with East Asia, 15 liberalization of trade, 10 members signing Memorandum of Understanding on Counter-Terrorism with Australia, 261 members with agricultural base, 147 objective, 97 pluralistic security community, 197 regionalism development of, 163 enhancement (1990s), promotion of, 176 regionalist strategies, substantiation of, reports on relations, 3 role in Australia s engagement with East Asia, solidarity, 170 structural changes in economies, 143 views on Australian relations with, Australia ASEAN Policy, lifespan, bilateral trade agreement with Indonesia, 104 comprehensive engagement with ASEAN, 14 consumer price index (1965 to 1995), 53 Dialogue Partner of ASEAN, 9, 110 engagement with East Asia, role of ASEAN, exports to ASEAN, growth, 159 exports to Japan, 45 foreign policies, last two decades, 20 gross domestic product, 87 imports of East Asian economies, 182 international civil aviation policy (ICAP), 119 merchandise exports, shares of manufactures and ETMs, 182 Metal Trades Industry Association, 191 TCF imports (1970s), 115 selected economies, 116

4 Index 301 terms of trade, 52 trade and investment partners, 217 trade partners, 135 unemployment rate (1966 to 1995), 54 Australia and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), 199 Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement (CER), 16 aimed at establishing comprehensive free trade, 187 Australia Reconstructed, 71 Australia-ASEAN relations, 6 Australia-Indonesia Agreement on Maintaining Security, 180, 233 Australia-Japan Commerce Agreement, 6 Australia-Malaya Trade Agreement (1958), 127 Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty, 180 Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA) finalization, ratification, Australian Chamber of Commerce, 13, 139 Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI), 63 Australian Chamber of Manufactures, 62 Australian Council of Employers Federation, 62 Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), 47, 66 emphasis on productivity, 71 policy consultations with, 69 Australian Financial Review, 51 Australian Industrial Development Association (AIDA), 62, 63 Australian Industries Protection League, 40 Australian Industry Group (AIG), 13, 62, 191 Australian Institute of International Affairs, review of foreign relations and policies, 3 Australian Labor Party (ALP), 37 acceptance of market-oriented policies, acceptance of neoclassical economic ideas, 68 Australian Mining Industry Council, 61 Australian Settlement social contract, 35 Australian System of Tariff Preferences for Developing Countries (ASTP), 103 Australian Trade Commission (Austrade), 73 Australian Wheatgrowers Federation, 61 Australian Wool and Meat Producers Federation, 61 Australian Woolgrowers and Graziers Council, 61 B Baker, James, 157 balanced economy, development of, 36 Bali bombings, 233 Bali Summit, 164 Bangkok Declaration, 107 bilateral FTAs pursuit of, 5 with Japan, 153

5 302 Index bilateralist approach, 29 bilateralist coalition, 205 foundation of, bilateralist foreign economic policy unexpected results, bilateralist policy ASEAN, Australia s engagement with Asia, 231, 232 Howard Government s initiative, reason for success, 260 bilateralists, 9 ASEAN policy, , 252, 253 Bogor Declaration, 210 Bradley, Bill, 153 Brigden Report, 36 British Imperial (Commonwealth) Preference System, 41 Brock, William, 77 Bruce, Stanley, 36 Brunei, liberalized economic regime, 155 Burma, independence, 98 Burton, John, 126 Bush, George H.W., 210 Bush, George W., 86 Business Council of Australia (BCA), 63 Button, John, 67 Button Plan, 72 C Cairns Group, 79 Australian leadership, creation of, Cairns Group Farm Leaders, 224 Cambodian problem, ASEAN, unified stance, Campbell Report, 58, 72 Canberra Seminar, 121 Carlton, Jim, 60 Casey, Richard, 100 Centre for the Study of Australia- Asian Relations, Griffith University, 125 Chifley, Ben, 98 China ASEAN, integration with, 15 bargaining power, 7 influence of, 5 Chuan Leekpai, 189 Clarke, Helen, 239 Clinton, Bill, 210 Closer Economic Partnership (CEP), 215 Cold War end of, 7 opportunities and challenges, framework, 9 Cold War structure, 112 recognition of, Colombo Plan, 102, 127 Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme, 175 ASEAN members, timetables, 185 package (1998), 186 Commonwealth Sugar Agreement (CSA), 88 Communist Party attempts to ban in Australia, 126 competitive liberalization, 86, 216, 230 Confederation of Australian Industry (CAI), 62 Coombs, H.C., 50 cooperative behaviour, states, 19 Corden, Max, 50 core policy ideas, change in, 30 Corish, Peter, 224 Costello, Peter, 83 Country Party, 37

6 Index 303 Cranston, Alan, 153 Crawford, John, 46, 48, 89 Crawford Report, 58 Crawford Study Group, 65 Crean, Simon, 69, 92, 263 D Dawkins, John, 67 definition, national interest, 24 demonstration effect Singapore-Australia Free Trade Agreement, 221 Department of Commerce and Agriculture, 47, 48 Department of External Affairs, 48 Department of Foreign Affairs, 137 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), 80 Department of Trade, 46 Department of Trade and Customs, 47, 48 Department of Trade and Industry, 51 Department of Trade and Resources, 60, 160 deregulation, progress of, Dien Bien Phu, fall of, 100 diplomacy, manipulation of, 32 Doha Round, 256 domestic defence, 35 domestic industries, 8 domestic interest groups, realignment of, domestic policy major determinant, 22 processes, 7, society-centred approaches, 23, 24 state-centred approaches, 24, 25 dominant coalitions, 30, 248 changes, Downer, Alexander, 208 Drysdale, Peter, 50 E Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalization (EVSL), 84 failure, 85 East Asia Australia s engagement with, 205 Australian exports to, 182 deepening economic interdependence, 133 economic integration, 2 economic opportunities in, 136 import demand changes, 145 regionalism, Australia s response, views on Australian relations with, East Asia Summit (2005), 2, 86 invitation for Australia to attend, 239 East Asian community APT agenda, 261 East Asian Economic Group (EAEG), membership, 11 East Asian miracle, 6 East Asian regionalism, 12 East Germany, 109 East Timor, occupation by Indonesia, 131 Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), 127 Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE), 102 economic cooperation need for new framework, regional economic cooperation schemes, unsuccessful,

7 304 Index economic disputes, causes, protectionist policy ideas, economic interdependence, 19 deepening of, 17 economic reform, Economic Statement (May 1988), 75 Economic Vision Statement, 210 elaborately transformed manufactures (ETMs), growth of, 183 Emerson, Craig, 224 Eminent Persons Group (EPG), 210 Estanislao, Jesus, 156 European Community Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 146 dumping of beef into Brazil, 147 European Economic Community (EEC), 114 European Union bargaining power, 7 creation of, 79 Evan, Gareth, 177 Evatt, H.V., 98, 126 exports ensuring growing demand for, 42 extra-regional economic cooperation, success of, 170 F factory cost method, 201 Fargher, Ben, 223 Ferguson, Martin, 69, 92 Fischer, Tim, 83, 214 Five Power Defence Arrangement, 101, 180 Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 129 foreign direct investment, 10 flows into ASEAN, 141, 142 foreign economic policy definition, 15 factors that define shift in, 2 goals, 7 objective, 4 options, 18 second shift, 5 shifts, 4 5, 30 31, during latter half of 1990s, 7 long duration taken, Foreign Investment Review Board, 225 foreign policy behaviour, non-restriction of, 17 decision making, 23 Fraser Government, shifts in, 26 forward defence, concept of, 100 Fraser Government efforts to improve relations with ASEAN, 124 foreign policy stance, refusal to remove protectionist policies, 125 responsiveness to changes in Asia Pacific, 122 suspension of assistance to Vietnam, 130 White Paper on manufacturing industry, 57 Fraser, Malcolm, 10, 55, 112, 150 free trade agreements (FTAs) individual ASEAN members, 1 policies towards, 21 principles for negotiations, 208 recognition of benefits, 259 with Singapore, 216 free trade policy, 28

8 Index 305 G Garnaut, Ross, 50 GATT Ministerial Meeting (1982), 77, 146 GATT Uruguay Round negotiations, 14 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 3, 10, 41 frustration with, 43, 44 Kennedy Round (1960s), 75 Tokyo Round, 59, 77 Uruguay Round, 76 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), 218 General Exceptions Lists, 200 General System of Preference (GSP), 103 Goh Chok Tong, 86, 198 governing coalition system wide, 31 government spending increase in, 53 Green Paper, 91 Greene Tariff, 38 Gruen, Fred, 50 Guam Doctrine, 108 H Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS), 200 Harries Committee, 137 report, 64, 139, 178 Harris, Stuart, 50 Hasluck, Paul, 126 Hawke, Bob, 5, 67 concern over U.S. bilateralism in Asia-Pacific region, 78 proposal to strengthen multilateral trade regime, 154 Hawke Government concept of Western Pacific states, 161 National Economic Summit, 255 use of APEC for realization of policy, 159 Hayden, Bill, 67, 176 High-Level Task Force, 214 High Technology Exporters Scheme, 73 Holt, Harold, 110 Hong Kong, 6, 112 Howard Government bilateralism, bilateralist foreign economic policy, 12 East Asian policy, 231 growing confidence in relations with East Asia, 235, 236 publication of TOOS, 240 rebalancing foreign economic policy interests, support of APEC, 209 Howard, John, 5, 60, 121 views on East Asia Summit, 240 Hun Sen, 177 Hyde, John, 60 I import restrictions quota system, 115 import substitution strategy, countering, 73 imports, competition with, 23 Indochina, nationalist movements, 98 Indonesia anti-australian sentiment, 242 domestic opposition to trade liberalization, 238 foreign exchange shortage, 104 nationalist movement, 98

9 306 Index Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle, 199 Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 238 Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), 106 industrial development, dominant symbol, 37 Industries Assistance Commission (IAC), 50, 57 industry policies, implementation of, Industry Policy Statement (March 1991), 75 inflation rate, acceleration, 53 Information Technology Agreement (ITA), 241 Institute of Policy Studies, 194 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 194 interdependency among states, effect of, 19 interest groups, domestic, 18 International Air Transport Association, 130 definition, 32 economic, see economic interdependence International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 41 international environment effect on Australia s foreign economic policy, 248, 249 International Labour Organization (ILO), 129 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 159 international organizations, political legitimacy, 20 international system, 17 constraint on policy behaviour, system-level approaches, 18 International Trade Organization (ITO), 42 charter, 43 intra-asean tariff reduction, 185 J Jackson Report, 57 Japan abolishment of discrimination of imports from, 89 ASEAN, integration with, 15 bargaining power, 7 concern on community-building process, 262 influence of, 5 major source of Australia s TCF imports, 115 negotiations with (1950s), 44 trade policy decision regarding, 49 trade with Australia, 135 Japanese yen, exchange rate, 16 Joint Declaration of Principles with Papua New Guinea, 180 K Keating, Paul Asian engagement, 178 banana republic speech, 74 Kennedy Round, tariff reduction negotiation, 93 Keynesian theory, 41, 42 Kissinger, Henry, 108 Korea, 6, 112 ASEAN, integration with, 15 Korean War, 105 Kuching Consensus, 162

10 Index 307 L labour-intensive products, 10 labour productivity, private sector, 74 liberal foreign policies, early postwar period, towards SEA, 98 liberal institutionalists, 19 Liberal Party, 55, 60 victory in general elections (1996), 255 liberalist institutionalist theories, 19 liberalization finance sector, multilateral, 14, 79 progress of, Lim, Robyn, 131 Long-Term Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Cotton Textiles, 114 lowest denominator approach, 198 M Maastricht Treaty, 79, 94 Mahathir Mohamad, 11, 156 Malaya, nationalist movement, 98 Malaysia domestic opposition to trade liberalization, 238 Manila Action Plan, APEC, 211 Manila Declaration, 198 manufacturing effective rates of assistance, 59 tariff rates, early twentieth century, 38 Marcos, Ferdinand, 107 Market Development Task Force, 241 McEwan, John, 44, 48, 89 Melbourne Business School, 194 Memorandum of Understanding on Technical Barriers to Trade, 188 Menzies, Robert, 99 Metal Trades Industry Association (MTIA), 62, 191 MFN tariffs, 46 middle-power diplomacy, 149, 161 Millenium Round, 84 mining sector, realignment, 61 Ministerial Conference for the Economic Development of Southeast Asia (MEDSEA), 110 Ministerial Consultations, 190 Moore, John Desmond, 64 Most Favoured Nation (MFN) treatment, 43 Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA), 114 multilateral approaches continuation of, 209 legacy, multilateral economic diplomacy Australia s leadership, 259 multilateral liberalization, 14 multilateral trade regulation framework, 114 multinational enterprises, influence of, 20 mutual dependence, 32 Myanmar admittance into ASEAN, 174 N Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 153 National Economic Summit April (1983), 68 National Export Market Strategy Plan, 73 National Farmers Federation (NFF), 13, 61, 223 concern in resource allocation to Doha Round, 258 reluctant support of AUSFTA, 229 National Farmers Union (NFU), 61

11 308 Index national interest definition, 24 general societal goals, 25 National Party, 37 victory in general elections (1996), 255 national welfare, foreign economic policy objective, 4 nationalist movements, 98 negative list approach, 187 FTA with Singapore, 218 New International Economic Order (NIEO), 113 New Zealand, 5 foreign policies, last two decades, 20 trade with Australia, 135 New Zealand-Australia Free Trade Agreement, 200 Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs), 78 relations with Australia, 104 Nixon, Peter, 121 Nixon, Richard, 108 Non-Aligned Movement, 167 non-tariff barriers (NTBs) compilation by member of ASEAN and CER business sectors, 193 less visible, 31 reduction, 187 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 11, 79 North Vietnam, 109 O Ohira, Masayoshi, 150 oil crisis, 111 open regionalism, 152, 208, 211 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 74 Organization for Pacific Trade and Development (OPTAD), 149 organizational process, 24 Osaka Action Agenda, 211 P Pacific Basin Economic Council (PBEC), 150 Pacific Basin Forum, 153 Pacific Economic Cooperation Conference (PECC), 150 creation of policy networks, 151 first meeting, 161 introduction of tripartite structure, 151 Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, 121 Pacific Free Trade Area (PAFTA), 149 Pacific Trade and Development (PAFTAD) conference, 150 parliamentary democracy, 31 Parliamentary Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence, 138 Parsons, Alf, 130 passenger motor vehicles and parts (PMV) from Japan, 49 industries, 58 Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme (PBS), 225 Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, 225 Philippines independence, 98 political instability after Benigno s assassination, 160 rise in tariffs, 203 Plaza Accord, 141 policy ideas, 8 core, 28

12 Index 309 policy measures concrete ideas on, 29 policy preferences, 21 policy-makers representing concept of national interest, 25 policy-oriented learning, 49 protectionists, by, 56 structure, political cooperation ASEAN Concord, Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, political leaders, political and societal support, 23 positive list approach, 187 post-world War II, international economic regime, 41 Preferential Tariff Agreement (PTA), 168 preferential tariff rates imports from United Kingdom, 87 preferential treatment, United Kingdom, 40 Productivity Commission, 50, 93 Protection All Round policy, consolidation of, 38, 39 protectionism, 8 erosion in 1970s, 248 not a return to, 5 protectionist coalition belief system, 44 formation of, 36 protectionist policy, 28, 37 criticism of, protectionist policy ideas influence of, prevention of understanding of ASEAN s intention, realist perception of world, 122 protectionist tradition, origins, Protocol on the Acceleration of Free Trade in Goods, 188 Protocol on Harmonisation of Quarantine Procedures, 188 Q Qantas, 119 quantitative import restrictions, 39, 54 quota system, 115 R Racial Discrimination Act (1975), 111 Rafidah Aziz, 156, 215 rational actor model, 24 rational choice assumption, 21 Red Book, 179 regional cooperation ASEAN Way, 171 development of initiatives, 152 regionalist strategies adoption of, 145 Asia Pacific, rural incomes, stabilization, 87 rural industries, government assistance, 39 S San Francisco Peace Treaty, 45 Screen Producers Association of Australia, 244 Scullin Tariff, 39 secondary ideas, changes to, 30 Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence, 63, 125, 130 Shack, Peter, 60 Short-Term Arrangement, 114 Shultz, George, 153

13 310 Index Sim, Peter, 65 simple primary product manufactures (SPPMs), 183 simply transformed manufactures, 183 Singapore cautious of exports to, 105 choice as FTA partner, negotiations, FTA negotiations with, 12 liberalized economic regime, 155 nationalist movement, 98 Singapore Airlines (SIA), 119 Singapore Declaration, 173 Singapore-Australia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA), 219 demonstration effect, Singapore-Johor-Riau (SIJORI) Growth Triangle, 199 Siregar, Arifin, 156, 198 smaller states, achievement of policy goals, 22 Smith, J.T., 140, 178 Snape, Richard, 50 social constructivist, perspective, 27 societal interest groups, influence on policy-makers, 23 society-centred approaches, Soeharto, 106, 189, 210 South Korea, 3 Southeast Asia ASEANisation, 174 Australia s stance after World War II, comprehensive engagement with, 177 Southeast Asia Collective Defence Treaty, 100 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 100 Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO), 110 Southeast Asian policy, search for a more independent, special and differential treatment, 148 Spender, Percy, 101 state strong, see strong state weak, see weak state state-centred approaches, 24, 25 state-society coalitions, 8, 18, actors, 29 advocacy coalitions, approaches, Australia, foreign economic policy, dominant, 34 rise and fall, state-society relations, 18 bi-directionality of influences, 25 states cooperative behaviour, 19 interdependency, 19 strong state, 25, 26 structural realists definition of structure of international system, 18 structural reforms East Asian orientations, 138 structuralist theories, insufficiency, 21 Sukarno, 100 Supachai Panitchpakdi, 189 Sydney Morning Herald, 51 system-level analyses, limits of, systemic theories differences in activities between powers and other states, 20

14 Index 311 T Taiwan, 3, 6, 112 Takeshita, Noboru, 153 Tariff Board, 50, 90 employment of academic economists, 90 tariff reduction, intra-asean, 185 Temporary Exclusion Lists (TELs), 185 Thailand FTA negotiations with, 12 rise in tariffs, 203 Thailand-Australia Free Trade Agreement (TAFTA), 237 Thaksin Shinawatra, 237 Tonkin, Jack, 46 Trade and Investment Promotion Program, 119 Trade and Tariff Act (1974), 94 Trade Development Council, 71 trade liberalization ASEAN members, 10 trade liberalizers, 8, 133 ascendancy of, Trade Outcomes and Objectives Statement, 206 trade union movement involvement in policy process, trade-oriented industrial strategies, 134 Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Arrangement (TTMRA), 188 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, 130, Tun Haji Abdul Razak, 128 U UK-Australia Agreement, 40 unemployment rate, 87 United Kingdom Australia s commitment to, 105 political unity with, 40 preferential tariff rate, 88 trade with Australia, 135 United Nations, 98 Charter, 99 Economic and Social Council, 102 General Assembly, 126 resolution withdrawal of foreign forces from Cambodia, 167 Security Council, 99 Study Team, 197 Transitional Authority in Cambodia, 179 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 44 United Nations Development Programme, 129 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), 129 United States aggressive unilateralism, 32 bargaining power, 7 bilateralism, growing concern, divided government, 33 Export Enhancement Program (EEP), 146 free trade agreement with, agriculture, government-led initiative, government s perception of benefits, results of negotiations, 226, 227 influence of, 5

15 312 Index intention to create Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), 85 Trade Promotion Authority (TPA), 221 trade with Australia, 135 unevenly distributed economic interests, 24 unwilling to commit to region after Vietnam War, 122 United States dollar, exchange rate, 16 Uruguay Round effect, 84 participation of Cairn s Group, 147 review of, 154 V Vaile, Mark, 86, 222 Vernon, James, 50 Vernon Reports, 51 Vietnam, suspension of assistance by Fraser Government, 130 Vietnam War, 107 Viviani, Nancy, 63, 125, 130 W wages, average weekly, 90 Walsh, Peter, 67 Warwick-Smith, George, 46 weak state, 25, 26 weak/strong state approach, 26 Westerman, Alan, 46 White Australia policy, 110 White Paper foreign and trade policy, 81, 236 manufacturing industry, 57 Whitlam Experiment, failure, Whitlam, Gough, 9, 52, 111 continental defence, 109 liberal, 55 Whitlam Government, 90 ASEAN policy, 109 criticism against, 125 early 1970s, 253, 254 Willis, Ralph, 67 Woolcott Mission, 155, 156 World Bank, 41 World Trade Organization (WTO), 3 Accelerated Tariff Liberalization (ATL), 213 agreements, favourable treatment of developing members, 161 Ministerial Conference, Cancun, 256 new Round, 212, 213 World War II development before, end of, 6, 9 increased flow of goods and services, 19 Z Zoellick, Robert, 222 Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) Declaration, 9, 107 withdrawal of support by Fraser Government, 123