2013 Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG)

Transcription

1 2013 Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG)

2 What is the Ibrahim Index of African Governance? The IIAG is: One of four tools produced by the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, which focuses on governance and leadership in Africa. A framework for citizens, governments, institutions, academics and business to assess the delivery of public goods and services, and policy outcomes, in every African country. A tool with which to govern, highlighting continental, regional, national and thematic governance results.

3 2013 IIAG: In Numbers 1 overall governance score. It is indicators years of data 94 indicators 52 countries 133 variables categories 52 countries 133 variables South Sudan & Sudan are not included in the 2013 IIAG due to data availability. 89, independent data points data sources sub-categories South Sudan & Sudan are not included in the 2013 IIAG due to data availability. 89, data points independent data sources

4 2013 Ibrahim Index of African Governance OVERALL SCORE / 100 SAFETY & RULE OF LAW PARTICIPATION & HUMAN RIGHTS SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 4 categories 14 sub-categories 94 indicators 133 variables

5 2013 IIAG: Structure 2013 Ibrahim Index of African Governance Overall Governance Score Overall Score 94 indicators SAFETY & RULE OF LAW PARTICIPATION & HUMAN RIGHTS SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Rule Of Law Accountability Personal Safety National Security Participation Rights Gender Public Management Business Environment Infrastructure Rural Sector Welfare Education Health Judicial Process Judicial Independence Judicial Independence Judicial Independence (GCR WEF) Sanctions (Commd CDD) Transfers of Power Property Rights Property Rights* Property Rights Property Rights Protection Property Freedom (Index Econ Freedom HER-WSJ) Property Rights (GCR WEF) Accountability, Transparency & Corruption in the Public Sector Accountability, Transparency & Corruption in the Public Sector Accountability, Transparency & Corruption in Rural Areas (PBAS IFAD) Corruption & Bureaucracy (WGI WB) Accountability of Public Officials Corruption in Government & Public Officials Prosecution of Abuse of Office Diversion of Public Funds (GCR WEF) Domestic Political Persecution Physical Integrity Rights (CIRI CIRI) Political Terror (PTS PTS) Social Unrest Safety of the Person Violent Crime Human Trafficking (TIP USDS) Cross-Border Tensions Government Involvement in Armed Conflict (UCDP/PRIO UCDP) Domestic Armed Conflict Political Refugees (Online Population Database UNHCR) Internally Displaced People (Global Overview of Trends IDMC) Free & Fair Executive Elections (Commd IREEP) Free & Fair Elections Political Participation (DemIndex EIU) Electoral Self- Determination (CIRI CIRI) Effective Power to Govern Clustered Indicators in the 2013 IIAG A clustered indicator is an indicator composed of a number of underlying variables which each measure the same dimension and come from different sources, or measure similar dimensions and come from the same source. The 2013 IIAG is comprised of four categories, 14 sub-categories and 94 indicators, made up of 133 underlying variables. 29 of these indicators are clustered indicators. Key Indicator (Data source acronym) Clustered indicator Variable* (Data source acronym) * Cluster within a clustered indicator Reliability of Police Services (GCR WEF) Core International Human Rights Conventions (MTDSG OHCHR) Human Rights Political Rights (FITW FH) Workers Rights (CIRI CIRI) Freedom of Expression Freedom of Expression Freedom of Speech & Press (CIRI CIRI) Press Freedom (FOTP FH) Freedom of Association & Assembly Freedom of Association & Assembly Freedom of Association & Assembly (CIRI CIRI) Freedom of Association Civil Liberties Protection of Civil Liberties Civil Liberties (DemIndex EIU) Civil Liberties (FITW FH) Gender Equality Gender Equality Gender Balance in Primary & Secondary Education (WDI WB) Women s Participation in the Labour Force (WDI WB) Equal Representation in Rural Areas (PBAS IFAD) Women in Parliament (WDI WB) Women s Rights Women s Economic Rights (CIRI CIRI) Women s Political Rights (CIRI CIRI) Legislation on Violence against Women (GID- DB/SIGI OECD) Statistical Capacity (BBSC WB) Public Administration Public Administration Inflation (ASY AU / AfDB / UNECA) Diversification (AEO AfDB / OECD / UNDP / UNECA) Reserves (CountryData EIU) Budget Management Budget Management Ratio of Total Revenue to Total Expenditure (ASY AU / AfDB / UNECA) Fiscal Policy Fiscal Policy Ratio of External Debt Service to Exports (CountryData EIU) Revenue Collection Revenue Collection Soundness of Banks (GCR WEF) Competitive Environment Competitive Environment * Competition Unfair Competitive Practices Investment Climate (Index Econ Freedom HER-WSJ) Investment Climate for Rural Businesses (PBAS IFAD) Rural Financial Services Development (PBAS IFAD) Bureaucracy & Red Tape Customs Procedures (GCR WEF) Electricity Access to Electricity Quality of Electricity Supply (GCR WEF) Roads Road Network Quality of Roads (GCR WEF) Rail Network Air Transport Air Transport Facilities Quality of Air Transport (GCR WEF) Telephone & IT Infrastructure Telephone Network IT Infrastructure Digital Connectivity Mobile Phone Subscribers (ICT Database ITU) Household Computers (ICT Database ITU) Internet Subscribers (ICT Database ITU) Public Resources for Rural Development (PBAS IFAD) Land & Water for Low Income Rural Populations Access to Land (PBAS IFAD) Access to Water for Agriculture (PBAS IFAD) Agricultural Research & Extension Services (PBAS IFAD) Agricultural Input & Produce Markets (PBAS IFAD) Policy & Legal Framework for Rural Organisations (PBAS IFAD) Dialogue between Government & Rural Organisations (PBAS IFAD) Agricultural Policy Costs (GCR WEF) Welfare Regime Social Protection & Labour Social Protection & Labour Social Exclusion Welfare Services (Health & Education) Welfare Services (Health & Education) Equity of Public Resource Use Equity of Public Resource Use Access to Water Access to Piped Water (WHO/UNICEF JMP WHO) Access to Improved Water (WHO/UNICEF JMP WHO) Access to Sanitation Access to Improved Sanitation (WHO/UNICEF JMP WHO) Open Defecation Sanitation (WHO/UNICEF JMP WHO) Environmental Policy Environmental Sustainability Environmental Sustainability Education Provision & Quality Educational System Quality (GCR WEF) Ratio of Pupils to Teachers in Primary School (WDI WB) Primary School Completion (WDI WB) Progression to Secondary School (WDI WB) Tertiary Enrolment (WDI WB) Literacy (UIS UNESCO) Maternal Mortality (GHO WHO) Child Mortality (CME IGME) Immunisation (Measles & DPT) Immunisation against Measles (WDI WB) Immunisation against DPT (WDI WB) Antiretroviral Treatment Provision ART Provision (AIDSinfo UNAIDS) ART Provision for Pregnant Women (AIDSinfo UNAIDS) Disease (Malaria & TB) Malaria (GHO WHO) Tuberculosis (GHO WHO) Undernourishment (WDI WB)

6 Methodology The journey of a data point Selection Consultation Collection Calculation Final results 32 independent data sources African Economic Outlook, AfDB/OECD/UNDP/UNECA African Electoral Index: commissioned by the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, Institut de Recherche Empirique en Economie Politique African Statistical Yearbook, AU/AfDB/UNECA AIDSinfo Database, Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS, UN Bertelsmann Transformation Index, Bertelsmann Stiftung Bulletin Board on Statistical Capacity, World Bank Child Mortality Estimates Info, Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Dataset, The Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Data Project Country Data, Economist Intelligence Unit Country Performance Assessment, AfDB Data commissioned by the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, Economist Intelligence Unit Democracy Index, Economist Intelligence Unit Freedom in the World Survey, Freedom House Freedom of the Press Index, Freedom House Global Competitiveness Report, World Economic Forum Global Health Observatory Database, World Health Organization IDA Resource Allocation Index, World Bank Index of Economic Freedom, The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal Institute for Statistics, UNESCO Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary General, OHCHR Performance-based Allocation System & Rural Sector Performance Assessments, IFAD Political Terror Scale, Political Terror Scale Sanctions in Africa commissioned by the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, CDD Ghana Social Institutions and Gender Index under Gender, Institutions and Development Database, OECD Trafficking in Persons Report, U.S. Department of State - Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset v , , Uppsala University, Department of Peace and Conflict Research - Uppsala Conflict Data Programme UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database, UNHCR WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation Database, WHO World Development Indicators, World Bank World Telecommunications / ICT Indicators Database, ITU Worldwide Governance Indicators, World Bank

7 Key Criteria for Inclusion in IIAG 2013 IIAG: New Indicators Some Key Missing Indicators Suitable governance proxy Covers at least 35 of 52 countries Has at least two years worth of data since 2000 Latest data point exists within the last three years 1 indicator from World Bank (WB) World Development Indicators (WDI) Undernourishment 11 indicators from World Economic Forum (WEF) Global Competitiveness Report (GCR) Judicial Independence Property Rights Diversion of Public Funds Reliability of Police Services Soundness of Banks Customs Procedures Quality of Electricity Supply Quality of Roads Quality of Air Transport Infrastructure Agricultural Policy Costs Quality of the Educational System Poverty Inequality Unemployment Non communicable diseases Transversal threats Food security

8 2013 IIAG: Key Findings 94% Countries that have experienced overall governance improvement since 2000 are today home to 94% of people living on the continent

9 2013 IIAG: Key Findings Average performance conceals widening gaps 82.9 Mauritius (+7.3) African average (+4.5) Somalia (-1.7)

10 2013 IIAG: Key Findings Continental average change in score at category level, since 2000 Human Development Sustainable Economic Opportunity Participation & Human Rights Safety & Rule of Law

11 2013 IIAG: Key Findings Number of countries with improved scores (out of 52) 46 Overall Safety & Rule of Law Participation & Human Rights Sustainable Economic Opportunity Human Development

12 Balance Between Categories Angola SAFETY & RULE OF LAW South Africa SAFETY & RULE OF LAW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PARTICIPATION & HUMAN RIGHTS SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY Algeria SAFETY & RULE OF LAW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PARTICIPATION & HUMAN RIGHTS SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY Libya SAFETY & RULE OF LAW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PARTICIPATION & HUMAN RIGHTS PARTICIPATION & HUMAN RIGHTS SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY

13 2013 IIAG: Safety & Rule of Law SAFETY & RULE OF LAW NATIONAL SECURITY RULE OF LAW PERSONAL SAFETY ACCOUNTABILITY

14 2013 IIAG: At Sub-Category Level Since 2000, 11 out of the 14 sub- categories have shown improvement Personal Safety Rule of Law Rights Accountability Business Environment Welfare Participation Public Management National Security Infrastructure Gender Rural Sector Education Health

15 2013 IIAG: Indicator Level Indicator Performance: 10 Biggest Improvements Antiretroviral Treatment Provision Ratio of External Debt Service to Exports Digital Connectivity Core International Human Rights Conventions Cross-Border Tensions Legislation on Violence Against Women Immunisation (Measles & DPT) Women in Parliament Primary School Completion Child Mortality Indicator Performance: 10 Worst Deteriorations Human Rights Freedom of Expression Violent Crime Social Unrest Human Trafficking Domestic Armed Conflict Transfers of Power Soundness of Banks Safety of the Person Workers Rights

16 Sustainable Economic Opportunity Category SEO Category 4 sub-categories: Public Management Business Environment Infrastructure Rural Sector 30 indicators Infrastructure Sub-category 6 indicators (5 clustered): Electricity Roads Rail Network Air Transport Telephone & IT Infrastructure Digital Connectivity Sources: Economist Intelligence Unit World Economic Forum ITU African Integrity Indicators 4 infrastructure variables In practice, road/bridges networks between towns and cities exist and are maintained. In practice, there is a functioning safety monitoring system for air transport. In practice, there is a government policy/ strategy to increase citizens access to the Web. In practice, citizens access to the Web increased compared to the year before. 1 variable on infrastructure data In practice, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) or equivalent collects and publishes statistics on infrastructure (rail lines, airports, water pipes, electric grid, telecommunications towers, etc.).

17 SEO Category: General & Country Performance in 2013 IIAG Lowest performing category with an African average score of 47.0 in nd most improved category since 2000 with an African average change in score of /52 countries improved since 2000 All 4 sub-categories (Public Management, Business Environment, Infrastructure and Rural Sector) improved, on average, since 2000 Top and Bottom 10 performers in SEO category TOP 10 PERFORMERS Rank / 52 Score / 100 Change since Mauritius Botswana Seychelles Tunisia South Africa Cape Verde Morocco Rwanda Namibia Egypt BOTTOM 10 PERFORMERS Rank / 52 Score / 100 Change since Somalia Zimbabwe Comoros Eritrea Guinea-Bissau Congo, Democratic Rep Chad Guinea Central African Republic Togo Top 10 improvers and 10 biggest deteriorations in SEO category TOP 10 IMPROVERS Rank / 52 Score / 100 Change since Liberia Angola Mauritius Sierra Leone Rwanda Congo, Democratic Rep Seychelles Gabon Central African Republic Equatorial Guinea BIGGEST DETERIORATIONS/ LEAST IMPROVED Rank / 52 Score / 100 Change since Libya Eritrea São Tomé & Príncipe Tanzania Guinea Algeria Madagascar Somalia Zimbabwe Comoros

18 SEO Category: Regional Performance in 2013 IIAG North Africa is the best performer, on average since 2000, but some deterioration is visible since 2010 In 2008, West Africa overtook East Africa Central Africa has seen the most improvement since 2000 (+9.2) NORTH AFRICA SOUTHERN AFRICA AFRICA WEST AFRICA EAST AFRICA CENTRAL AFRICA

19 SEO Category: African Average Indicator Performance in 2013 IIAG TOP 10 PERFORMING INDICATORS IN MOST IMPROVED INDICATORS SINCE 2000 Change since 2000 Ratio of External Debt Service to Exports (CountryData EIU) 85.0 Inflation (ASY AU/AfDB/UNECA) 82.2 Dialogue Between Government & Rural Organisations (PBAS IFAD) 66.9 Rural Financial Services Development (PBAS IFAD) 66.0 Fiscal Policy (CPA AfDB, IRAI WB) 65.5 Budget Management (CPA AfDB, IRAI WB) 59.4 Revenue Collection (CPA AfDB, IRAI WB) 59.0 Public Administration (CPA AfDB, IRAI WB) 57.7 Agricultural Policy Costs (GCR WEF) 57.3 Statistical Capacity (BBSC WB) 57.2 Ratio of External Debt Service to Exports (CountryData EIU) Digital Connectivity (ICT Database ITU) Policy & Legal Framework for Rural Organisations (PBAS IFAD) Customs Procedures (GCR WEF) Dialogue Between Government & Rural Organisations (PBAS IFAD) Agricultural Research & Extension Services (PBAS IFAD) +9.6 Land & Water for Low Income Rural Populations (PBAS IFAD) +7.6 Rural Financial Services Development (PBAS IFAD) +7.2 Roads (Commd EIU, GCR WEF) +6.8 Fiscal Policy (CPA AfDB, IRAI WB) +6.3 BOTTOM 10 PERFORMING INDICATORS IN MOST DETERIORATED/ LEAST IMPROVED INDICATORS SINCE 2000 Change since 2000 Diversification (AEO AfDB/OECD/UNDP/UNECA) 9.5 Rail Network 21.4 Reserves (CountryData EIU) 23.4 Digital Connectivity (ICT Database ITU) 27.5 Bureaucracy & Red Tape 28.5 Electricity (Commd EIU, GCR WEF) 29.2 Roads (Commd EIU, GCR WEF) 33.4 Telephone & IT Infrastructure 39.8 Agricultural Input & Produce Markets (PBAS IFAD) 43.0 Air Transport (Commd EIU, GCR WEF) 44.0 Soundness of Banks (GCR WEF) Electricity (Commd EIU, GCR WEF) -3.2 Rail Network -1.2 Investment Climate (Index Econ Freedom HER-WSJ) -0.7 Ratio of Total Revenue to Total Expenditure (ASY AU/AfDB/UNECA) -0.2 Public Administration (CPA AfDB, IRAI WB) +0.3 Diversification (AEO AfDB/OECD/UNDP/UNECA) +0.5 Bureaucracy & Red Tape +2.2 Competitive Environment (CPA AfDB, IRAI WB, BTI BS, Commd EIU) +2.5 Reserves (CountryData EIU) +2.7

20 Using the IIAG at Country Level: 2012 Scores & Ranks Country X Score / 100 Change since 2000 Africa average Rank / 52 OVERALL SCORE SAFETY & RULE OF LAW RULE OF LAW ACCOUNTABILITY PERSONAL SAFETY NATIONAL SECURITY PARTICIPATION & HUMAN RIGHTS PARTICIPATION RIGHTS GENDER SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY PUBLIC MANAGEMENT BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL SECTOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT WELFARE EDUCATION HEALTH

21 Drilling Down to Indicator Level HEALTH Maternal Mortality (GHO WHO) Child Mortality (CME IGME) Immunisation (Measles & DPT) Immunisation against Measles (WDI WB) Immunisation against DPT (WDI WB) Antiretroviral Treatment Provision ART Provision (AIDSinfo UNAIDS) ART Provision for Pregnant Women (AIDSinfo UNAIDS) Disease (Malaria & TB) Malaria (GHO WHO) Tuberculosis (GHO WHO) Undernourishment (WDI WB) Change since PARTICIPATION Free & Fair Executive Elections (Commd IREEP) Free & Fair Elections Political Participation (DemIndex EIU) Electoral Self-Determination (CIRI CIRI) Effective Power to Govern Change since

22 Drilling Down to Indicator Level PERSONAL SAFETY Domestic Political Persecution Physical Integrity Rights (CIRI CIRI) Political Terror (PTS PTS) Social Unrest Safety of the Person Reliability of Police Services (GCR WEF) Violent Crime Human Trafficking (TIP USDS) Change since NATIONAL SECURITY Cross-Border Tensions Government Involvement in Armed Conflict (UCDP/PRIO UCDP) Domestic Armed Conflict Political Refugees (Online Population Database UNHCR) Internally Displaced People (Global Overview of Trends IDMC) Change since