Inter Agency Early Recovery Needs Assessment (IAERNA)

Transcription

1 Inter Agency Early Recovery Needs Assessment (IAERNA)

2 UNDP is the UN's global development network, advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. We are on the ground in 166 countries, working with them on their own solutions to global and national development challenges. As they develop local capacity, they draw on the people of UNDP and our wide range of partners. Copyright 2013 United Nations Development Programme Pakistan Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested. Map: Community Appraisal Motivation Programme (CAMP) This publication is available from: United Nations Development Programme, th 4 Floor Serena Business Complex Islamabad, Pakistan

3 The Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment Conducted by Community Appraisal and Motivation Programme (CAMP) in coordination with and inputs from the FATA Early Recovery Working Group

4 Contents I. List of Acronyms 4 II. Acknowledgements 6 III. Executive Summary 7 Background of the Crisis 14 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment 15 IV. UNDP - ERWG: IAERNA Survey Methodology 17 Strategy for Survey 17 Management Plan 17 Research Tools Focus Group Discussion (FGD) Methodology Key Informants Interviews (KII) Methodology Field Survey/Data collection V. An Introduction to FATA: Bajaur, Mohmand, Orakzai and South Waziristan 21 VI. The Preliminary Early Recovery Needs Assessment 24 VII. Sectoral Findings from the Assessment 26 VIII. Early recovery recommendations in FATA 70

5 Early recovery is a multidimensional process that begins in a humanitarian setting. It is guided by development principles that seek to build on humanitarian programmes and catalyze sustainable development opportunities. It aims to generate self-sustaining, nationally owned, resilient processes for post crisis recovery. Early recovery programming encompasses the restoration of basic services, livelihoods, shelter, governance, security and rule of law, environment and social dimensions. 1 1 Guidance note on Early Recovery, CWGER, Geneva, April 2008

6 Acronyms APA ADB CAMP CNIC DCO DDMA DEWS DLA DNA DoH DRR ER ERWG FAO FATA FCR FDMA FGDs GoKP HH IAERNA ILO IMF IVAP KII LHWs MNCH MoH MOSS MoSW NDMA NFIs NGO OCHA PA PaRRSA PCNA PDMA PHC RAHA SAFRON SGBV SPHERE SRH TBA TWG Assistant Political Agent Asian Development Bank Community Appraisal & Motivation Programme Computerized National Identity Cards District Coordination Officer District Disaster Management Authorities Disease EarlyWarning System Detailed Livelihood Assessment Damages Needs Assessment Department of Health Disaster Risk Reduction Early Recovery Early RecoveryWorking Group Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Federally AdministeredTribal Areas Frontier Crimes Regulation FATA Disaster Management Authority Focus Group Discussions Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Household Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment International Labour Organization International Monetary Fund IDPVulnerability Assessment Profiling Key Informants Interview Lady HealthWorkers Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Ministry of Health Minimum Operating Security Standards Ministry of SocialWelfare National Disaster Management Authority Non-Food Items Non-Governmental Organization Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Political Agent Provincial Relief, Rehabilitation and Settlement Authority Post Conflict Needs Assessment Provincial Disaster Management Authority Primary Health Care Refugee Affected and Hosting Areas Programme States and Frontier Regions Sexual and Gender-BasedViolence Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response Sexual and Reproductive Health Traditional Birth Attendant TechnicalWorking Group 4

7 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment UN UNAIDS UNDP UNDSS UNESCO UNFPA UN-HABITAT UNHCR UNICEF UNWOMEN WASH WB WFP WHO United Nations United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS United Nations Development Programme United Nations Department of Safety and Security United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Population Fund United Nations Human Settlements Programme United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Children's Fund United Nations Entity for Gender Equality andwomen's Empowerment Water, Sanitation and Hygiene World Bank United NationsWorld Food Programme World Health Organization 5

8 Acknowledgements After the conflict and militancy crisis that hit the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), the Government of Pakistan, the FATA Secretariat and UN agencies felt the need for an accurate and reliable detailed needs assessment to understand the damages to the lives and properties of the people of FATA. In its continuation, UNDP, FATA Disaster Management Authority (FDMA) and 12 UN agencies decided to conduct a joint Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment (IAERNA) for the reintegration of IDPs to FATA, and to evaluate the damages that occurred during the disasters. UNDP and FDMA shared the IAERNA work plan with all stakeholders. A detailed field survey was conducted within a very short time and under high security risks in FATA. IAERNA involves the ownership and endorsement by the Government of Pakistan, FATA Secretariat, and many partners including NGOs that are part of the FATA Early Recovery Working Group. Its findings provide the baseline data on damages and facilitate the process of preparing budgets and projects that are based on realities on the ground and submitted by 8UN sectors under the Early Recovery Working Group. FDMA emphasized that during this complex emergency situation, it is crucial to simultaneously tackle early recovery, while at the same time respond to the urgent relief needs of the people of FATA. We acknowledge the assistance and concerted efforts of many stakeholders involved in the finalization of IAERNA report and hope that it will be of great help to the actors of Early Recovery interventions in FATA. Arshad Khan Director General FATA Disaster Management Authority 6

9 Executive Summary The Inter Agency Early Recovery Needs Assessment (IAERNA) in agreement with UNDP, other UN agencies, FDMA and government partners focuses on early recovery needs in four most crisis affected Agencies within the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA); namely Mohmand, Bajaur, Orakzai and SouthWaziristan.The Assessment is proposed to allow the identification of an integrated UN early recovery programme encompassing the following sectors: Agriculture, Food Security, Health, Nutrition, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Education, Community Restoration and Protection with strong emphasis on cross cutting issues such as Gender, Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), Environment and Communication. It will pay special emphasis on the vulnerable community groups including women, men, girls and boys, as well as elders, sects, clans and persons with disabilities. The IAERNA is intended to serve as a post-conflict tool to assess the social and economic conditions; early recovery needs patterns and local capacities that will steer the conflict related response in FATA. This assessment will be later packaged as a framework bringing together different sectoral assessments to produce a comprehensive analysis of early recovery needs in FATA. Although the IAERNA focused on four affected agencies of FATA only, and had clear geographic limitations, it complements the Post Conflict Needs Assessment (PCNA). Moreover, due to the limited time and methodology, the report should be taken as an initial assessment that provides baseline information which may lead to further in-depth research and analysis on different thematic areas. A structured questionnaire was developed jointly by thirteen UN agencies and the final version was shared with CAMP for administering in the field. The tool was translated into Urdu for the field enumerators. The questionnaire sought information on household composition, resources, income, education, health, socio cultural issues etc. One questionnaire was carried out with each household, particularly with the head of household. A sample size of 1344 households was selected for interviews. 24 Key Informants Interviews (KIIs) and thirteen Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were other tools used in the assessment. It was ensured that the data correctly recorded the event it represented and data gathered from the field was accurate. Trained enumerators and data entry operators were appointed for this purpose and were thoroughly trained on questionnaires, interviewing techniques and data entry. The enumerators for each Agency remained involved throughout the data collection process in the same Agency in order to make the data more accurate. One of the few areas that have not been touched by the military operation and strife in the Tribal Region is that of the availability of water. Historically, a lack of government development efforts has translated into a dependence on informal or traditional measures of water collection and dispensation such as community wells, streams and canals rather than a modern physical network of pipelines, aqueducts or reservoirs. Since the traditional methods are generally sturdier and less prone to physical damage than modern ones they have, largely, escaped the ravages of war. This opinion is supported by, both, household survey responses and focus group discussions with residents of FATA. By and large, we find that the agricultural sector (which serves as primary source of income for about 40% of the population, almost half the respondents) was not just affected by the military operation in a negative fashion but is also actively perceived to have been detrimental by the majority of those interviewed. This can be gauged from the reaction of nearly 44.3% respondents who believe they will not be able to plan for the next crop. It is also openly evident from the opinions of 42.2% respondents who said land reclamation was their 'immediate need'. 7

10 In terms of Livestock (which is the primary source of income for nearly 13.9% respondents) the situation is equally, if not more, grim. Livestock numbers have decreased by 3,885 (including buffaloes, sheep/goats, poultry etc.) from a pre-conflict figure of 11,109 animals. While some of these animals have died during the conflict due to neglect, starvation and disease, others have been sold off at low prices. Household respondents as well as focus group discussions have revealed that the operation in the Tribal areas have resulted in the near-breakdown in the sustainability of the Livestock sector. There are fears amongst the locals that livestock will continue to die due to the lack of vaccination and general care. At present, livestock prices in the region are extremely high due to the disproportionately low supply of animals. Food security had not been a major problem for the people of FATA in the past, given the comparatively strong traditions of sharing and tribal affiliation in the past. However, due to the losses suffered during the conflict, both in terms of finances and in terms of lost livestock, food security is now an issue for the people of the region. Focus group discussions with area residents reveal that more than a fourth of all respondents lost 'all of their wheat/wheat flour' reserves post-conflict. As if the loss of personal reserves was not enough, the closure of major markets and bazaars in the region has added to food insecurity. This means that any food within the access of the residents would naturally be more expensive and in insufficient quantity (according to the principles of demand and supply). These findings are confirmed by the household survey in which a distressingly large number (29%) of the respondents said that they had 'no food stocks' at all. This is resulting in far less than optimum consumption patterns in adults as well as children. Again, the Household survey reveals that a large majority of the residents (68 %) now rely on fairly inexpensive or low quality consumables to bridge the calorie deficit. This shows an emphasis on sugar, which is high energy but a general refrain from sources of protein which are fairly expensive. The Household survey reports a large number of people who have had very little or no access to any distribution of food or infant supplies and an even larger number of people who, either, had no information on any such dispensation efforts or, presumably, did not care enough for the question to answer it. The main problem identified from a study of the Household survey is the problem of 'access to health care'. FATA residence patterns display a preference for small concentrations of population segregated by vast tracts of deserted land. Resultantly, it is difficult to provide sufficient coverage to all the residents of the Tribal belt. It is for this reason that a large number of them (32.1%) have identified that it takes them more than an hour to reach health facilities when needed. It must, however, be taken into account that the 'emergency' care facilities at any health post is the most frequented of all departments. It must also be taken into consideration that journeys to such health facilities for emergencies are a 'time-critical' exercise; each minute counts. All focus group discussions also highlighted the unfortunate lack of medical coverage. Another important concern is of the quality of medical services. Almost all Focus Group discussions organized on the issue yield a general dissatisfaction with the quality of services offered and rendered. The household survey reveals that 47% of the respondents were either somewhat dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with medical services while 45.6%people are either somewhat satisfied or very satisfied. Residents of the area say that there is no real facility available for women and children and that the staff is inexperienced or ill-trained. This is also supported by data from the household survey, which shows that 9%of the respondents have access to trained male medical doctors while 43% are limited to dispensers or technicians. Things are worse for females with only 2% confirming access to female medical doctors while 10% of the respondents were limited to female medical technicians, dispensers or Dais. 8

11 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment Sources of communication in FATA lack both variety and coverage. The only major source of information in the area, according to both the Household Surveys and Focus Group Discussions is Radio. A large number of respondents (39.5%) said they rely on local radio stations for news and information while only a small number of respondents (17.6%) read newspapers. Perhaps, this also explains the mushroom growth of illegal radio stations operated by private parties and militants in the region. The on-going conflict and the recent floods have left their scars on tribal society. From personal life, to property to businesses everything has suffered from the onslaught of heavy artillery and the deluge. A large majority of the respondents (63.2 %) said that their businesses would require some measure of reinvestment to continue, while only a small minority (12.9 %) said their businesses have escaped harm. The majority consensus is that financial assistance or repair/rehabilitation would be needed for their businesses to start operations. Women in particular say that in order to start some home based income generation they would need sewing machines as their top priority (45%) followed by skill development (32%). Focus group discussions support these opinions with demands for infrastructure and irrigation system development. According to participants, many roads in the tribal region have been damaged. The top priorities for recovery are awarded to roads and transport, electrical distribution system followed by schools and hospitals. Vocational trainings for men in masonry and plumbing while for women in tailoring and embroidery were also suggested.the participants said that such training, especially for women, would help to alleviate their depression post-displacement. Non-Farm livelihood forms the basis of almost 46.5 % of the residents of FATA a large number indeed. Unfortunately, such livelihoods promise neither regular nor sufficient income. This is reflected by the household survey findings that show that 62.4 % of the respondents were dissatisfied by the regularity of their incomes. The monthly income according to the survey is less than 8,000 rupees - insufficient to adequately sustain an average family size of 8 to 10 members; thus, 76.3 % of the respondents believe that their incomes are not enough to meet monthly expenditures. FATA is an area that has always suffered from ill governance in the past. Due to the lack of development expenditures, meagre incomes, floods and conflict based devastation, damage to housing and loss of property, an overwhelming majority of the respondents (84%) believe financial assistance is key to developing the region while only a small minority (8%) said infrastructure should be developed. Fortunately, there is great emphasis on the inclusion of the youth in community and peace-building activities; however, very few people place their trust in 'the State'. As dismal as the condition of education in FATA is, the most refreshing aspect is that the people are truly aware of the fact that the key to progress is hidden in this social element. According to the focus group discussion findings, most residents of the area stress on the importance of education and demand the construction of institutes of higher learning in the region such as colleges, universities or vocational training centres. The Needs Assessment shows a mixed reaction to Afghan citizens while some respondents believed that the Afghans' presence did not have much of an impact on their lives and resources or economy, others felt the Afghans were responsible for many of the problems they faced today, especially the depleting resources such as water and wood. For example, it is interesting to note that 56% of respondents said that there is increased pressure on the grazing lands due to presence of Afghans in FATA.They also believed that since most of the fuel wood comes from forests, the shortage was created due to Afghans' presence. The Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment 9

12 Following is a list of broad, immediate recommendations based on the Assessment: WASH Main Sectoral Recommendations for Affected Communities: IAERNA Agriculture/Livelihoods N utrition Health Shelter/Housing Mass Communication Community Restoration Non -Farm Livelihood Environment Social Cohesion Governance Repair of water supply systems; both public and community built/maintained schemes Provide water and sanitation services to schools/education institutions and BHUs/health facilities Mass awareness campaign on health and hygiene promotion Repair of sanitation facilities Provide seeds, fertilizer and necessary tools to revive agricultural activity Rehabilitate damaged irrigation systems for crop production Improve livestock and poultry farming by providing poultry, goats, cows etc., especially for vulnerable families Train lady health workers and other community workers on how to look out for malnourished children/women; and how to deal with malnutrition in children and pregnant/lactating mothers Provide supplements to malnourished children and pregnant/lactating mothers Where access is limited, have pre- fabricated structures and or mobile health units for primary health care services and essential medicines and supplies Provide training to LHWs for community based health services Provide special care for elders, people with disabilities, women and children Provide psychosocial and mental health counselling Provide support to vulnerable families in rebuilding and rehabilitation of shelter/housing Train the affected local population in temporary shelter and home repair and construction Use the radio as a tool for mass awareness on important issues including health, agriculture, education and nutrition etc., especially targeting women Through the affected communities, repair and rehabilitate essential infrastructure including streets, roads, etc. Provide skill training to women, youth and other vulnerable populations Start cash for work or food schemes to involve communities in community restoration projects Plant trees and other plantation to restore damage to environment/forests Encourage peace committees and other existing local mechanisms in addressing communities issues including peace and security Provide peace education to children and youth through schools/colleges Provide technical support to local administration and where needed, physical infrastructure support 10

13 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment DRR Education Protection Provide DRR training to communities use the existing community based organizations and village committees/existing structures, for better outreach Awareness campaign on the FDMA and its role, along with information on how communities may contact FDMA Provide temporary school structures in areas where schools have been damaged badly; also provide school books, supplies etc. Include peace building and psychosocial support in school curricula and train teachers on the same issues Provide special education services for children with special needs Literacy programmes for adults, especially women Need to set up protection monitoring mechanisms Conduct in- depth research on protection issues in FATA; particularly women and children related research Encourage child centred activities for affected children with a focus on psychosocial needs Identify and define categories of Extremely Vulnerable Individuals (EVIs), support and monitor their access to early recovery assistance Conduct regular monitoring to identify protection related incidents and concerns and provide response through direct assistance, referral to appropriate service providers or advocacy, where applicable Conduct awareness - raising sessions and disseminate information among the affected population on their rights, on available services and mechanisms for accessing them, and on essential civil documentation Provide legal advice and representation to affected population to ensure effective access to justice Establish centres to provide counselling, assistance and livelihoods training to women and monitoring Ensure the availability of multi-sectoral response services, initiate GBV case management by building the capacity and establishing 11

14 Introduction FATA has emerged as one of the main regions immensely affected by the on-going militancy crisis, which has now continued for a prolonged period. Instability, poor governance and socio-economic underdevelopment have shaped the crisis unravelling in this region. Marginalisation and inequity are sustained through legislation in FATA and the extreme marginalisation of women and girls in FATA, in particular, are obstacles to achieving sustainable development and peace. Additional challenges include high levels of illiteracy, unemployment (and the growing illicit economy), natural disasters, and constraints on access to basic services such as education, food, shelter and medical care. There are few reliable statistics on socio-economic indicators in FATA. Those that do exist, however, reveal that these indicators remain abysmally low, with nearly 60% of the population in FATA living below the poverty line. Literacy level is at 17.4%; of which, male literacy at 29.5% and a pitiful 3% for females. Latest health indicators are unavailable however judging from the 1998 Census; one doctor is available for 7,670 people in FATA, which indicates poor health conditions. Where hospitals and clinics are running, they are generally inadequately staffed, poorly equipped and unhygienic. Either there are no facilities of clean drinking water or they are in terrible condition. Although women perform the critical role of taking care of the family, they have limited access to education or work opportunities outside the home. They are involved in decision-making processes at home, and very rarelyat the village level. However, their exposure to the outside world remains limited. These socio-economic issues are exacerbated by the region becoming a conflict zone, since Pakistani military launched its much-anticipated operation against the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) in South Waziristan agency in Since then, military operations have continued in all the other agencies of the FATA, displacing hundreds of thousands and damaging infrastructure in an already underdeveloped region. 2 The region had hosted more that 4 million registered Afghans in the past, and according to UNHCR, there are 15,576 Afghan citizens still living in FATA, with the majority living in Khyber, Mohmand and South Waziristan. Over the years, the impact of Afghans on the local environment, economy, and law and order situation, was felt by locals in the tribal areas, as it was felt in other parts of the country. According to a research finding in 2010, an overwhelming 89.1% of 4,000 FATA residents said Afghans should return to 3 Afghanistan. The main reasons that people felt this way was due to economic pressures and security. IAERNA report presents a detailed analysis of the assessment conducted in four agencies of FATA; Bajaur, Mohmand, Orakzai and South Waziristan, and identifies priority areas for intervention that would help the target communities 'build back better'. The selected four agencies were among the worst affected during the military operation, leading to the displacement of around a million people from their homes. Moreover, Pakistan faced the worst floods in its history in 2010, which affected FATA as well. Although these agencies did not emerge as one of the severely affected regions in the list classified by NDMA, the issue of displacement was compounded by the floods in other areas. According to the Multi-sector Flood Assessment in Pakistan 2011, approximately two thirds of the displaced have now returned home. The priorities for the villages where people have returned included food, cash, shelter, water and sanitation and protection. For Early Recovery/Rebuilding the initial needs 12 According to UNHCR reports Understanding FATA 2010, Volume IV ( 2 3

15 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment included housing, health facilities, agriculture (animals and inputs), non-farm livelihoods and community 4 infrastructure. Although humanitarian activities are on-going in FATA, the return of IDPs to their places of origin call for immediate recovery activities to assist communities to build back better and to strengthen post-crisis early recovery efforts in a coherent and holistic manner which complements humanitarian actions with a recovery focus. Since the IAERNA focused on four affected agencies of FATA only, clearly the assessment had geographical limitations. Moreover, due to the limited time and methodology, the report should be taken as an initial assessment that provides baseline information which may lead to further in-depth research and analysis on different thematic areas. The assessment complements the PCNA and other similar reports where possible. The IAERNA as an intrinsic component of the Early Recovery Assistance Framework for the Reintegration of the IDP's returnee and stayee Population in FATA's Outline aims as well in finding ways on how to complement six interrelated components that make up an important part of the the PCNA's objectives: i) Affected communities have adequate access to food in specific Agencies/areas in FATA where accessibility is possible; ii) Affected communities have improved access to basic social services in selected FATA Agencies/areas; iii) Livelihoods and economic opportunities for crisis-affected people in selected Agencies in FATA iv) improved; Capacity of local authorities and communities (including IDPs) for recovery, peace building and risk reduction strengthened; v) Peace building, social cohesion and risk reduction strengthened; vi) Strengthened Coordination of Early Recovery. The IAERNA has the following main objectives: Identify and prioritize benchmarks, standards, outcomes and desired results to restore social, physical, institutional and economic systems in FATA; Inform and guide the decision-making process on ER within the donor community; Assist ERWG to serve as a planning and coordination framework owned by the government partners and UN agencies; Assist ERWG to formulate a multi-sectoral programme of a holistic package for ER incorporating the sectoral and geographical focus with gender equity. Following are the Guiding Principles of the IAERNA: National ownership: National ownership is very important for successful early recovery efforts to stabilize the situation in FATA. It is indispensable for the achievement of a more sustainable full recovery: 4 DNA

16 National capacity utilization and support: National ownership cannot fully materialize if national, local actors and institutions do not have the required capacities to lead, manage and implement the process. Recovery programs in FATA should develop the capacities of the state and other duty-bearers to fulfil their main obligations and responsibilities towards the population. Additionally, affected populations should be seen as fundamental actors requiring capacities to drive the process of recovery and claim their rights. In FATA this includes important minority groups, including youth that have tremendous potential to act as agents of change towards peace and development. Community-centred approach: Recovery takes place at the community and household level. Capacity development should therefore trickle down to local level. This is the level at which some of the most meaningful early recovery activities take place. Community participation in decision-making, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of local programmes increases the appropriateness of the early recovery interventions. Conflict prevention and risk reduction: Government and international community should cease the opportunities to address conditions that led to losses and instability in FATA. Building back better' aims to promote the restoration of services, systems and institutions from good to great through the application of improved standards and policies. Promoting gender equality: Promotion of gender equality and women's empowerment should be integrated as a crosscutting issue in all recovery activities in FATA and should be addressed beginning with all planned assessments and planning stages of early recovery. These efforts should build on, for example, the Eight Point Agenda for Women's Empowerment and Gender Equality in Crisis Prevention and Recovery or any other UN and government commitments to the landmark Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women and peace and security adopted in In addition to addressing gender as a crosscutting issue, planned early recovery programmes should also include specific components addressing gender equality and women's empowerment. Transparency and accountability: Transparency and accountability must include full accountability to beneficiaries, as well as to governments and donors. The UN should lead a transparent recovery planning process, the sharing of good practices, and rigorous monitoring and evaluation. This also entails recognizing people in FATA as active rightsholders at the centre of the recovery process, who are reached through information sharing, local grievance and redress mechanisms, and other forms of participation. Background of the Crisis The population of north-west Pakistan has suffered conflict-induced displacement for the past seven years, with the phenomenon reaching its peak in 2009 when there were more than three million internally displaced people (IDPs) in the region. By May 2010, the figure was down to one million, but returns since then have been offset by new displacements. In Mohmand, where military operations began in November 2008, an on-going offensive launched in December 2010 has displaced more 60,000 people to date (ET, 29 December 2010; TN, 8 February 2011; FDMA, May 2011). Local leaders urged residents to evacuate in anticipation of air strikes and abuses by militants, but some were nevertheless caught up in the fighting. While some went into camps, according to tribal elders, others were reluctant to seek shelter in crowded camps and instead moved in with relatives in nearby villages. Some fled across the border into Afghanistan. 14

17 As of May 2011, on-going military operations and militant activities have caused new displacements in 5 FATA. The largest groups were from Bajaur (350,000), South Waziristan (273,000) and Mohmand (245,000), but large numbers of unregistered IDPs from Khyber, Kurram, Orakzai, FR Kohat and FR Peshawar were also living either in KPK or other parts of Pakistan (FDMA, May 2011; IVAP, April 2011). The various life-saving humanitarian, recovery and longer-term development efforts of the federal and provincial governments, as well as the military, humanitarian agencies, donors and international financial institutions (IFIs) continue to be enormously necessary, but not sufficient to transform the situation and 6 reverse the support for violent change. In response to these conditions, the Government of Pakistan requested assistance from the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, United Nations, and European Union to undertake an assessment of the situation. Thence, in September 2010, the afore-mentioned institutions provided support in conducting the Post Crisis Needs Assessment (PCNA). The goal of the PCNA was to produce a helpful, pragmatic, coherent and sequenced peace building strategy for the Government of Pakistan that delivers the vision within 10 years time frame. PCNA complements the humanitarian and recovery efforts therefore, focusing on the reforms and other 7 interventions needed to build peace and create the conditions for sustainable development. However, PCNA was undertaken through consultations with affected communities of FATA as well as documented 8 views of regional and national stakeholders on conflict drivers and solutions to crisis. The IAERNA effort complements the PCNA's views to respond to the recovery process to assist the IDP returnee population to their places of origin; while assisting the stayee population to build back better their livelihoods, basic social services, community restoration, among other important aspects, and to help communities to return to normalcy. Inter Agency Early Recovery Needs Assessment(IAERNA) Although humanitarian activities are on-going in FATA, the return of IDPs to their places of origin call for immediate recovery activities to assist communities to build back better and to strengthen post-crisis early recovery efforts in a coherent and holistic approach to complement humanitarian actions with a recovery focus. Early Recovery is the part of humanitarian assistance that seeks to: Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment prevent further deterioration of and restoring basic living conditions, services and livelihoods prevent further deterioration of or restore national capacities to lead, manage and sustain recovery processes build on relief and support spontaneous recovery efforts to prevent the recurrence of crisis and create conditions for future development The IAERNA will pay special emphasis on the vulnerable community groups including women, men, girls and boys, as well as elders, sects, clans and persons with disabilities. The impact of the Afghan population on FATA will also be given special consideration. The IAERNA is intended to serve as a post-conflict tool to assess the social and economic conditions; early recovery needs patterns and local capacities that will steer the conflict related response in FATA. This assessment will be later packaged as a framework bringing together different sectoral assessments to produce a comprehensive analysis of early recovery needs in FATA. 5 Pakistan: Returns continue in some areas but comprehensive IDP policy needed. Report by: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Norwegian Refugee Council. 31 May Post Crisis Needs Assessment, KP and FATA September Post Crisis Needs Assessment, KP and FATA September Post Crisis Needs Assessment, KP and FATA September

18 The IAERNA, with gender awareness can help to increase and broaden ownership and sustainability of recovery initiatives through the following: Substantive involvement of women, men, girls and boys in the identification of their needs, priorities and interests; Identification of spontaneous recovery activities of women and girls as well as men and boys from marginalized communities that can be supported and strengthened; Inclusion of line departments, national, provincial and local institutions working in all sectors, including women's, gender, and youth issues; Substantive participation of NGOs with demonstrated experience working with, and for minority groups, including women and girls; Elaboration of responsive recovery initiatives that are informed by, and respond to, the articulated and demonstrated needs of affected communities, minority groups, including women, men, girls and boys, and line departments among other relevant stakeholders. 16

19 9 UNDP- ERWG: IAERNA Survey Methodology Strategy for Survey With extensive presence in and understanding of FATA, Community Appraisal and Motivation Programme 9 (CAMP) engaged local Enumerators to conduct the survey in the identified agencies (Bajaur, Mohmand, Orakzai and South Waziristan Agencies) of FATA. The strategy was based on the prevailing security conditions in FATA. CAMP has a pool of over 100 educated enumerators from FATA, both male and female, who are trained by the organisation and have been involved from time to time in various perception surveys and other research studies. For this data collection, CAMP involved 40 local enumerators who were experienced and qualified to carry out the assessment with some prior training and guidance. Involving locals in the assessment not only reduced the risk factor but also made it socially acceptable for them to enter into the target villages and speak with the communities. This strategy also facilitated the identification/location of villages in far-flung and off road areas. Before field work started, the team was provided with the list of villages and work plan for the assessment. They were also given guiding principles that would help in carrying out field activities in an efficient manner keeping in mind the overall objective of the project. Management Plan Given the complex situation in FATA, a combined methodology was undertaken in consultation with UNDP/FDMA and the Early RecoveryWorking Group members to: a) acquire a broad understanding of the information provided by ERWG members on key early recovery driving issues, and b) introduce standard indicators reflected in the assessment tools for the collection of data per sector, which has enabled a comprehensive data processing CAMP worked closely with UNDP to ensure close monitoring of the whole survey exercise. From the team of enumerators in each agency, CAMP used one individual as a lead to oversee and ensure that the questionnaires are completed as planned and the survey aims are achieved. Hiring local staff ensured better cost control and zero visibility in regards to the security situation. The Chief Executive who was supported by a Research Manager and Report Writer led the team for this research. ResearchTools A structured questionnaire was developed jointly by thirteen UN agencies and the final version was shared with CAMP for administering in the field. The tool was translated into Urdu for the field enumerators. The questionnaire sought information on household composition, resources, income, education health, socio cultural issues etc. One questionnaire was carried out for each household, with the head of household. Interview guide was used for Key Informants Interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) guide was used for conducting and documenting FGDs. 17

20 Household survey Methodology Early Recovery Working Group (ERWG) had designed and developed the structured questionnaire for household survey. The questionnaire was translated into Urdu for easy understanding and implementation in the field. Training of Enumerators Two days training workshop on household survey questionnaire was organized at Peshawar for 24 field enumerators and 4 supervisors of all four target agencies of FATA. Apart from ERWG members, CAMP hired a specialized trainer/resource person for facilitation of the training session. ERWG members were also present and provided their input during the training sessions. Pre-testing The household survey questionnaire was pre-tested in Mohmand Agency by interviewing 8 respondents. No major issue was observed during the pretesting. These total 8 pre-tested interviews were not included in the final sample size. Sample Size, randomization The sample was spread over 112 villages and 1344 respondents/families of Bajaur, Mohmand, Orakzai and SouthWaziristan Agencies. Followings are the details. Agency Male Female Male Female Villages Bajaur Agency Mohmand Agency Orakzai Agency South Waziristan Agency Agency wise calculation of sample size at 95% Level of Confidence, with 7.5% Margin of Error The highly insecure areas within the agencies were excluded from the population under consideration before selecting the villages. Lists of villages were provided to the field enumerators before deployment to the field for data collection. Participants' Identification: Number of Respondents per village IDPs Stayees Total Number of Total Total Respondents In each village, lists of participating and non-participating vulnerable families were compiled during the interviews with the key informants. Twelve (12) families were selected through interval method (half from the returnees and half from the stayees) for the household interviews in each village. When faced with 'No Response', 'Refusal' or 'Not Eligible' responses from a household, the next household on the list was chosen, until the desired number of households in the village was reached. The household survey in each village started at a landmark that was taken as a starting point, such as a well known shop, Hujra, mosque, electric pole etc. In each village two starting points, one for male and one for female were selected. After consultation with UNDP, the respondents selected for this study were identified as being between years, who are most likely to have the knowledge/perception of the prevailing situation and future plans or ideas of their areas. 18

21 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment Focus Group Discussion (FGD) Methodology ERWG designed and developed the FGD guide. The FGD guide was translated into Urdu by CAMP. The format of the FGD guide was modified for easy understating and collection of qualitative data. Training of FGDs Moderator and Enumerator A one-day orientation session was organized for FGDs moderators and note takers. UNDP-ERWG members were also informed for participation in this session for their valuable input but due to security concerns they were unable to participate. Dates for this orientation session were changed twice on the request of the UNDP. Keeping in view the time constraints it was decided in consultation with UNDP that CAMP should conduct the training independently. Four FGD moderators and four note takers were trained on the FGD guides for the target Agencies. Pre-testing The FGD guide was pre-tested during orientation session by conducting one mock FGD session.the purpose of the pre-test was to check the appropriateness and integrity of the guidelines. CAMP analysed the pre-test results and no major issue was observed. Sampling of FGDs CAMP conducted 12 male FGD sessions in four target Agencies (3FGDs in each Agency). Following are the key elements for organization of each FGD: Each FGD session consisted of 8-12 participants. It was conducted at a convenient time and place for the participants The session was run following the discussion guideline covering all the topics of interest In each FGD session, there was a note-taker to take notes and a tape recorder to record the discussions. The note taker recorded who said what in which context The moderator encouraged everyone in the group to participate by sharing their views and asking each other questions. The moderator assured that the discussion was not dominated or taken over by one or two people, giving everyone a chance to express their views The discussion was conducted in a neutral setting and was kept open-ended. However, the moderator kept the discussion within the framework of the topics of concern. Training of FGD recruiters One-day training workshop for FGDs recruiters was organized at Peshawar. 4 recruiters were trained on the identification and selection criteria of participants for FGDs. Screening questionnaire for selection of participants were discussed in detail. Participants' selection for focus group discussions Participants for FGDs were selected though recruiters in each target Agency. CAMP had appointed and trained FGDs recruiters for identification and selection of the target group for the session. The selection of the FGDs participants was made though FGDs recruitment guidelines and screening questionnaire. In each Agency three focus group discussions was conducted. The FGDs participants included: 1. Tribal Malik 2. Civil Society Members 3. Journalists 4. Teachers 5. Religious Leaders 6. Spengary (Elders) 7. Political PartiesWorkers 8. Community Members 19

22 Key Informants Interviews (KII) Methodology ERWG designed and developed the interview guide for Key Informants Interviews (KII). The KII guide was translated into Urdu by CAMP. The FGDs moderators were responsible for conducting KIIs in their respective agency. Initially a total of 20 Key Informants Interviews (KIIs) were planned in all 4 target agencies with the following stakeholders: 1. Political Administration (PA/APA etc.) 2. Tribal Malik 3. Journalists 4. Teachers 5. Civil Society Members Later on UNDP and FDMA suggested holding Key Informant Interviews with agency level relevant departments for analysing the situation and collecting accurate data available from them. Total 24 Key Informants Interviews (KIIs) were completed in all 4 target agencies. In each Agency 6 KIIs were conducted. The KIIs included: 1. Political Administration 2. Health 3. Public Health 4. Education 5. Agriculture and Livestock 6. Communication & Works Field Survey/Data collection For household data collection, 12 field teams were formed, each with two field enumerators (one male & one female). A detailed field work-plan, list of villages and questionnaires were shared with the field teams for their respective agencies. Field teams were deployed for data collection after completion of the training workshop. Focus Group Discussions were conducted by 4 teams, each team was consisting of 2 members; a moderator and enumerator for their respective agency. These teams have successfully completed 12 FGDs in all 4 target agencies. Six Key Informants interviews (KIIs) was completed in each target agency though one enumerator. Total 4- enumerators were appointed for the completion of 24 KIIs in all 4 target agencies. Database Development and Data Feeding Database in MS-Access was developed and data was entered though 10 professional data entry operators. For accurate and error free results, analysis were made through SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Data Accuracy/Quality Check It was ensured that the data correctly recorded the event it represented and data gathered from the field was accurate. Trained enumerators and data entry operators were appointed for this purpose and were properly trained on questionnaires, interviewing techniques and data entry. The enumerators for each Agency remained involved throughout the data collection process in the same Agency in order to make the data more accurate. During fieldwork, CAMP supervisors accompanied the surveyors in the field and provided them solutions to the practical problems. Field supervisors checked the data collection process and collected data on the spot. The survey management also checked the completed questionnaires. After assurance that the data collected was accurate and reliable, it was processed for entry. 20 Moreover, the first ten filled-in questionnaires of every surveyor were thoroughly checked by the fieldwork supervisor and ensured that the surveyor was performing well in the field. The interviewers were properly supervised, and the fieldwork done was also back-checked. The supervisors conducted back checking of fieldwork completed by each interviewer to ensure authenticity of data.

23 An Introduction to FATA: Bajaur, Mohmand, Orakzai and South Waziristan 10 The Federally Administered Tribal Areas are located along Pakistan's northwestern Himalaya zone and southwestern Suleiman Mountains and runs as a narrow tract along the river Indus with the parallel lines almost north to south. It consists of seven semi-autonomous agencies or administrative units Khyber, Mohmand, Bajaur, Kurram, Orakzai, North and South Waziristan. Additionally FATA includes 'frontier regions' that adjoin the districts of Peshawar: Kohat, Bannu, Lakki Marwat, Tank and DeraIsmail Khan. This tangled mass constitutes an area of sq.km; the 1400 miles (2500 km) long Durand line which was drawn in 1893 by the British colonial rulers of India, and geographically divides the Pashtun tribes in the region between Afghanistan and FATA of Pakistan. FATA has remained strategically important since the times of the Great th Game for imperial domination that took place in the 19 century. The 3.18 million people living in FATA, according to the Pakistan census report (1998), are predominantly Pakhtuns, which are largely Sunni Muslims by faith. Shias are in minority with roughly 12% of the entire FATA 11 population. FATA is characterised by a strong tribal structure and rich ethnic diversity and cultural heritage. The census report calculated the population growth rate at 2.2% and the population density estimated at 117 persons per square kilometre (versus national and KP average of 166 and 238 respectively), varying greatly between individual Agencies and Frontier Regions. The administrative structure of FATA is unique. Although within Pakistan's territories, it is politically carved out as a collection of semi-independent Agencies, and governance by the structure is different from the rest of the country. The region is primarily governed through the Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR), 1901 and is managed by the Governor of the KP province who is a nominee and representative of the President of Pakistan and is based in Peshawar. At the national level, FATA falls under the purview of the Ministry of States and Frontier Regions (SAFRON) based in Islamabad. Politically, the people of FATA continue to be ruled by the aged old colonial system the FCR and the Malik system, a local community leader appointed by the government to represent the people. As the Maliks are the appointees of the Political Agents (PA) of the agencies, they do not represent the people' voices and they generally act out of the behest of the PA. Generally, the local people feel that they have been marginalised and inequitably treated. The participation of civil society is limited or non-existent. Furthermore, there was no political process allowed to function in FATA until the signing of the FATA Reforms in August In the absence of vibrant political process, there is no platform to address their grievances or problems or have a say in their own affairs. Compounded by lack of trust in the capacity of existing institutions, poor economic situation and pervasive poor governance have created a broad political space for militant groups to capitalise the situation for pursuing their agenda. The economy of FATA is shaped by a number of factors, most importantly the geography & topography, the social and cultural fabric, the political & security situation, and the socio-economic conditions. In general, there are very few livelihood opportunities and the economy is chiefly pastoral, with some agricultural activities in the region's few fertile valleys. Land use data from shows that 7% of the total geographic area of FATA is cultivated, with another 1% recorded as fallow, while more than 82% of the land is not available for cultivation. This puts intense pressure on available farmland. Only, 44% of farmland is under irrigation, with the remaining cultivated area relying entirely on rainfall Understanding FATA, 2008: CAMP Estimate is based on CAMP last five perception survey samples in FATA 21