SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE SWAZILAND RAIL LINK PROJECT

Transcription

1 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE SWAZILAND RAIL LINK PROJECT Reference: Prepared for: Transnet Revision: 2 11 December 2013 IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT DAVEL YARD EXPANSION

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3 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE SWAZILAND RAIL LINK PROJECT Date 11 December 2013 Reference Revision 2 Aurecon South Africa (Pty) Ltd 1977/003711/07 Aurecon Centre Lynnwood Bridge Office Park 4 Daventry Street Lynnwood Manor 0081 PO Box Lynnwood Ridge 0040 South Africa T F E W tshwane@aurecongroup.com aurecongroup.com Final.docx 11 December 2013 Revision 2

4 Contents 1 Introduction 4 2 Project description 5 3 Methodology Objective social impacts Subjective social impacts Socio-economic sample survey Projection of impacts Rating of impacts Identifying mitigation or maximisation measures 10 4 Assumptions and limitations 11 5 Socio-economic profile of the study area Msukaligwa Local Municiplaity 12 6 Profile of the surrounding settlement around Davel Yard Housing Population characteristics of Davel 14 7 Sample socio-economic survey results Sex of the household head Child headed household Highest education completed (HH head) Employment status of respondents Primary source of drinking water Energy source for lighting, cooking and space heating Main source of income Estimated combined household income received during the last month Needs analysis Identification of social impacts Predicted impacts during construction Predicted impacts during operation 34 9 Summary of predicted impacts Recommendations and Conclusion References Msukaligwa Local Municipality Integrated Development Plan Sourced at Accessed on 27 th June Final.docx 11 December 2013

5 1.2. Stats SA Statistical release. Sourced at Accessed on 27th June Stats SA: Census 2011 results. Sourced at Accessed on 26 th June Stats SA: Census 2011 results. Sourced at Accessed on 26 th June Stats SA: Community survey Sourced at Accessed on 26 st June Stats SA: Census 2011 results. Sourced at Accessed on 21 st May Appendices Appendix A Appendix Title Figures Figure 1: Typical houses in Davel 14 Figure 2: Racial makeup 15 Figure 3: First language 16 Figure 4: Enumerator undertaking the household survey 17 Figure 5: Sex of the household head 17 Figure 6: Child headed households 18 Figure 7: Highest education completed (HH Head) 18 Figure 8: Employment status of respondent 19 Figure 9: Primary source of drinking water 20 Figure 10: Energy source for lighting, cooking and space heating 20 Figure 11: Main source of income 21 Figure 12: Combined household income during the last month 22 Figure 13: Needs analysis 23 Tables Table 1: Criteria for evaluating social impacts 9 Table 2: Definition of significance rating 9 Table 3: Definition of probability ratings 10 Table 4: Definition of confidence rating 10 Table 5: Definition of reversibility ratings 10 Table 6: Msukaligwa Local Municipality 12 Table 7: Population characteristics of Davel 14 Table 8: Rating of construction phase impact Creation of employment opportunities 25 Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 2

6 Table 9: Rating of construction phase impact BEE Opportunities 26 Table 10: Rating of construction phase impact - Influx of job seekers 27 Table 11: Rating of construction phase impact Creation of informal settlements 29 Table 12: Social pathologies arising from population influx 30 Table 13: Increase in crime levels 31 Table 14: Accommodation for construction staff 32 Table 15: Physical intrusion 33 Table 16: Community perceptions and responses 34 Table 17: Creation / sustaining of employment opportunities 35 Table 18: Local and regional economic benefits 35 Table 19: Possible Impacts of Construction Phase 38 Table 20: Possible Impacts during Operation 39 Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 3

7 1 Introduction Social impact assessment (SIA) process focuses on evaluating the impacts development has on community social and economic well-being. This analysis relies on both quantitative and qualitative measures of impacts. Assessing proposed developments in a socio-economic context will help both the developer and affected community to identify potential social equity issues, evaluate the adequacy of social services and determine whether the project may adversely affect overall social well-being. The SIA, which feeds into the environmental authorisation process being undertaken, consists of two phases: A scoping phase (the aim of which was to gain an understanding of baseline socio-economic conditions in the study area, to identify potential socio-economic impacts of the proposed project and to determine the detailed studies to be undertaken during the next phase); and An assessment phase (which involved undertaking the detailed studies identified during the scoping phase, assessing the socio-economic impacts of the proposed project on the basis of these studies, and identifying mitigation measures that could be implemented to reduce or avoid negative impacts and enhance positive ones). The scoping phase of the SIA was completed in July During this phase, the following potential positive socio-economic impacts of the project were identified: job creation, opportunities for black economic empowerment, and benefits for local communities arising from Transnet s corporate social responsibility programme. Potential negative socio-economic impacts that were identified included a possible influx of job seekers into the area (which may place pressure on infrastructure and services, and may lead to various social problems) and community resistance to aspects of the project. During the impact assessment phase, detailed investigations of these potential impacts were undertaken. The results of these investigations are reported in this document. The results of this report will be incorporated in the final Environmental Impact Report. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 4

8 2 Project description Transnet SOC Limited (hereafter referred to as Transnet), a government (state) owned company (SOC) is the custodian of South Africa s railway, ports and pipelines, and thus responsible for delivering reliable freight transport and handling services that satisfy customer demand. Transnet in collaboration with Swaziland Railway identified the construction and upgrade of the railway line between Davel in Mpumalanga and Richards Bay in KwaZulu-Natal, connecting via the Swaziland rail network, as a strategic project. The aim of the project is to unlock the potential of a multinational strategic rail corridor and divert general freight traffic off the dedicated heavy haul Richards Bay coal line. In terms of the National Environmental Management Act, 107 of 1998 the proposed development triggers activities which may significantly impact on the environment. As a result Transnet requires Environmental Authorisation from the competent authority, the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) in collaboration with the Mpumalanga Department of Economic Development, Environment and Tourism (MDEDET) to commence with the development. The project activities will consist of various works, including the upgrading of existing railway sections (including re-building certain sections), construction of an entirely new rail link from Lothair in South Africa to Sidvokodvo in Swaziland and construction of new rail yards. These proposed works trigger a number of listed activities as specified in the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), 107 of 1998, the National Water Act (NWA), 36 of 1998 and the National Environmental Management: Waste Act (NEM:WA), 59 of Due to the magnitude of the proposed project, which stretches over a distance of approximately 370 km, it was decided that three applications will be compiled as follows: Davel yard and connections; Mpumalanga rail line from Davel to Nerston; and Kwa-Zulu Natal railway lines from Golela to Nsezi. The SIA form an important component of the EIA and was aimed at assessing and estimating, in advance, the social consequences that are likely to follow the implementation of the proposed project. The SIA sought to provide a framework for prioritising, gathering, analysing, and incorporating social information and participation into the design and delivery of the project. Furthermore, the SIA ensured that the proposed project is informed and take into account the key relevant social issues. This report documents social impacts for the Davel Yard connection component of the proposed project. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 5

9 3 Methodology Our methodology took into account the distinction between social change processes and social impacts. A change process refers to a change that takes place within the receiving environment as a result of a direct or indirect intervention. An impact follows as a result of the change process. Impacts are those changes that are physically felt and emotionally experienced, positively and negatively. However, a change process can only result in an impact once it is experienced as such by individual persons, by groups of people and households, a community or society as a whole, social organisations and institutions individual/community on a physical and/or cognitive level. The sustainability of projects is influenced by the balance that is created between the socio-ecological environment and the proposed project intervention. As far as possible, a symbiosis must be established between the natural environment and commercial projects. This is the express purpose of the SIA process. Our methodology included collection of primary data through surveys and key informant interviews as well as desktop review of secondary data sources which included the following: existing socio-economic baseline data, studies and management plans; and secondary statistical information, relevant maps and aerial photography as well as: documents describing the proposed project and associated activities during its various phases (the location and length/ size of surface infrastructure, the required servitude area, etc.); relevant socio-demographic and economic data (such as census data pertaining to the study areas); Integrated Development Plans for the Msukaligwa Local Municipality; documents and studies pertaining to other current and proposed projects (for instance, documents describing the socio-economic impacts that have resulted from other similar projects in South Africa); and documents produced during the Public Participation Process supporting the EIA, which will assist in identifying key stakeholders and public expectations and concerns regarding the project. The social impacts identified can be classified into the following broad categories: 3.1 Objective social impacts These are impacts that can be quantified and verified by independent observers, such as changes in population size or composition, in employment patterns, in standard of living or in health and safety. 3.2 Subjective social impacts These are impacts that occur in the imagination or emotions of people, such as negative public attitudes, psychological stress or reduced quality of life. This kind of impact is much more difficult to identify and describe, as one cannot readily quantify perceptions or emotions. For the purpose of this SIA the following categories were investigated: Social well-being; Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 6

10 Quality of the living environment; Economic impacts and material well-being; Family and community impacts; Institutional impacts, and Gender impacts. The general criteria for selecting significant social impacts included the following: Probability of the event occurring; Number of people that will be affected; Duration of the impact; Value of benefits or costs to the impacted group; Extent to which identified social impacts are reversible or can be mitigated; Likelihood that an identified impact will lead to secondary or cumulative impacts; and Uncertainty over possible effects. 3.3 Socio-economic sample survey A socio-economic survey was conducted of a sample of households in the various communities around sections of the project. The aim of this survey was: to obtain first-hand information on the socio-economic circumstances of people in this community (poverty levels, employment figures, types of employment, household sizes, types of housing, access to services such as water, electricity, etc.); to assess the dependency of households on land that might be lost as a result of the project in particular, agricultural land and land for grazing; to determine community preferences with regard to mitigation of such losses; and to ascertain community members knowledge and concerns regarding the project Sampling A random sampling methodology was utilised and a sample of households was selected from Davel. The study was not meant to be undertaken on a statistically representative sample of the population in terms of sample size but rather to obtain a snapshot of the socio-economic circumstances of the Davel community. Through the survey, information was obtained on a total number of 11 households in Davel Data collection The socio-economic survey was conducted from 3 rd to 4 th October Data collection during the survey was undertaken by means of semi-structured interviews guided by a questionnaire. A copy of the questionnaire is included in this report as Appendix A. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 7

11 3.3.3 Data analysis Data collected during the survey were subjected to analysis to compile descriptive statistics. The results of the analysis are summarised in the following section. The study investigated the following issues during this scoping phase: Public concerns regarding the project; Creation of employment opportunities and social benefits; Influx of job seekers; The anticipated social impact of informal settlements in the area; Increased crime levels; Impacts arising from physical intrusion (e.g. traffic and noise impact on sense of place, property values etc.); and Infrastructural improvements and social investment. 3.4 Projection of impacts After acquiring a preliminary understanding of the proposed project and baseline socio-economic conditions, the potential impacts of the project were identified by means of professional judgement and prior experience from similar projects. In each case, a distinction was drawn between impacts likely to occur during the construction phase of the project, those that are most likely to occur during the operational phase. Projected impacts were also characterised as being either positive or negative. This phase involved the investigation of all potentially significant social impacts identified during the Scoping Study. Such social impacts were conceptualised as differences between (a) predicted conditions without the developments (extrapolated from baseline projection) and (b) predicted conditions with the developments. Where appropriate, such projections made use of information provided by other specialist studies forming part of the EIA. 3.5 Rating of impacts Each impact was rated along the following dimensions: severity, spatial scope, duration, likelihood and significance. A table depicting the ratings on these dimensions is provided with the discussion of each impact. This table assesses the impact as it occurs collectively across sites. Where the impacts had large-scale differences across the respective sites, the most extreme case was selected. Therefore, the impact table provides a worst-case scenario depiction of the impacts. The criteria for assessing the social impacts are listed below. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 8

12 Table 1: Criteria for evaluating social impacts CRITERIA CATEGORY DESCRIPTION Extent or spatial influence of impact Magnitude of impact (at the indicated spatial scale) Duration of impact Regional Local Site specific High Medium Low Very Low Zero Construction period Medium Term Long Term Beyond a 10 km radius of the proposed construction site Within a 10 km radius of the centre of the proposed construction site On site or within 100 m of the proposed construction site Natural and/ or social functions and/ or processes are severely altered Natural and/ or social functions and/ or processes are notably altered Natural and/ or social functions and/ or processes are slightly altered Natural and/ or social functions and/ or processes are negligibly altered Natural and/ or social functions and/ or processes remain unaltered Up to 2 years Up to 5 years after construction More than 5 years after construction The significance of an impact is derived by taking into account the temporal and spatial scales and magnitude. The means of arriving at the different significance ratings is explained in Table 2. Table 2: Definition of significance rating SIGNIFICANC E RATINGS LEVEL OF CRITERIA REQUIRED High High magnitude with a regional extent and long term duration High magnitude with either a regional extent and medium term duration or a local extent and long term duration Medium magnitude with a regional extent and long term duration Medium High magnitude with a local extent and medium term duration High magnitude with a regional extent and construction period or a site specific extent and long term duration High magnitude with either a local extent and construction period duration or a site specific extent and medium term duration Medium magnitude with any combination of extent and duration except site specific and construction period or regional and long term Low magnitude with a regional extent and long term duration Low High magnitude with a site specific extent and construction period duration Medium magnitude with a site specific extent and construction period duration Low magnitude with any combination of extent and duration except site specific and construction period or regional and long term Very low magnitude with a regional extent and long term duration Very low Low magnitude with a site specific extent and construction period duration Very low magnitude with any combination of extent and duration except regional and long term Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 9

13 Neutral Zero magnitude with any combination of extent and duration Once the significance of an impact has been determined, the probability of this impact occurring as well as the confidence in the assessment of the impact would be determined using the rating systems outlined in Table 3 and Table 4 respectively. It is important to note that the significance of an impact will be considered in connection with the probability of that impact occurring. Finally, the reversibility of the impact is estimated using the rating system outlined in Table 3. Table 3: Definition of probability ratings PROBABILITY RATINGS Definite Probable Unlikely CRITERIA Estimated greater than 95 % chance of the impact occurring. Estimated 5 to 95 % chance of the impact occurring. Estimated less than 5 % chance of the impact occurring. Table 4: Definition of confidence rating CONFIDENCE RATINGS Certain Sure Unsure CRITERIA Wealth of information on and sound understanding of the environmental factors potentially influencing the impact. Reasonable amount of useful information on and relatively sound understanding of the environmental factors potentially influencing the impact. Limited useful information on and understanding of the environmental factors potentially influencing this impact. Table 5: Definition of reversibility ratings REVERSIBILITY RATINGS Irreversible Reversible CRITERIA The activity will lead to an impact that is permanent. The impact is reversible, within a period of 10 years. 3.6 Identifying mitigation or maximisation measures This component of the study involved the development of recommendations regarding mitigation (in the case of negative impacts) or maximisation (in the case of positive impacts) measures. These measures are aimed at reducing adverse social impacts, either by modifying the planned developments, or else by implementing measures to buffer or compensate for impacts, or to enhance the effect of beneficial social impacts by implementing measures to supplement or streamline the impact. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 10

14 4 Assumptions and limitations The study is subject to the following limitation: In many respects, the proposed project is still in the early stages of design. Hence, figures quoted in the estimates of certain impacts (e.g. numbers of employment opportunities that will be created) may be subject to change. In such cases, conservative estimates were employed. The socio-economic survey reported in Section 2.1 was based on a relatively limited sample. Hence, extrapolations from this survey to whole communities may not yield accurate results. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 11

15 5 Socio-economic profile of the study area Davel Yard is located in Mpumalanga Province and within the area of jurisdiction of Msukaligwa Local Municipality, at the small town of Davel about 20km north east of Bethal. The aim of this section is to contextualise the study by developing a socio-demographic profile that captures the relevant characteristics of Msukaligwa Local Municipality as well as those of the Davel community. It also presents the results of the sample socio-economic survey that was undertaken as part of the study 5.1 Msukaligwa Local Municiplaity Msukaligwa Local Municipality is situated in the Gert Sibande District Municipality with Ermelo as the Seat of the municipality. The municipality has an area of 6,016 km2. Msukaligwa Local Municipality is situated within the Gert Sibande District Municipality in the Mpumalanga province. Ermelo is the seat of the municipality with the following towns: Breyten, Chrissiesmeer, Davel, Ermelo and Lothair Table 6 below provides the demographic characteristics of the population in the municipality. Table 6: Msukaligwa Local Municipality Population Characteristics Male Female Total Households Average Household Size 3,5 Female Headed Households 37,8% Formal Dwellings Population Age Distribution (%) Total number % % % Population density (p/km 2 ) Population growth (%) 24.8 p/km2 1.80% p.a. Unemployment rate 26.80% Employment rate 42.6% Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 12

16 Discouraged work seekers 5.4% Youth unemployment rate 34.50% Education People aged 15+ with no formal schooling % population aged 15+ with no formal schooling 8.2% % population aged 15+ with matric and post matric qualification 23.6% % functional literacy rate 51.4% Household services Percentage Flush toilet connected to sewerage 73.64% Weekly Refuse Removal 66.93% Piped Water Inside Dwelling 78.17% Electricity For Lighting 74.66% Source: Census 2011 Municipal Fact Sheet, published by Statistics South Africa Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 13

17 6 Profile of the surrounding settlement around Davel Yard The proposed yard is located at the small town of Davel, approximately 20km north east of Bethal in the Mpumalanga Province. Davel is also situated next to the N17 highway in the south-west of the province between the larger towns of Bethal and Ermelo.The present day land use around the alignment is characterised by rural urban development, KwaDela Township. Davel falls under Msukaligwa Local Municipality and Gert Sibande District Municipality respectively. In terms of 2011 census, Davel has total population of 1,193 people with a density of 500 p /km 2 with an area of km Housing Figure 1 below shows typical houses in Davel and as per 2011 census, there are about 360 households in Davel. Figure 1: Typical houses in Davel 6.2 Population characteristics of Davel Table 7: Population characteristics of Davel Population characteristics Female % Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 14

18 Male % Total Population 1, per km² Households 360 Population group People Percentage Black African 1, % Coloured % White % Other % First language People Percentage isizulu 1, % Afrikaans % English % SiSwati % isindebele % isixhosa % Sesotho % Sepedi % Setswana % Tshivenda % Xitsonga % Other % Sign language % Source: Census 2011 Municipal Fact Sheet, published by Statistics South Africa Table 7 indicates that Davel has 360 households accounting for 1193 people at 3.3 p/ km² Racial makeup Figure 2 and Table 7 indicate that black Africans constitute percent of the population in Davel. This is followed by coloured with 1.93 percent and whites with 1.76 percent Black African Coloured Figure 2: Racial makeup Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 15

19 6.2.2 First languages As per Table 2 and Figure 3 below, Zulu as the first language accounts for 84.7 percent, followed by Afrikaans with 3 percent and English with 2.5 percent. There are other first languages that account to the remaining 7.7 percent of the Davel community Zulu Afrikaans English Swazi Other 84.7 Figure 3: First language Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 16

20 7 Sample socio-economic survey results The socio-economic sample survey was undertaken from 3 rd to 4 th October 2011 at Davel. Four enumerators were appointed and trained to undertake the survey. Figure 4 below indicates an enumerator at work administering the household socio-economic survey. Figure 4: Enumerator undertaking the household survey 7.1 Sex of the household head 36% 64% Male Female Figure 5: Sex of the household head Figure 5 indicates that 64% of the people who took part in the survey were males. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 17

21 7.2 Child headed household 9% Yes No 91% Figure 6: Child headed households Figure 6 shows that 91% the respondents responded negatively to the question on child headed households. This indicates the level of community cohesion at Davel a much closely knit society. 7.3 Highest education completed (HH head) 16% 3% 8% 8% None Some Primary Some Secondary Completed Secondary 65% Further education Figure 7: Highest education completed (HH Head) Figure 7 shows that 65 percent of respondents had completed some secondary schooling whilst 16 percent had completed secondary schooling. Eight percent of respondents had no formal education but 3 percent had some further education. 7.4 Employment status of respondents Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 18

22 Employed (formal wage employment) Home / not seeking work (look after homestead / children) Informal employment (casual / short term) Unemployed Figure 8: Employment status of respondent Figure 8 shows that 27 percent (3 respondents) of respondents were employed, followed by 45 percent of respondents who are unemployed. A further 9 percent of respondents were at home, not seeking for work and a further 18 percent was on informal (casual) employment. 7.5 Primary source of drinking water Figure 9 below indicates that 63 percent of respondents use communal pumps / wells/ protected springs as primary source of drinking water. A further 27 percent of respondents use private water source in homestead or yard as primary source of drinking water. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 19

23 Communal Pump / Well / Protected Spring None Private water source in homestead / yard Rain water tank Unprotected spring Figure 9: Primary source of drinking water 7.6 Energy source for lighting, cooking and space heating Electricity Candles Solar Charcoal Paraffin Wood 5 0 Lighting Cooking Space heating Figure 10: Energy source for lighting, cooking and space heating Figure 10 above shows that electricity is the main source of energy used for lighting (76.6 percent), cooking (30 percent) and space heating (33 percent). Wood is also used for cooking (30 percent) and about 34 percent of respondents use wood for space heating. A further 23 percent of respondents use candles as a source for lighting. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 20

24 7.7 Main source of income Figure 11: Main source of income Figure 11 indicates that 16 percent of respondents did not have any means of income. This may be that they are not employed and do not have any businesses that they run. This is followed by 15 percent of respondents whose source of income is social government social grants. Another 11 percent receive old age pension. Only 2 percent of respondents indicated that their source of income was from wages and salaries from formal employment and 4 percent receiving income from casual employment. 7.8 Estimated combined household income received during the last month As per Figure 12 below 29 percent of respondents earned between R1100 R1500, whilst another 14 percent earned between R100- R500 during the previous month. These respondents account for 43 percent of all respondents and it can indicate that this group receives this money from Government as form of social grants. It should also be indicated that approximately 11 percent of respondents earned more than R4100 per month. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 21

25 11% 3% 14% 3% R100 - R500 R600 - R % R R1500 R R2000 R R2500 R R3000 3% 9% 29% R RR4000 R4100 and more None 14% Figure 12: Combined household income during the last month 7.9 Needs analysis Figure 13 below provides an assessment of community needs sourced from interactions with affected community. It should be noted that needs above 20 percent would needs to be considered by the project proponent. The figure indicates that 91 percent of all respondents are of the view that unemployment is a big problem that affects their lives negatively. This is followed by 66 percent of respondents who believe that refuse and rubbish removal is also a big problem which affects their lives negatively. However, the Census 2011 fact sheet indicates that about 66.9 percent of the residents in Msukaligwa Local Municipality have their refuse removed on a weekly basis. A further 53 percent of respondents believe that bad roads affect their lives negatively and this presents a big problem for them. About 83 percent of respondents hold the view that eviction from land was not a problem at all as they were never affected by it. This is followed by 68 percent of respondents who indicated that illegal land use was not a problem in Davel. Another 70 percent indicated that water for drinking (availability and quality) was not a problem in the area. This shows the level of service delivery in the area especially with regards to access to clean drinking water. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 22

26 Not a problem It's a problem (does not influence quality of life) Big problem (affects my life negatively) 10 0 Figure 13: Needs analysis Final.docx 11 December 2013

27 8 Identification of social impacts The aim of this section is to identify the socio-economic impacts that are likely to arise because of the proposed developments at Davel and KwaDela Township. In each instance, a distinction is drawn between impacts that are likely to occur during the construction phase, those that are most likely to occur during the operational phase, and those that will only materialise during decommissioning. 8.1 Predicted impacts during construction Positive impacts associated with the project include: The creation of temporary employment opportunities and social benefits; The development of black economic empowerment (BEE) opportunities. Negative impacts that may be associated with this phase include: influx of job seekers; creation of informal settlements; possible social pathologies arising from the population influx (such as crime); increase in crime levels; The need to secure accommodation for construction staff; impacts related to traffic and roads; impacts related to physical intrusion (i.e. the impacts of dust, noise, etc on sense of place, etc.); and community perceptions and responses Creation of temporary employment opportunities and social benefits The results of the socio-economic survey indicate that the surrounding environment of the project are characterised by poverty and underdevelopment. Notable socio-economic statistics include: A very high unemployment rate 45 percent of the surveyed population is unemployed; There is a significant dependency ratio in these areas, with 1 or 2 employed household members often having to provide for households with between 3 and 6 household members; and Stats SA indicates that a large proportion of the population in Msukaligwa Local Municipality is still young (30 percent under 15 years of age), and are therefore set to enter the labour market within the next few years. This will place more strain on employment, with its existing shortage of employment opportunities. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 24

28 From these figures, it is clear that the households in the project area face significant socio-economic challenges. The creation of employment opportunities can therefore be seen as a significant positive impact on the surrounding communities, even if these opportunities are only of a temporary nature. During the household survey, the issue regarding creation of employment opportunities was most frequently mentioned in the area. There is a widespread high expectation Transnet should provide employment opportunities to the residents in the local area. Construction activities on the proposed Davel Yard upgrade Project will create a number of temporary employment opportunities. The magnitude of this impact is related to the number of construction workers to be employed, either by Transnet itself or by contractors. It is recommended that local labour must be used as much as possible. Sourcing of construction workers from the local labour pool is likely to be limited to unskilled and semiskilled workers. This could have some economic benefits for surrounding communities, although only of a temporary nature. It is recommended that recruitment for new positions be undertaken through the Employment Forum that has been established by the local municipality. In addition to creating job opportunities for construction workers, the project may also lead to indirect employment creation in the informal sector, for instance in terms of food stalls for the convenience of construction workers. Additionally, more informal employment opportunities may be created through a multiplier effect from the project s activities. Table 8: Rating of construction phase impact Creation of employment opportunities RATING OF CONSTRUCTION IMPACT: CREATION OF EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES Criteria Category Significance rating Extent or spatial influence Local Medium Magnitude of impact Medium Medium Duration of impact Construction Medium period Probability Definite Confidence Certain Reversibility Recommended maximisation measures Significance following maximisation Project components with most impact Communities most impacted Reversible Proactively manage: Make use of local labour as far as possible. Liaise with local community structures to identify local labour pool. High Davel, KwaDela and Maduze All BEE opportunities Transnet sets certain targets in terms of procurement progression in other words, procurement of goods and services from BEE companies. In terms of this commitment, it is likely that a significant Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 25

29 proportion of the goods and services required for the construction phase of the project will be procured from companies owned by historically disadvantaged South Africans. In so doing, it will contribute toward black economic empowerment. Table 9: Rating of construction phase impact BEE Opportunities RATING OF CONSTRUCTION IMPACT: BEE OPPORTUNITIES Criteria Category Significance rating Extent or spatial influence Local Medium Magnitude of impact Medium Medium Duration of impact Construction Medium period Probability Probable Confidence Sure Reversibility Recommended maximisation measures Significance following maximisation Project components with most impact Communities most impacted Reversible Proactively manage: Include conditions in construction contract to involve and train emerging BEE companies Medium Davel, KwaDela and Maduze All Influx of Job seekers As news regarding the proposed project spreads, expectations regarding possible employment opportunities may also take root. Consequently, the area surrounding the site may experience an influx of job seekers. The magnitude of this impact depends on the severity of unemployment in surrounding areas. It could be expected that migrant labours will flock to the area. Furthermore, poverty is a widespread problem in the Municipality, with an unemployment rate of more than 27% Given these figures, it is likely that a large enough number of job seekers will flock into the area to have a fairly significant population impact on the immediate social environment. This population increase may impact on the area in terms of additional demand for services and infrastructure. Although this impact is listed here under the heading of Potential impacts during construction, it is possible that it may commence prior to construction, and may continue after construction has been completed. Contact between newcomers and locals could also create various social problems. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 26

30 Table 10: Rating of construction phase impact - Influx of job seekers RATING OF CONSTRUCTION IMPACT: INFLUX OF JOB SEEKERS Criteria Category Significance rating Extent or spatial influence Local Medium Magnitude of impact Medium Medium Duration of impact Construction Medium period Probability Probable Confidence Sure Reversibility Recommended maximisation measures Significance following maximisation Project components with most impact Communities most impacted Reversible Proactively manage: As far as possible, make use of local labour. Liaise with local community structures and the Local Municipality) to identify mutually acceptable means of controlling the influx of job seekers or, if this is not possible, to mitigate the negative effects of such an influx Recruitment is to be conducted via the Employment Forum and not within the project area itself Low Davel, KwaDela and Maduze All Creation of informal settlements One of the contributors to the expansion of informal settlements is the influx of job seekers into the area, as these job seekers tend to settle in the informal settlements. However, many other factors are also responsible for the growth of informal settlements, which cannot all be attributed to the proposed Davel Yard expansion project. Therefore, this expansion in informal settlements is the result of many cumulative impacts, such as influences of other mines in the area, current socio-economic conditions in the country and region and so forth. Many impacts also arise from the expansion of informal settlements, especially an increase in associated social pathologies. The informal settlements are highly underdeveloped in terms of infrastructure. Most houses have no electricity supply, buy bottled water and have no refuse disposal systems. These informal settlers are also mostly unemployed as they are job seekers who migrate to the area. In most instances the local communities would claim that the informal settlements are contributing directly to a number of problems. In particular, the community believes that these settlements lead to a higher crime rate in the area. It is therefore clear that there is a cumulative impact of various preceding factors that influence the extent of this impact. It is possible that an influx of job-seekers moving into the area because of the Davel Yard project will cause informal settlements to expand even more, and thereby exacerbate the social problems mentioned above. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 27

31 Measures to mitigate or control the expansion of informal settlements will have to be implemented with considerable sensitivity so as not to infringe on people s constitutionally guaranteed right to freedom of movement. To this end, it is recommended that Transnet facilitate the establishment of a Community Safety Committee with the aim of monitoring and controlling illegal squatting. The suggested membership of such a committee would include: The Community Relations Department of Transnet; Msukaligwa Local Municipality; Local landowners; Representatives of local community; and Local police and the Community Policing Forum. The functions of this committee would include: Frequent monitoring of the area to detect the establishment of new informal settlements. (It is foreseen that this function could be carried out by Community Relations Department of Transnet in cooperation with the local Community Policing Forum, as well as other stakeholders in the area); The establishment of a hotline at a local police station or at the local municipality for reporting of illegal squatting. The number of this hotline should be widely disseminated among local communities and landowners to ensure that the erection of new informal settlements is reported as soon as possible, thereby allowing for timeous response ; and The formulation, in consultation with all relevant stakeholders, of an appropriate plan for responding to illegal squatting. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 28

32 Table 11: Rating of construction phase impact Creation of informal settlements RATING OF CONSTRUCTION IMPACT: CREATION OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS Criteria Category Significance rating Extent or spatial influence Local Low Magnitude of impact Low Low Duration of impact Construction Low period Probability Probable Confidence Sure Reversibility Recommended maximisation measures Significance following maximisation Project components with most impact Communities most impacted Reversible Proactively: Facilitate the establishment of a Community Safety Committee to monitor and control illegal squatting. Committee to consist of: - The Community Relations Department of Transnet; - Its counterparts at other mines in the area; - The Local Municipality; - Local landowners; - Representatives of local community structures; and - Local police and the Community Policing Forum Align social investment strategies with municipal development Transnet employees who receive living-out allowances should be required to provide proof that this allowance is used for formal accommodation Include a requirement in the Conditions of Service of construction contractors that construction workers must be vacated from the area once construction is completed Very low Davel, KwaDela and Maduze All Social pathologies arising from population influx It is assumed that the construction workforce for the Davel Yard expansion will be locals, while the remainder will have to be housed reasonably close to the construction site. It is possible that conflict might arise between the newcomers and local residents. One possible reason for such conflict would be the perception among locals that the outsiders are taking up jobs that could have gone to unemployed members of the local community. An influx of unemployed job seekers (which was discussed in the preceding sections) could add to the potential for conflict. An influx of construction workers and job seekers might be accompanied by an increase in crime. Even if particular instances of crime are not as a result of the newcomers, they may still be attributed to them by local communities. Another possibility is that a population influx will contribute to alcoholism, drug abuse, prostitution and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases in the local population. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 29

33 Table 12: Social pathologies arising from population influx RATING OF CONSTRUCTION IMPACT: SOCIAL PATHOLOGIES ARISING FROM POPULATION INFLUX Criteria Category Significance rating Extent or spatial influence Site specific Low Magnitude of impact Low Low Duration of impact Construction Low period Probability Probable Confidence Sure Reversibility Recommended maximisation measures Significance following maximisation Project components with most impact Communities most impacted Reversible Proactively manage: Additional security must be provided during this period by the contractors, which should be integrated with existing community security systems Implement HIV/AIDS and alcohol abuse campaigns in the communities Align awareness campaigns with those of other organisations in the area (i.e. the Local Municipality etc.) Very low Davel, KwaDela and Maduze All Increase in crime levels Once of the potential social pathologies that may arise from a rapid increase in population numbers in an existing underdeveloped area is an increase in crime levels. The extra strain that the influx of job seekers will place on limited employment opportunities in the area will potentially increase the unemployment rate, which will increase the crime rate. During the household survey, respondents mentioned that they are already experiencing a rapid increase in crime levels. They recommended that Transnet should assist the community to provide additional safety at night. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 30

34 Table 13: Increase in crime levels RATING OF CONSTRUCTION IMPACT: INCREASE IN CRIME LEVELS Criteria Category Significance rating Extent or spatial influence Local Low Magnitude of impact Low Low Duration of impact Construction Low period Probability Probable Confidence Sure Reversibility Recommended maximisation measures Significance following maximisation Project components with most impact Communities most impacted Reversible Proactively manage: Additional security must be provided during this period by the contractors, which should be integrated with existing community security systems Implement crime awareness campaigns in the communities Align awareness campaigns with those of other organisations in the area (i.e. the Local Municipality etc.) Very low Davel, KwaDela and Maduze All Accommodation for construction staff It may be necessary to find accommodation for a number of construction workers in the vicinity of the proposed developments. One option would be to house them in a construction village. The other option will be to house them in nearby settlements. This may require that the local municipality or Transnet invest in the construction of additional housing units. A major concern for communities in the area relates to the management of housing for the construction workers who are employed by the contractors. Construction contractors also reportedly do not construct adequate housing facilities for their workers, resulting in the expansion of informal settlements and other social pathologies, such as increased crime levels. The construction of additional housing units for construction workers will increase the pressure on the service infrastructure. In addition, there is an existing perception among community members that construction workers from contractors move into the area and stay there even after construction activities have completed. The construction of additional housing units for construction workers might reinforce this perception and cause resentment. Therefore, it is recommended that a construction village be used as housing for the construction workers. It is recommended that one construction village be used to house construction workers of the project components to minimise the extent of pressure the additional housing will exert on social and municipal infrastructure. Since the construction timeline of the proposed project components is sequential with some overlapping time periods, it is necessary to ensure that the construction village Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 31

35 is large enough to accommodate the maximum number of construction workers that will be employed at any given time. Furthermore, it would be preferable if sufficient entertainment facilities could be included in the construction camp. Entertainment facilities could comprise a lounge with pool table, television, vending machines for soft drinks, etc. By providing entertainment facilities, the workers motivational levels may increase and the risk to social pathologies will decrease. If entertainment facilities cannot be included in the camp layout, attendance of alternative entertainment facilities must be encouraged. Once construction of the project components is completed, the construction camp should be demolished completely to avoid settling of informal residents. As an alternative, the construction contractor may negotiate with the Msukaligwa Local Municipality about possibly selling or donating the construction camp to the Local Municipality for use as formal housing in the area. Table 14: Accommodation for construction staff RATING OF CONSTRUCTION IMPACT: ACCOMODATION FOR CONSTRUCTION STAFF Criteria Category Significance rating Extent or spatial influence Site specific Low Magnitude of impact Low Low Duration of impact Construction Low period Probability Probable Confidence Sure Reversibility Recommended maximisation measures Significance following maximisation Project components with most impact Communities most impacted Reversible Proactively manage: Housing of construction workers in a construction village site Maximisation of the proportion of job opportunities allocated to locals, thus reducing the need for outsiders Provision of sufficient entertainment facilities (e.g. lounge with TV, pool table, etc.) Demolishing construction village after construction activities have finished, or donating the construction camp to the local municipality for formal housing, or alternatively convert the construction camp to permanent housing for labourers during the operational phase. Very low Davel, KwaDela and Maduze All Physical intrusion Impacts related to noise, visual aspects, air quality and the like are discussed under this heading, as all these impacts are related to the physical presence of project-related infrastructure and the intrusion this imposes on surrounding communities. Such intrusion could impinge on the lives of surrounding communities by affecting the area s sense of place. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 32

36 Several factors have to be borne in mind when assessing the potential magnitude of such an impact. One of these factors is the current state of the landscape in which the development is situated. The landscape already bears the marks of development and as such sense of place will not be such a major issue. Another factor to take into account when assessing the impact on sense of place is the meanings that people who live or work in an area attach to the anticipated changes. If a development promises to offer tangible benefits to surrounding communities (in terms of job creation, etc.), it is unlikely that its impact on the character of the landscape will be perceived in a negative light even if that impact is substantial from an aesthetic point of view. Although this impact is listed here under the heading of Potential impacts during construction, it is possible that it may continue during the project s operational phase. Dust generated by construction activities, and by vehicles moving on access roads during construction could affect air quality in the area. The air quality specialist study reports on the potential impacts on air quality in the area. Construction activities may also increase noise in the area. Communities most likely to be affected are those at Davel. As indicated above, the impact of a development on the character of the landscape may not be experienced as negative if that development offers tangible benefits. To the extent that the project benefits local communities (in terms of job creation, etc.), it is therefore unlikely that they will experience it as a significant negative impact on the area s sense of place. Table 15: Physical intrusion RATING OF CONSTRUCTION IMPACT: PHYSICAL INTRUSION Criteria Category Significance rating Extent or spatial influence Local Medium Magnitude of impact Medium Medium Duration of impact Construction Medium period Probability Definite Confidence Certain Reversibility Recommended maximisation measures Significance following maximisation Project components with most impact Communities most impacted Reversible See separate specialist reports on noise impacts, visual impacts and air quality for mitigation measures. Do not engage in construction activities during church gatherings or at night. Liaise with local communities as to activities scheduled and avoid construction during these times, if possible. Low Davel, KwaDela and Maduze All Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 33

37 8.1.9 Community perceptions and responses The communities in the area are generally have no major problems with the proposed upgrade, as they expect it will create employment opportunities in the area. However, significant concerns have also been raised about the possible negative impacts of the project. In particular, influx of construction workers and job seekers and concomitant social effects associated with the two. While the potential impacts related to these effects were discussed earlier, they are mentioned here due to the fact that community perceptions and concerns regarding these effects may in themselves constitute a significant social impact. If community members believe that the project will have a negative effect on their lives regardless of whether or not this perception is justified they are likely to be extremely resistant to the proposed developments. This constitutes a source of social risk to the project, which should be addressed by allaying unjustified community fears regarding the project, and instituting appropriate mitigation measures to address realistic concerns. Table 16: Community perceptions and responses RATING OF CONSTRUCTION IMPACT: COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS AND RESPONSES Criteria Category Significance rating Extent or spatial influence Local Medium Magnitude of impact Low Medium Duration of impact Construction Medium period Probability Definite Confidence Sure Reversibility Recommended maximisation measures Significance following maximisation Project components with most impact Communities most impacted Reversible Involve communities continuously in the construction process Implement mitigation measures that have been promised Maintain a transparent approach to the EIA process Provide for local employment Low Davel, KwaDela and Maduze All 8.2 Predicted impacts during operation Positive impacts associated with the operational phase of the project include: The creation of employment opportunities and social benefits; and Local and regional economic benefits. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 34

38 8.2.1 Creation/sustaining of employment opportunities As discussed earlier, the generation of employment opportunities is the main concern for the communities surrounding the project area. The existing poor socio-economic conditions suggest that provision of employment opportunities will have a significant impact in the local communities. These employment opportunities will have downstream impacts on the economic activity of the area, as the salary and wages earned will mostly be spent in the vicinity of the affected area. Table 17: Creation / sustaining of employment opportunities RATING OF OPERATION IMPACT: CREATION / SUSTAINANCE OF EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES Criteria Category Significance rating Extent or spatial influence Local Medium Magnitude of impact Medium High Duration of impact Long term Medium Probability Definite Confidence Certain Reversibility Recommended maximisation measures Significance following maximisation Project components with most impact Communities most impacted Irreversible Maximise local employment opportunities through training and capacity building. High Davel, KwaDela and Maduze All Local and regional economic benefits In addition to the economic benefits derived from employment, the development will also contribute to the local and regional economy in other ways. For instance, local expenditure by employees will have multiplier effects in various sectors of the economy, thereby stimulating business activity and further employment creation. The project could also have fiscal impacts in other words, an impact on government revenues and expenditures. In particular, payment of business and personal tax could contribute to government revenue at a national level, while rates and payment for services could strengthen the income base of the local municipality. Table 18: Local and regional economic benefits RATING OF OPERATION IMPACT: LOCAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC BENEFITS Criteria Category Significance rating Extent or spatial influence Regional Medium Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 35

39 Magnitude of impact Medium Medium Duration of impact Long term Medium Probability Definite Confidence Certain Reversibility Irreversible Recommended maximisation measures Not applicable Significance following Not applicable maximisation Project components with All most impact Communities most impacted All Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 36

40 9 Summary of predicted impacts This section provides a summary of the impacts. Based on the discussion presented in the previous sections, it can be concluded that many of the significant socio-economic impacts of the proposed Davel Yard upgrade will occur during their construction phase. Positive impacts during this phase will include temporary creation of employment opportunities as well as concomitant economic benefits and possible creation of opportunities for black economic empowerment. Negative impacts include the potential influx of job seekers, creation of informal settlements, possible social pathologies arising from the influx of construction workers and job seekers, as well as increased traffic, damage to roads and impacts related to physical intrusion (dust, noise and vibration). As far as the operational phase of the proposed developments is concerned, the most significant positive impacts will include the creation of a number of long-term employment opportunities (202 employees). The effects of the BEE opportunities will be a significant positive during this phase, as well as the local and regional economic benefits emanating from the BEE opportunities and employment that is created. It is expected that income will accrue to the area from BEE opportunities, with income emerging from the total annual wage bills for all project components. Social investment initiatives and upgrading of infrastructure in the area can also be regarded as significant positive impacts. The most significant negative impacts likely to occur during the operational phase of the proposed developments will include increase of noise levels due Table 19 below summarises the potential socio-economic impacts that are may occur during the construction phase of the proposed developments. Table 20 summarise the impacts expected to occur during the operational phase. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 37

41 Table 19: Possible Impacts of Construction Phase Type of impact Impact Significance rating Davel, KwaDela and Maduze Positive Negative Creation of temporary employment High High significance opportunities BEE opportunities Medium Medium expenditure allocated Influx of job seekers Medium Medium risk, medium impact due to a number of employment opportunities to be made available Creation of informal settlements Medium Medium risk, medium impact due to influx of job seekers leading to possible creation informal settlements. Social pathologies arising from High High risk, moderate impact due to size of construction population influx workforce and probable influx of job seekers. Increase in crime Medium High risk, high impact due to potential increase in population numbers, limited employment opportunities available in the area and current increasing crime levels. Accommodation for construction Medium Workers will require housing for the duration of the staff construction period. Physical intrusion (noise, visual, Medium Potential impacts at Davel to be verified in specialist dust) reports. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 38

42 Table 20: Possible Impacts during Operation Type of impact Impact Significance rating Davel, KwaDela and Maduze Employment opportunities High High impact. Positive BEE opportunities Medium Total HDSA procurement by Transnet Local and regional economic benefits Medium Millions per annum from total wage bill Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 39

43 Final.docx 11 December 2013

44 10 Recommendations and Conclusion It is recommended that the mitigation and maximisation measures included in this report be implemented to decrease the effect of negative impacts on communities and maximise the effect of positive impacts. In conclusion the proposed Davel Yard expansion project poses a number of potential positive and negative social impacts. With appropriate measures, the negative impacts can be reduced to acceptable levels while the positive impacts can be maximised to provide significant benefits to the region. Final.docx 11 December 2013 Page 41

45 11 References 1.1. Msukaligwa Local Municipality Integrated Development Plan Sourced at Accessed on 27 th June Stats SA Statistical release. Sourced at Accessed on 27th June Stats SA: Census 2011 results. Sourced at Accessed on 26 th June Stats SA: Census 2011 results. Sourced at Accessed on 26 th June Stats SA: Community survey Sourced at Accessed on 26 st June Stats SA: Census 2011 results. Sourced at Accessed on 21 st May Final.docx 11 December 2013 Revision 2 Page 42

46 Aurecon South Africa (Pty) Ltd 1977/003711/07 Aurecon Centre Lynnwood Bridge Office Park 4 Daventry Street Lynnwood Manor 0081 PO Box Lynnwood Ridge 0040 South Africa T F E tshwane@aurecongroup.com W aurecongroup.com Aurecon offices are located in: Angola, Australia, Botswana, China, Ethiopia, Ghana, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Lesotho, Libya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Philippines, Qatar, Singapore, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam.

47 APPENDIX A SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE Project Project No File Document2 Select Date Revision 0 Page 1

48 This household survey is part of the broader socio-economic assessment for the Swaziland Rail Link Project, which is being undertaken by Swaziland rail and Transnet. The information being collected through the household survey is important for ensuring that negative impacts of the project are identified and minimised, and that positive impacts are enhanced. In particular, the survey will provide a baseline of socio-economic conditions in the area before the project is implemented. The enumerator visiting you will ask you a number of questions about your household and the economic activities you engage in from time to time. We ask your participation in this survey and respectfully request that you answer ALL the questions to the best of your knowledge and ability. All information will be treated as confidential. Please note that the surveys do NOT mean that you are affected by the project. SECTION 1: HOUSEHOLD IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Household address 1.2 Head of household FULL Name Head of household ID number Is this a child headed household Name of respondent 1.4 Head of household contact number Yes No 1.6 Are there any disabled adults or children Children Yes No Adults Yes No 1.9 Relationship to head of household 1.10 Size of household: 1.11 How long have you lived in this area: 1.12 How do you characterize your homestead Permanent 1.13 Give reasons why you moved into this area Medical Services New job opportunity Family responsibility Education Other 1.14 Where did you live before you moved here Male Female Temporary Enumerator Checked by Captured Name: Name: Name: Date: Date: Date: Page 1 Swaziland Railway Link Socio Economic Survey

49 SECTION 2: DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Please complete the following table for all household members, including persons temporarily absent, using the coding systems below where indicated. 2.1 First name Person 1 Person 2 Person 3 Person 4 Person 5 Person 6 Person Surname / Last name 2.3 ID number 2.4 Sex (M / F) M F M F M F M F M F M F M F 2.5 Year of birth Relationship to Household Head (see coding below) Highest education completed (see coding below) Resident status (see coding below) Employment status (see coding below) 2.6 Relationship to Household Head 2.7 Education Level 2.8 Resident Status 2.9 Employment Status 1 = Household Head (HH) 2 = Spouse of HH 3 = Son/Daughter of HH 4 = Son / Daughter in law of HH 5 = Grandchild of HH 6 = Parent of HH 7 = Parent in law of HH 8 = Brother / Sister of HH 9 = Brother / Sister in Law of HH 10 = Cousin of HH 11 = Grandparent of HH 12 = Adopted / step-child of HH 13 = Other relative 14 = Not related but dependent 1 = None 2 = Some primary 3 = Completed primary 4 = Some secondary 5 = Completed secondary 6 = Further education 1 = Living in homestead 2 = Weekly commuter 3 = Migrant worker, in South Africa 4 = Migrant worker, other country (specify) 5 = Student, elsewhere in South Africa 6 = Student, other country (specify) NOTE: if person is staying at least 4 nights per week in homestead, he is deemed residing in homestead 1 = Pre-school child 2 = Student 3 = Self employed 4 = Employed (formal wage employment) 5 = Informal employment (casual / short term) 6 = Unemployed (actively seeking employment over last 3 months) 7 = Home / not seeking work (look after homestead / children) 8 = Disabled and not employed Page 2 Swaziland Railway Link Socio Economic Survey

50 SECTION 3: SETTLEMENTS AND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES How many structures are there in the homestead? Do you have any fruit trees in your yard? Do you currently have any vegetable patch in your yard? Do you currently have any land under cultivation? Please indicate the type of tenure you have on your fields Do you currently have any livestock? Please indicate where your livestock mostly graze Photo Number: Yes No 3.3 If yes, what kind? Yes No 3.5 Yes No 3.7 If yes, what do you grow? If yes, what crops are grown? GPS Number: Title ownership Customary rights Lease hold Not owned user rights Yes No 3.10 If yes, what kind? Around homestead In fields Designated grazing area No strict grazing regime Other 2 Around homestead In fields Designated grazing area No strict grazing regime Other 3 Around homestead In fields Designated grazing area No strict grazing regime Other SECTION 4: BUSINESS ENTERPRISES 4.1 Does anyone in your homestead run a small business? Yes No 4.2 Please indicate the main business activities 4.3 If yes, where do they run this business from? From home Local business premises Business premises in a nearby town or village 4.4 How frequently do they operate this business? Every day Only some days in the week Less than 2 days a week SECTION 5: WATER AND ENERGY 5.1 What is the primary source of drinking water? River Unprotected spring Communal Pump / Well / Protected Spring / Tap Private water source in homestead / yard Rain water tank Buy water privately from vendor 5.2 Apart from the above mentioned source, what other sources do you use? River Unprotected spring Communal Pump / Well / Protected Spring / Tap Private water source in homestead / yard Rain water tank Buy water privately from vendor Page 3 Swaziland Railway Link Socio Economic Survey

51 5.3 What energy source is used for lighting? Electricity Gas Solar Paraffin Wood Charcoal Candles Battery 5.4 What energy source is used for cooking? Electricity Gas Solar Paraffin Wood Charcoal Candles Battery 5.5 What energy source is used for heating? Electricity Gas Solar Paraffin Wood Charcoal Candles Battery SECTION 6: HEALTH AND NUTRITION Did you or any member of your household suffer from any of the following diseases in the past 12 months? Has any member of this household been hospitalised (stayed overnight for at least one night) during the past 12 months? Did any adult member of this household pass away during the past 12 months? Did any child member of this household pass away during the past 12 months? Bilharzia Cholera Diarrhoea Malaria Respiratory Illness TB Typhoid None Yes No Don t know Yes No Don t know Yes No Don t know 6.5 Was the child member that passed away 5 years or younger? Yes No Don t know Did any member of your household go to bed without a meal last night? In which months were the food shortages experienced the most? Yes No 6.7 Has this household experienced any shortage of basic food in the last 12 months? January February March April May June July August September October November December Yes No SECTION 7: INCOME AND EXPENDITURE What is the estimated combined amount that this household received from; income from wages and salaries from formal employment? What is the combined amount that this household received from; artisanal training? What is the combined amount that this household received from; crop and livestock production? Income (In the past month) What is the combined amount that this household received from; casual employment (piece jobs)? What is the combined amount that this household received from; home enterprises and small businesses? What is the combined amount that this household received from; private pension? Page 4 Swaziland Railway Link Socio Economic Survey

52 What is the combined amount that this household received from; old age pension (state provided)? What is the estimated combined amount that this household spent on; food & personal items (toiletries, washing powder, etc.)? What is the estimated combined amount that this household spent on; school fees, uniforms, and books/equipment? What is the estimated combined amount that this household spent on; household energy (electricity, paraffin, gas, etc.)? What is the estimated combined amount that this household spent on; water (tariffs, transport or pumping costs)? What is the estimated combined amount that this household spent on; furniture and appliances? What is the estimated combined amount that this household spent on; new buildings or building improvements? What is the estimated combined amount that this household spent on; agricultural expenses (fertiliser, seed, etc.)? What is the combined amount that this household 7.8 received from; renting out; fields, equipment, animals, machinery, property? Expenditure (In the past month) What is the estimated combined amount that this household spent on; transport (bus and taxis fares)? What is the estimated combined amount that this household spent on; clothes, footwear What is the estimated combined amount that this household spent on; telephone (cellular, fixed line)? What is the estimated combined amount that this household spent on; medical expenses/traditional healers? What is the estimated combined amount that this household spent on; rent (housing/accommodation)? What is the estimated combined amount that this household spent on; church? 7.22 Other (for example burial society)? SECTION 8: SOCIAL NETWORKS 8.1 Do you participate as a member of the town or ward council? Yes No 8.2 If yes, what position do you hold? 8.3 How often do you meet? 8.4 Do you participate as a member of traditional council Yes No 8.5 If yes, what position do you hold? 8.6 How often do you meet? 8.7 Do you participate as a member of agricultural group? Yes No 8.8 If yes, what position do you hold? 8.9 How often do you meet? 8.10 Do you participate as a member of water committee? Yes No 8.11 If yes, what position do you hold? 8.12 How often do you meet? 8.13 Do you participate as a member of cultural group? Yes No 8.14 If yes, what position do you hold? 8.15 How often do you meet? Page 5 Swaziland Railway Link Socio Economic Survey

53 8.16 Do you participate as a member of sports club? Yes No 8.17 If yes, what position do you hold? 8.18 How often do you meet? 8.19 Do you participate as a member of women's group? Yes No 8.20 If yes, what position do you hold? 8.21 How often do you meet? 8.22 Do you participate as a member of church group? Yes No 8.23 If yes, what position do you hold? 8.24 How often do you meet? 8.25 Do you participate as a member of stokvel? Yes No 8.26 If yes, what position do you hold? 8.27 How often do you meet? 8.28 Do you participate as a member of any other group Yes No 8.29 If yes, what position do you hold? 8.30 How often do you meet? SECTION 9: NEEDS ANALYSIS Please rate problems / needs currently experienced in this community (1 Not a problem, 2 A problem, but does not influence quality of life and 3 A big problem and affects quality of life negatively) 9.1 Employment problems 9.2 Health care facilities 9.3 Education/ schools Illegal land uses 9.6 Evictions from land 9.7 Bad roads Water for drinking availability 9.10 Water for drinking quality 9.13 Electricity 9.14 Housing Recreational facilities 9.18 Access to business centres/ shops 9.11 Water for irrigation Access to agricultural inputs Access to markets for goods 9.21 Transport problems 9.22 Alcohol abuse 9.23 Other (specify) Crime/ violence/ vandalism Problems with sewer/ drains Problems with refuse/ rubbish removal 9.16 Land for agriculture 9.20 Hunger/ nutrition Respondent Witness Date: Signature: Date: Signature: By signing the questionnaire, I confirm that the information provided is true and that all questions have been answered to the best of my knowledge and ability. Page 6 Swaziland Railway Link Socio Economic Survey