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1 Realizing the Potential of Immigrant Youth The well-being and productivity of immigrant youth have become one of the most important global issues of our times as a result of mass migration and resettlement. In this unique volume, leading scholars from multiple nations and disciplines provide a state-of-the-art overview of contemporary research on immigrant youth and delineate the most promising future directions for research on their success, suggesting implications for policy and interventions that will benefit host societies as well as immigrant youth. The contributors to Realizing the Potential of Immigrant Youth include many of the leading international experts on migration, acculturation, intergroup issues, and immigrant youth development, with contributions from the fields of child development, demography, economics, education, immigrant mental health, social psychology, and sociology. Ann S. Masten, Ph.D., Distinguished McKnight University Professor in the Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, is internationally known for her research on competence, risk, and resilience in human development. She is currently president of the Society for Research in Child Development and a member of the Board on Children, Youth, and Families of the U.S. Institute of Medicine/National Academies. She directs the Project Competence studies of risk and resilience, including studies of normative populations and high-risk children exposed to the stress of migration, homelessness, war, and natural disasters. Karmela Liebkind, Ph.D., is Professor of Social Psychology at the University of Helsinki, Finland, and a well-known authority on intergroup relations. Her areas of expertise include the ethnic identity and acculturation of minority youth as well as contact and prejudice between minority and majority members. Professor Liebkind has pursued large-scale international comparative research and published extensively on these topics. She is also regularly consulted by international bodies as an expert in intercultural contact, immigrants, racism, and xenophobia. Donald J. Hernandez, Ph.D., is Professor of Sociology at Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, and Senior Advisor at the Foundation for Child Development. He conducted the first national study documenting reasons for the enormous changes experienced by children since the Great Depression in parental education and work and in family composition, income, and poverty. He directed the U.S. Institute of Medicine/National Academies study on the health and well-being of children in immigrant families. He currently directs studies on income, race-ethnic, and immigrant disparities in child well-being and on family, education, health, and neighborhood environments that foster children s educational success.

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3 The Jacobs Foundation Series on Adolescence Series Editors Jürgen Baumert Marta Tienda The Jacobs Foundation Series on Adolescence presents state-of-the art research about the myriad factors that contribute to the welfare, social productivity and social inclusion of current and future generations of young people. Sponsored by the Swiss Jacobs Foundation, the series offers readers cutting edge applied research about successful youth development, including circumstances that enhance their employability, their respect for and integration with nature and culture, and their future challenges triggered by global economic and technological changes. Contributing authors are internationally known scholars from a variety of disciplines, including developmental and social psychology, clinical psychology, education, economics, communication, sociology and family studies. Ingrid Schoon and Rainer K. Silbereisen, eds., Transitions from School to Work: Globalization, Individualization, and Patterns of Diversity Alison Clarke-Stewart and Judy Dunn, eds., Families Count: Effects on Child and Adolescent Development Michael Rutter and Marta Tienda, eds., Ethnicity and Causal Mechanisms P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale, Kathleen Kiernan, and Ruth J. Friedman, eds., Human Development across Lives and Generations: The Potential for Change Anne-Nelly Perret-Clermont et al., eds., Joining Society: Social Interaction and Learning in Adolescence and Youth Marta Tienda and William Julius Wilson, eds., Youth in Cities: A Cross- National Perspective Roland Vandenberghe and A. Michael Huberman, eds., Understanding and Preventing Teacher Burnout: A Sourcebook of International Research and Practice Ruby Takanishi and David A. Hamburg, eds., Preparing Adolescents for the Twenty-First Century: Challenges Facing Europe and the United States Albert Bandura, ed., Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies Michael Rutter, ed., Psychosocial Disturbances in Young People: Challenges for Prevention Anne C. Petersen and Jeylan T. Mortimer, eds., Youth Unemployment and Society

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5 Realizing the Potential of Immigrant Youth Edited by Ann S. Masten University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Karmela Liebkind University of Helsinki, Finland Donald J. Hernandez Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York

6 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY , USA Information on this title: / Cambridge University Press 2012 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2012 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Realizing the potential of immigrant youth / [edited by] Ann S. Masten, Karmela Liebkind, Donald J. Hernandez. p. cm. (The Jacobs Foundation series on adolescence) Based on the Jacobs Foundation conference, Capitalizing on Migraion: The Potential of Immigrant Youth, held at Schloss Marbach, in Germany, on Apr , Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (hardback) 1. Children of immigrants Social conditions Congresses. 2. Children of immigrants Economic conditions Congresses. 3. Children of immigrants Education Congresses. 4. Assimilation (Sociology) Congresses. 5. Group identity Cross-cultural studies Congresses. I. Masten, Ann S. II. Liebkind, Karmela, 1949 III. Hernandez, Donald J. (Donald James), 1948 IV. Jacobs Foundation. JV6344.R dc ISBN Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

7 This volume is dedicated to the memory of Klaus J. Jacobs ( ) Visionary founder of the Jacobs Foundation and champion for realizing the potential of all youth

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9 Contents List of Contributors page xiii Introduction 1 Ann S. Masten, Karmela Liebkind, and Donald J. Hernandez Part 1. Who Migrates and How do they Fare? Sociodemographic Perspectives 1. Resources, Strengths, and Challenges for Children in Immigrant Families in Eight Affluent Countries 17 Donald J. Hernandez 2. Better Fortunes? Living Arrangements and School Enrollment of Migrant Youth in Six Western Countries 41 Audrey N. Beck and Marta Tienda 3. Income Poverty and Income Support for Minority and Immigrant Households with Children in Rich Countries 63 Timothy M. Smeeding, Karen Robson, Coady Wing, and Jonathan Israel Gershuny 4. Age at Immigration and the Education Outcomes of Children 90 Miles Corak ix

10 x Contents Part 2. Who Succeeds and Why? Developmental, Social-Psychological, and Sociocultural Perspectives 5. Positive Immigrant Youth Adaptation in Context: Developmental, Acculturation, and Social-Psychological Perspectives 117 Frosso Motti-Stefanidi, John Berry, Xenia Chryssochoou, David Lackland Sam, and Jean Phinney 6. Understanding the Immigrant Paradox in Youth: Developmental and Contextual Considerations 159 Cynthia Garcia Coll, Flannery Patton, Amy Kerivan Marks, Radosveta Dimitrova, Rui Yang, Gloria A. Suarez, and Andrea Patrico 7. The Contributions of Youth to Immigrant Families 181 Andrew J. Fuligni and Eva H. Telzer 8. Specifying Social Psychological Adaptation of Immigrant Youth: Social Identity, Intergroup Attitudes, and Intergroup Interactions 203 Karmela Liebkind, Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti, and Tuuli Anna Mähönen 9. Understanding Ethnic Minority Identity 230 Maykel Verkuyten 10. Muslim, American, and Immigrant: Integration Despite Challenges 253 Selcuk R. Sirin and Taveeshi Gupta Part 3. What Works to Promote the Potential of Immigrant Youth? 11. Autonomous-Related Self and Competence: The Potential of Immigrant Youth 281 Ciğdem Kağitçibaşi 12. Thriving Among Immigrant Youth: Theoretical and Empirical Bases of Positive Development 307 Richard M. Lerner, Jacqueline V. Lerner, Edmond P. Bowers, and Selva Lewin-Bizan

11 Contents xi 13. The Role of Developmental Transitions in Psychosocial Competence: A Comparison of Native and Immigrant Young People in Germany 324 Rainer K. Silbereisen, Peter F. Titzmann, Andrea Michel, Abraham (Avi) Sagi-Schwartz, and Yoav Lavee 14. Conceptualizing the School Acculturative Context: School, Classroom, and the Immigrant Student 359 Gabriel Horenczyk and Moshe Tatar 15. Peer Relations in Multicultural Schools 376 Christiane Spiel and Dagmar Strohmeier 16. Latino Education in the United States: Immigration, Language, and Achievement 397 Eugene E. García 17. Promoting the Well-Being of Immigrant Youth: A Framework for Comparing Outcomes and Policies 413 Brian Nolan Index 439

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13 Contributors Audrey N. Beck is a postdoctoral Fellow in the Center for Health Equity Research and Policy at San Diego State University. She recently published a paper with Sharon Bzostek titled Familial Instability and Young Children s Physical Health in Social Science and Medicine. John Berry is Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Queen s University, Kingston, Canada. He has been awarded honorary doctorates from two universities (Athens and Geneva) and recently became an international Fellow of the Centre for Applied Cross-Cultural Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand. Edmond P. Bowers is Research Assistant Professor in the Eliot-Pearson Department of Child Development and Director of the Thrive Foundation for Youth s GPS Project at Tufts University. He was selected to participate as a Fellow in the 2011 NICHD Summer Institute on Applied Developmental Science. Xenia Chryssochoou is Professor of Social and Political Psychology at Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece, and currently the secretary of the European Association of Social Psychology. Miles Corak is a full professor of economics with the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Ottawa. His co authored paper Economic Mobility, Family Background, and the Well-Being of Children in the United States and Canada received the 2009 Award for Research in Comparative Policy Analysis from the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. xiii

14 xiv Contributors Radosveta Dimitrova is a researcher in the Department of Cross Cultural Psychology at Tilburg University, the Netherlands. Currently she is editing a book on cultural and contextual influences on the well-being of immigrant families in Europe, Africa, Asia, and North and Central America at Springer, the international publisher. Andrew J. Fuligni is Professor in the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and Association for Psychological Science and is currently an associate editor of the journal Child Development. Eugene E. García is Professor and Vice President for Education Partnerships at Arizona State University. He chaired the National Task Force on Early Education for Hispanics and received an honorary doctorate from The Erikson Institute in 2011 for his contributions to the field of child development. Cynthia Garcia Coll is a Robinson and Barstow Professor of Education, Psychology, and Pediatrics. In 2009, Professor Garcia Coll was the recipient of the Society for Research on Child Development s Cultural and Contextual Contributions to Child Development award, and her current research is focused on documenting and explaining the immigrant paradox in education and behavior as evidenced by U.S. children and adolescents. Jonathan Israel Gershuny is Statutory Professor of Sociology in the Oxford University Department of Sociology and a Professorial Fellow of St Hugh s College. At Oxford, he is the Director of the Centre for Time Use Research. Taveeshi Gupta is a doctoral candidate in the Applied Psychology Department at New York University. She is currently conducting a threeyear longitudinal study in India. Donald J. Hernandez is Professor of Sociology, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York. He recently completed research on an alternative poverty measure for the United States and a study assessing how socioeconomic disparities versus cultural differences account for low early education enrollment among children in immigrant and native-born families. In 2006 he received a Presidential Citation awarded by the American Psychological Association to recognize and commend distinguished contributions to the health and well-being of immigrant children and their families.

15 Contributors xv Gabriel Horenczyk is an associate professor in the School of Education at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His main areas of interest are psychological aspects of collective identity, identity and adaptation of immigrants, and the school acculturative context. Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti is Professor at the University of Helsinki and has done extensive research on immigrant youth, particularly those immigrating from the former Soviet Union. Her most recent INPRES research project investigated the impact of the premigration stage on immigrants postmigration acculturation and adaptation. Ciğdem Kağitçibaşi is a professor at Koc University, Istanbul, and a founding member of the Turkish Academy of Sciences. She recently delivered a keynote address at the 12th European Congress of Psychology in Istanbul (July 2011). Yoav Lavee is Associate Professor and Head of the Center for Research and Study of the Family, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa (Israel). His research generally focuses on roles and relationships in families, family dynamics and interactions under stress, and cross-cultural comparison of family patterns in Israeli society. Jacqueline V. Lerner is Professor of Applied Developmental Psychology at the Lynch School of Education at Boston College and scientific director of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. She recently edited a thematic volume on positive youth development in the series Advances in Child Development and Behavior (with Richard M. Lerner and Janette B. Benson). Richard M. Lerner is the Bergstrom Chair in Applied Developmental Science at the Eliot-Pearson Department of Child Development and Director of the Institute for Applied Research in Youth Development at Tufts University. He has edited both the 2006 Handbook of Child Psychology, 6th edition (with William Damon) and the 2009 Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, 3rd edition (with Laurence Steinberg). Selva Lewin-Bizan is a research associate at the Institute for Applied Research in Youth Development at Tufts University. She recently authored an article on developmental cascades in a special issue of Development and Psychopathology. Karmela Liebkind is Professor of Social Psychology at the University of Helsinki. She has published extensively on ethnic identity and

16 xvi Contributors acculturation of minority youth as well as on contact and prejudice between minority and majority members. Tuuli Anna Mähönen focused in her Ph.D. research at the Unit of Social Psychology, University of Helsinki, on intergroup contact and social norms as predictors of the outgroup attitudes of majority and minority youth. Her research interests also include intergroup relations and acculturation. Amy Kerivan Marks is an assistant professor and the director of Undergraduate and Graduate Studies in Psychology at Suffolk University. Her second book, co-edited with Cynthia Garcia Coll, provides an in-depth exploration of the immigrant paradox and is currently in production at the American Psychological Association Press. Ann S. Masten is Distinguished McKnight University Professor in the Institute of Child Development at the University of Minnesota. She directs the Project Competence studies of risk and resilience and is currently president of the Society for Research in Child Development and a member of the Board on Children, Youth, and Families of the U.S. Institute of Medicine and National Academies. Andrea Michel is a doctoral Fellow at the Jena Graduate School Human Behaviour in Social and Economic Change (GSBC) and the Center of Applied Developmental Science at the University of Jena (Germany). Her dissertation deals with the psychological adaptation of adolescent immigrants. Frosso Motti-Stefanidi is Professor of Psychology at the University of Athens, Greece. She recently became a Fellow of the Association for Psychological Science and president-elect of the European Society for Developmental Psychology. Brian Nolan is Professor of Public Policy and Principal of the College of Human Sciences at University College Dublin. He recently co-edited the Handbook of Economic Inequality. Andrea Patrico is a student at the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. She is concentrating in advocacy and activism and intends to practice as a pediatrician. Flannery Patton is a graduate of Brown University and past research coordinator for the Center for the Study of Child Development in Providence, RI. She has worked with immigrant groups in Rhode Island since 2003 as an ESL teacher, researcher, and public programming coordinator.

17 Contributors xvii Jean Phinney is a visiting scholar at the University of California, Berkeley. In the past year, she has been an invited speaker at international conferences on immigration in South Korea and Austria. Karen Robson holds a Ph.D. in applied social and economic research from Essex University in England and is Associate Professor of Sociology at York University in Ontario, Canada. Abraham (Avi) Sagi-Schwartz is Professor of Psychology, Center for the Study of Child Development, the University of Haifa (Israel). His main research interests are in the area of attachment and socioemotional development across the life span and across cultures, as well as parenting and socioemotional development under extreme life circumstances, especially the effects of the Holocaust. David Lackland Sam is Professor of Cross-Cultural Psychology at the University of Bergen, Norway, and recently gave a Ph.D. workshop on acculturation during the IACCP congress in Istanbul, Turkey. Rainer K. Silbereisen is currently Professor of Developmental Psychology, Center for Applied Developmental Science, at the University of Jena (Germany) as well as Adjunct Professor of Human Development and Family Studies at Pennsylvania State University (United States). His research is mainly on behavioral development across the life span, with emphasis on cross-national differences and the role of social change. Selcuk R. Sirin is Associate Professor in the Applied Psychology Department at New York University. He is directing Bahcesehir Research Methods Workshops in Istanbul. Timothy M. Smeeding is Distinguished Professor of Public Affairs and Economics at the Lafollette School and Director of the Institute for Research on Poverty at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Christiane Spiel is Professor of Bildung-Psychology and Evaluation at the University of Vienna, Faculty of Psychology. She recently received the Grand Decoration of Honor in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria. Dagmar Strohmeier is Professor of Intercultural Competence at the University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria. She currently edits the special issue Evidence Based Bullying Prevention Programs for Youth for the journal New Directions for Youth Development.

18 xviii Contributors Gloria A. Suarez is a doctoral student in the Combined Program in Education and Psychology at the University of Michigan. She recently received the Rackham Merit Fellowship from the University of Michigan. Moshe Tatar is associate professor in the School of Education at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His main areas of interest are school psychology counseling, help seeking among immigrant adolescents, and the school acculturative context. Eva H. Telzer is a doctoral student in Developmental Psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles. She recently received a National Research Service Award from the National Institutes of Health and a Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant from the National Science Foundation. Marta Tienda is Maurice P. During 22 Professor of Demographic Studies and Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs at Princeton University. She is coordinator of the Princeton Global Network on Child Migration and editor of a Future of Children volume about immigrant children in the United States. Peter F. Titzmann received his Ph.D. at the Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena (Germany) and is currently a research associate in the Department of Developmental Psychology in Jena, Center for Applied Developmental Science. His general research interests focus on adolescent development, cross-cultural comparisons, and processes of acculturation. Maykel Verkuyten is the academic director of the European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations (Ercomer) and a professor at the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. Coady Wing holds a Ph.D. in public policy and administration from the Maxwell School at Syracuse University and is currently a post-doc working with Professor Tom Cook at Northwestern University. Rui Yang received her bachelor s degree in psychology from Yale University and is now a Ph.D. candidate at Brown University. She also serves as Chief Director of the Psychology Unit at Beijing Genomics Institute, China.