APPENDIX FOR: Democracy, Hybrid Regimes, and Infant Mortality: A Cross- National Analysis of Sub-Saharan African Nations

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1 APPEDIX FOR: Democracy, Hybrid Regimes, and Infant Mortality: A Cross- ational Analysis of Sub-Saharan African ations By Katherine E. Wullert and John B. Williamson Appendix A: Table A1 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub-Saharan African ations including more than four predictors, Quadratic Democracy Appendix B: Polity2 Score Appendix C: Tables A2 and A3 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub-Saharan African ations, Outlier Removed Appendix D: Tables A4 and A5 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub-Saharan African ations, Outlier Left as is Appendix E: Table A6 Polity2 scores and Infant Mortality Rate for Sub-Saharan African ations Appendix F: Tables A7 and A8 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub-Saharan African ations using Multiple Imputation Appendix G: Table A9 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub-Saharan African ations, Cubic Democracy

2 Appendix A: Table A1 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub- Saharan African ations including more than four predictors, Quadratic Democracy A1.1 A1.2 A1.3 A1.4 A1.5 A1.6 A1.7 A1.8 A1.9 Democracy * 2.078* 2.386** 2.165* ** Democracy * * ** ** * ** GDP/capita Inc Inequality Ethnic Frac Health Expend Improved Water -.365* -.7* -.407* -.5** Secondary Edu F/M Sec Edu * HIV Prevalence

3 Appendix B: Polity2 score The Polity2 score is taken from the Polity IV Project, an extensive dataset detailing regime characteristics of some 162 polities as far back as This source has undergone many modifications from the original Polity I dataset, which considered the persistence and adaptability of various polities, to its present form. In its current iteration, the Polity IV data separately measures institutionalized democracy and autocracy and then combines these scores by subtracting the autocracy score from the democracy score to create the Polity2 score used in this analysis. The coding scheme used by the Polity IV Project is exceptionally detailed and complex, but in its most simplistic form is built on the analysis of certain basic elements or principles of democracy and of autocracy. Democracy is conceptualized to have three distinct elements: (1) institutions that allow citizens to voice a preference for different leaders or policies; (2) institutionalized constraints on executive power; and (3) the guarantee of basic civil liberties to all citizens. These elements are quantified into four variables, given different weights: competitiveness of executive recruitment, openness of executive recruitment, constraints on the chief executive, and competitiveness of political

4 participation. These variables form a composite score for each polity on an 11-point scale from 0 to 10. Autocracies similarly are conceptualized to have three basic elements. Political participation in an autocracy is greatly restricted or suppressed, the process of selection for the chief executive is regularized but occurs only within the political elite, and there are few constraints on the executive s power once he or she is in office. As with democracy, four weighted variables form the composite 11-point scale and serve to quantify a country s level of autocracy: competitiveness of executive recruitment, openness of executive recruitment, regulation of political participation, and competitiveness of participation. Together, these two scores form the Polity2 score used in this analysis. This score is the difference of the two, with a country s autocracy score subtracted from its democracy score for a given year. This allows for a single score that represents three regime types: autocracy, anocracy, and democracy. Though a single score has great utility for quantifying regime type and this score has been widely used, the authors of the Polity IV Project do caution that this score may muddle the distinctiveness of those countries that have elements of both autocracy and democracy, the anocracies. Specifically, it is possible for such countries to attain the

5 same composite Polity score while having different values for the separate democracy and autocracy scores. For further information, see the online codebook for the Polity IV Project:

6 Appendix C: Table A2 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub- Saharan African ations, Linear Democracy, Outlier Removed A2.1 A2.2 A2.3 A2.4 A2.5 A2.6 A2.7 A2.8 A2.9 Democracy GDP/capita -.5** * * Inc Inequality Ethnic Frac.178 Health Expend -.387* Improved Water -.497*** Secondary Edu -.563* F/M Sec Edu -.380* HIV Prevalence

7 Appendix C: Table A3 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub- Saharan African ations, Quadratic Democracy, Outlier Removed A3.1 A3.2 A3.3 A3.4 A3.5 A3.6 A3.7 A3.8 A3.9 Democracy 2.400*** * 1.897** Democracy *** * * ** * GDP/capita Inc Inequality Ethnic Frac.120 Health Expend Improved Water -.371** Secondary Edu -.518* F/M Sec Edu -.329* HIV Prevalence

8 Appendix D: Table A4 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub- Saharan African ations, Linear Democracy, Outlier Left as is A4.1 A4.2 A4.3 A4.4 A4.5 A4.6 A4.7 A4.8 A4.9 Democracy GDP/capita -.6** * * Inc Inequality Ethnic Frac.194 Health Expend -.322* Improved Water -.501*** Secondary Edu F/M Sec Edu -.340* HIV Prevalence

9 Appendix D: Table A5 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub- Saharan African ations, Quadratic Democracy, Outlier Left as is Democracy 2.4*** 1.860* ** 1.929** * Democracy *** * * ** ** * * GDP/capita Inc Inequality Ethnic Frac.132 Health Expend Improved Water -.367** Secondary Edu F/M Sec Edu HIV Prevalence

10 Appendix E: Table A6 Polity2 scores and Infant Mortality Rate for Sub-Saharan African ations Country Pol2 IMR Angola Gambia Rwanda -4.7 Benin Ghana Sao Tome & Principe Botswana 8.6 Guinea Senegal 8.3 Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau Seychelles Burundi Kenya Sierra Leone Cabo Verde Lesotho Somalia Cameroon Liberia South 9 35 Central African Rep. Africa Madagascar 7.6 South Sudan Chad Malawi Sudan Comoros Mali Swaziland Congo, Dem Mauritania Tanzania -1.5 Rep. Congo, Rep Mauritius Togo Cote d Ivoire Mozambique Uganda Eritrea amibia Zambia Ethiopia iger Zimbabwe Gabon igeria

11 Appendix F: Table A7 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub- Saharan African ations using Multiple Imputation, Linear Democracy A7.1 A7.2 A7.3 A7.4 A7.5 A7.6 A7.7 A7.8 A7.9 Democracy GDP/capita -.493*** -.495*** -.4** * -.466** Inc Inequality.052 Ethnic Frac.215 Health Expend -.459** Improved Water -.549*** Secondary Edu -.540* F/M Sec Edu -.334* HIV Prevalence

12 Appendix F: Table A8 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub- Saharan African ations using Multiple Imputation, Quadratic Democracy A8.1 A8.2 A8.3 A8.4 A8.5 A8.6 A8.7 A8.8 A8.9 Democracy 2.512*** * 1.867** Democracy *** * * * ** * * GDP/capita Inc Inequality.044 Ethnic Frac.169 Health Expend Improved Water -.3** Secondary Edu -.495* F/M Sec Edu -.293* HIV Prevalence

13 Appendix G: Table A9 OLS Estimates of 2010 (Standardized) Infant Mortality for Sub-Saharan African ations, Cubic Democracy A9.1 A9.2 A9.3 A9.4 A9.5 A9.6 A9.7 A9.8 A9.9 Democracy Democracy * Democracy * * * * * -6.3* GDP/capita Inc Inequality Ethnic Frac.173 Health Expend Improved Water -.288* Secondary Edu F/M Sec Edu -.335* HIV Prevalence

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