The Asean Space Organization Legal Aspects and Feasibility

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1 The Asean Space Organization Legal Aspects and Feasibility

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3 The Asean Space Organization Legal Aspects and Feasibility PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. P.F. van der Heijden, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op woensdag 17 december 2008 klokke uur door Chukeat Noichim geboren te Nakhon-Sawan (Thailand) in 1967

4 Promotiecommissie: Promotores: Overige leden: Prof. dr. P.P.C. Haanappel Prof. dr. N.J. Schrijver Prof. dr. S. Hobe (University of Cologne, Germany) Prof. dr. R. Jakhu (McGill University, Montreal Canada) Prof. dr. N.M. Blokker Prof. dr. P.M.J. Mendes de Leon The dissertation was made possible by the financial support of the Thai Government and printing of this dissertation was financially supported by the E.M. Meijers Institute. Lay-out: Anne-Marie Krens Tekstbeeld Oegstgeest Editing: Diana Batts and Anne Martine Bartelings Druk: UFB Grafi-Media, Leiden 2008 C. Noichim, Leiden Behoudens de in of krachtens de Auteurswet van 1912 gestelde uitzonderingen mag niets uit deze uitgave worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. Voorzover het maken van reprografische verveelvoudigingen uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van artikel 16h Auteurswet 1912 dient men de daarvoor wettelijk verschuldigde vergoedingen te voldoen aan de Stichting Reprorecht (Postbus 3051, 2130 KB Hoofddorp, Voor het overnemen van (een) gedeelte(n) uit deze uitgave in bloemlezingen, readers en andere compilatiewerken (art. 16 Auteurswet 1912) kan men zich wenden tot de Stichting PRO (Stichting Publicatie- en Reproductierechten Organisatie, Postbus 3060, 2130 KB Hoofddorp, No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publisher.

5 Acknowledgements Ph.D. research at Leiden University was a privileged time of my life. First, I would like to thank and acknowledge the Thai Government for its scholarship, Thai Education and Training Abroad Branch: Office of the Civil Service Commission for its continuing care, and Mae Fah Luang University for its support to pursue advanced research at the International Institute of Air and Space Law, Faculty of Law, Leiden University. My deepest gratitude goes to my dear family: my parents, my older sister and my younger sister for their unconditional love and forever support. I would like to express my special appreciation to both my promotores: Prof. dr. P.P.C. Haanappel and Prof. dr. N.J. Schrijver for their trustful support. I thank them for their time, their careful consideration of my work and their patience during the period of my study. They gave me a good opportunity to learn how to be a good lawyer and a good teacher. I am very much indebted to Prof. dr. Chumporn Patjusanon, Prof. William A.W. Neilson, Prof. dr. Pisawat Sukonthapan, Prof. Vitit Muntarbhorn, Prof. Chaiyos Hemarajata and Prof. dr. Apirat Petchsiri to have given me the opportunity and inspiration to pursue this doctoral research. They, being great teachers, have always been my role model. My sincere thank also go to all staff members of the International Institute of Air and Space Law, Leiden University: especially Prof. dr. Pablo Mendes de Leon, Prof. dr. F.G. van der Dunk, Mrs. drs. T.L. Masson-Zwaan, Paula van der Wulp, Ulrich Theis, Sagar Priyatham Singamsetty, Judith Sandriman and Fabio Tronchetti for their first-class support and friendship, their interest shown in my research and their constructive criticism. I would also like to special thank to Gabor Szakaly for his help. I would like to express deep gratitude to Prof. dr. C.J.J.M. Stolker, Dean of the Faculty of Law, Leiden University for his hospitality and for giving me the opportunity to do a PhD in Leiden. Thanks are also extended to all my friends at the Faculty of Law and other Faculties of Leiden University, especially, Prof. dr. R.T. Griffiths, Prof. dr. H. Vording, Loes van Twist, Marleen de Mooij, Bas van Bockel, Lisa Louwerse, Lennert Breuker and Mette Léons. They

6 VI Acknowledgements have made me feel very welcome and comfortable to study at Leiden University. I wish to extent special thanks to Prof. dr. Vanchai Sirichana, President of Mae Fah Luang University, Prof. dr. Chalar Wongwattanapikul, Dean of the School of Law, and all staff members of the School of Law, Mae Fah Luang University for their support and willingness to help me during my Ph.D. research. Outside of the legal and scholastic community, I have met a lot of nice people and I exceptionally appreciate all their support and companionship throughout my time in the Netherlands: special thanks to the Thai Royal Embassy: especially Ambassador Suchitra Hiranprueck, Minister Counselor Krairawee Sirikul and all staff; the Thai-Dutch Community: especially Prof. dr. Peter and Naovarat van Welzen-Ratanopas, Don and Sungwan Klaassen-Malaikhwan, Andre and Anong Vording-Boonchuey, Hans and Chalomjai Kanbier, Hans and Pornchai Taal-Kliangnin, Warayouth and Jantana Muntajit-Boon-long, Eric and Saichon Ceelen-Surapinich, L.P.J. Seip and Malee Intuam, Mali Intuam; and, the Thai Students Association in the Netherlands (TSAN) and all my dear Thai friends in the Netherlands, especially Thai friends in Leiden. They have made me feel the Netherlands as a second home. Last but not least, I would like to thank all my dear friends, especially Ayling Josaputra, Diana Batts, Gunhar Yoontrakul, Isariya Aksavut, Kaewtar Panurai, Rangsarit Hemboon, Russell Hall, Sujit Punyapurk, Viman Kritpolviman, Vrongkon Lergaram, Waewpun Sereerath, Weerasak-Wimonrat Putthasri and Yingrak Auttawaitkul who have always given support to me in every way possible. I dedicate this book to my family, all my teachers and to the ASEAN people. Chukeat

7 Contents in brief TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION IX XIII XIX 1 International Space Cooperation 1 2 The ASEAN Organization: A Case Study of Regional Cooperation 39 3 The Space Activities of ASEAN Countries 75 4 Modern Regional Space Cooperation: A Comparative Study for Launching and ASEAN Space Organization The ASEAN Space Organization (ASO): A Feasible Model for Sustainable Space Development Conclusions and Recommendations 169 SUMMARY IN ENGLISH 173 SAMENVATTING 179 BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 TABLE OF TREATIES, RESOLUTIONS AND OTHER LEGAL INSTRUMENTS 205 INDEX 209 CURRICULUM VITAE 221

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9 Table of contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION XIII XIX 1 INTERNATIONAL SPACE COOPERATION The International Legal Evolution of Space Activities Introduction Sources of International Space Law The Outer Space Conventions: An Overview Outer Space Treaty, Rescue Agreement, Liability Convention, Registration Convention, Moon Agreement, concept of International Cooperation Legal status of International Cooperation International Cooperation in International Law International Cooperation in International Space Law Application of the Concept of International Cooperation in Space Activities Global Space Cooperation Level Regional Space Cooperation Level Bilateral Space Cooperation Level Conclusion 36 2 THE ASEAN ORGANIZATION: ACASE STUDY OF REGIONAL COOPERATION The Evolution of ASEAN The Current Status of ASEAN Policy and Legal Aspects Social Aspects Political and Security Aspects Economic Aspects Science and Technological Aspects ASEAN Organization and Space Activities Conclusion 72 3 THE SPACE ACTIVITIES OF ASEAN COUNTRIES Brunei Cambodia 78

10 X Table of contents 3.3 Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam The Potential of ASEAN Countries for Sustainable Space Development under International Space Law Conclusion MODERN REGIONAL SPACE CCOOPERATION: ACOMPARATIVE STUDY FOR LAUNCHING AN ASEAN SPACE ORGANIZATION European Space Agency EUMETSAT ARABSAT Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization A Comparative Analysis The Structure of Organizations Programmes and Activities Financial Contributions Industrial Policy The Dispute Settlement Conclusion THE ASEAN SPACE ORGANIZATION (ASO): A FEASIBLE MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE SPACE DEVELOPMENT A Suitable Model for an ASEAN Space Organization Policy and Legal Framework Institutional Arrangements Activities and Program Arrangements Financial Arrangements Industrial Policy Arrangements The Dispute Settlement Procedure The ASO Model Analysis The Legal Status of the ASO The ASO under International Law The ASO under International Space Law Legal Dimensions of the ASO in Space Activities The ASO and Member States The ASO and Non-Member States and Internationa Organizations The ASO and Private Entities The Legal Impacts of the establishment of the ASO in the World Community 162

11 Table of contents XI 5.5 Problems and Prospects with regard to the Implementation of the Principle of International Cooperation in the ASO Conclusion CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 169 SUMMARY IN ENGLISH 173 SAMENVATTING 179 BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 TABLE OF TREATIES, RESOLUTIONS AND OTHER LEGAL INSTRUMENTS 205 INDEX 209 CURRICULUM VITAE 221

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13 List of abbreviations AASL ABSU ACCI ACDM ACOCI ACW ADPC AEC AEGDM AFTA AIA AIPO AISP AISIS AIT AMRSW AOCRS APSCO APRSAF APT ARABSAT ARF ARPDM ASCOE ASEAN ASC ASCB ASCC ASCMG ASIAP ASMC ASO ASOMSWD ASTER AVHRR AUN AVIST Annals of Air and Space Law Arab Broadcasting States Union ASEAN Chambers of Commerce and Industry ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management ASEAN Committee on Culture and Information ASEAN Committee on Women Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre ASEAN Economic Community ASEAN Experts Group on Disaster Management ASEAN Free Trade Area ASEAN Investment Area ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Organization ASEAN Integration System of Preference ASEAN Institute for Strategic and International Studies Asian Institute of Technology ASEAN Ministers Responsible for Social Welfare African Organization of Cartography and Remote Sensing Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum Automatic Picture Transmission Arab Satellite Communications Organization ASEAN Regional Forum ASEAN Regional Progremme on Disaster Management ASEAN Committee on Education Association of South-East Asian Nations ASEAN Security Community ASEAN Sub-Committee on Biotechnology ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community ASEAN Sub-Committee on Meteorology and Geophysics ASEAN Strategic Investment Action Plan ASEAN Specialized Meteorological Centre ASEAN Space Organization ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting on Social Welfare and Development Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (United States) ASEAN University Network ASEAN Virtual Institute of Science and Technology

14 XIV List of Abbreviations BCGS BFD BMS CEPs CEPT CLMV COSPAR COST CRC CREST CRISP CRTEAN DCA DENR DEPANRI DLF DLR DPD DTH EAC EADS ECSL ELDO ENVISAT ERS ESA ESOC ESPI ESRIN ESRO ESTEC EU EUMETSAT EUTELSAT FAO FDI FRIM FTAs GDI GDP GIS GISTDA GMS GNI GNP GNSS Bureau of Coast & Geodetic Surveys (the Philippines) Bureau of Forest Development (the Philippines) Brunei Meteorological Service Closer Economic Partnerships Agreement on the Common Effective Preferential Tariff Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam Committee on Space Research (ICSU) Committee on Science and Technology (ASEAN) Convention on the Rights of the Child Centre for Research in Satellite Technologies (Singapore) Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing (Singapore) Regional Centre for Remote Sensing of North African States Department of Civil Aviation (Brunei) Department of Environment and National Resources (the Philippines) National Council of Aeronautics and Space of RI (Indonesia) Distance Learning Foundation German Aerospace Center Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (Indonesia) Direct-To-Home European Astronaut Center (ESA) European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company European Centre for Space Law European Launcher Development Organization Environmental Satellite European Remote Sensing European Space Agency European Space Operation Center (ESA) European Space Policy Institute European Space Research Institute (ESA) European Space Research Organization European Space Research and Technology Center (ESA) European Union European Organization for Satellite Meteorology European Telecommunications Satellite Organization Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Foreign Direct Investments Forest Research Institute of Malaysia Free Trade Areas Gross Domestic Income Gross Domestic Product Geographic Information Systems Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (Thailand) Geostationary Meteorological Satellites Gross National Income Gross National Product Global Navigation Satellite Service (Russian Federation)

15 List of Abbreviations XV GPS GSLV GSO HLTF HPA ICJ ICSU ICSW ICT IISL ILO IMO INMARSAT INTELSAT INTERCOSMOS INTERSPUTNIK IP IPRs IRS ISRO ITU JAXA LAPAN LDCs LEO LPRP MACRES MARDI MDGs MFN MIMOS MNCs MNEs MODIS MOP MOPs MOSTI MOU MPC MPR MPSC MRAs MSG MTG MUT Global Positioning Systems (United States) Geo-synchronous Launch Vehicle Geostationary Orbit High Level Task Force (ASEAN) Hanoi Plan of Action International Court of Justice International Council of Scientific Union International Council on Social Welfare Information and Communications Technologies International Institute of Space Law of the IAF (International Astronautical Federation) International Labour Organization International Meteorological Organization International Maritime Satellite Organization International Telecommunications Satellite Organization International Cooperation in Study and Utilization of Outer Space Program Intersputnik International Organization of Space Communications Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Rights Indian Remote Sensing (India) Indian Space Research Organization International Telecommunication Union Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (Indonesia) Least Developed Countries Low-Earth Orbit Lao People's Revolutionary Party Malaysian Centre for Remote Sensing Malaysia Agriculture Research and Development Institute Millennium Development Goals Most Favoured Nation Malaysia Institute of Microelectronic Systems Multi-national Corporations Multinational enterprises Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Meteosat Operation Programme (EUMETSAT) Margins of Preferences Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Malaysia) Memorandum of Understanding Multi-Project Chip Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (Indonesia) Mabuhay Philippines Satellite Corporation Mutual Recognition Arrangements Meteosat Second Generation Satellite System Meteosat Third Generation Satellite System Mahanakorn University of Technology

16 XVI List of Abbreviations NAMRIA NASA NCA NCSRA NCST NEP NGD NGOs NLD NOAA NRMC NSA NTBs NTMs OAS OECD PAGASA PTA RCICM R&D RESAP ROO RTAs SARS SCIRD SCMIT SCNCER SCOSA SEANWFZ SEATO SIRIM SME SMMS SPC SPDC SPOT S&T STCC-COSTA STEA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (the Philippines) National Aeronautic and Space Administration (United States) National Cartographic Authority (the Philippines) National Committee for Space research and Application of Vietnam National Centre of Science and Technology of Vietnam New Economic Policy National Geographic Department (Laos) Non-governmental Organizations National League for Democracy (Myanmar) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (United States) Natural Resources Management Center (the Philippines) National Space Agency (Malaysia) Non-Tariff Barriers Non-Tariff Measures Organization of American States Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration Preferential Trading Arrangement Regional Training Course on Integrated Coastal Management Research and Development Regional Space Application Programme for Sustainable Development Rules of Origin Regional Trading Arrangements Sever Acute Respiratory Syndrome Sub-Committee on S&T Infrastructure and Resources Development Sub-Committee on Microelectronics and Information Technology Sub-Committee on Non-Conventional Energy Research Sub-Committee on Space Technology and Applications (ASEAN) Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia Small and Medium Enterprises Small Multi-Mission Satellite Program Science Programme Committee (ESA) State Peace and development Council (Myanmar) Experimental Earth Observation System (France) Science and Technology Science and Technology Coordinating Council Committee on Space Technology Applications (the Philippines) Science Technology and Environment Agency (Laos)

17 List of Abbreviations XVII TAC TAGP TGIST THEOS TMSC TOT TPM UCOM UK UKM UN (UN)COPUOS UNDP UNESCAP UNESCO UNGA UNICEF UNISPACE UNTAC UNOOSA UPM USA USGS USSR UTM VAST VAST WCO WMO WSO WTO WWW ZOPFAN Treaty on Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline Thailand Graduate Institute of Science and Technology Thai Earth Observation Satellite Thai Micro-Satellite Company Training of Trainers Technology Park of Malaysia United Communication Company United Kingdom Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia United Nations (United Nations) Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space United Nations Development Programme United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations General Assembly United Nations Children's Fund United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Use of Outer Space United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs Universiti Putra Malaysia United States of America United States Geophysical Survey Union of Soviet Socialist Republics University Teknologi Malaysia Very-Small Aperture Terminal Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (Vietnam) World Customs Organization World Meteorological Organization World Space Organization World Trade Organization World Weather Watch Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality Declaration (ASEAN)

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