VECTOR CONTROL IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN INDIA. IFCS-VI, Meridien Hotel 15 September 2008 Dakar, Senegal

Transcription

1 VECTOR CONTROL IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN INDIA by Dr. V.P. Sharma Meghnad Saha Distinguished Fellow Centre for Rural Development and Technology Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas New Delhi , India IFCS-VI, Meridien Hotel 15 September 2008 Dakar, Senegal

2 INDIA: Rural-Urban Distribution Rural Population 742,490, % Urban Population 286,119, % Urban Population Highest Goa 49.76% Lowest H.P. 9.30% UT Population Highest Delhi 93.18% Lowest Dadar & Nagar Haveli 22.89% *GOI, CENSUS- 2001

3 National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme (formerly NMEP/NAMP) Integrated Disease Control Anopheles stephensi Aedes aegypti Culex quinquefasciatus 1. Malaria (Urban Malaria Scheme) 2. Dengue /DHF 3. Chikungunya virus 4. Lymphatic Filariasis 5. Japanese encephalitis 6. Kala-Azar

4 National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme URBAN MALARIA SCHEME Town with 50,000 or more population API 2 or above Town should implement civic bye-laws Towns Towns Till Towns Towns Towns Towns Towns Total Towns with UMS functioning Cases in India1,476,562 UMS 108,075 (7.32%)

5 INTEGRATED VECTOR MANAGEMENT (Urban Malaria Scheme) Source Reduction, filling, streamlining, channelising, desilting, deweeding, trimming of drains, water disposal and sanitation, empty water container once in a week, etc. Recurrent anti-larval measures like Temephos & Fenthion Observance of a dry day in a week-rarely followed Biological Control-Guppy & Gambusia Fishes & Biolarvicides (Bacillus thuringiensis & Bacillus sphaericus) Minor Engineering Works Malathion Thermal Fogging, Aerosol Space Spray IRS in Peri-urban settlements Intensive vector surveillance for Aedes aegypti Repellents-Deet/Neem oil, Coils, mats, vaporizers Anti-parasitic measures-edpt in Malaria Clinics IEC campaigns

6 INDIA: Population growth, from 443 million in 1960 to 1,004 million in 2000 Year Urban Populati on ( 000s) Level of Urbani sation( %) Projected India s Urban Population

7 6000 Number of Towns/UAs Year Level of Urbanization Year

8 Malaria Cases Contributed by UMS Towns Year India (+s) UMS (+s) % +ves UMS ,660, , ,222, , ,019, , ,055, , ,842, , ,673, , ,725, , ,816,569 89, ,685,109 85, ,476, ,

9 Burden of Malaria in Ahmedabad City Reported cases Estimated cases Estimated deaths Cases Mean Malarial Deaths Average ratio of reported to estimated malaria cases = 36,766/4119 i.e. 9 times 71 malarial deaths/3.1 million population (average 22 deaths/million pop/yr)

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11 Dengue/DHF SPREAD IN 22 STATES India , Delhi , , , July 60

12 Chikungunya cases in 17 states SPREAD OF CHIKUNGUNYA IN INDIA

13 LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS IN 250 Distts 20 states 40m cases

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15 Urban Water Supply Through Tankers

16 Hyderabad, India: Women struggle through a crowd to reach a mobile water tanker in a slum area. Photograph: Mahesh Kumar/AP

17 Amit Dave/India

18 Rural-Urban Migration in India Rural Population which Migrated to Urban Areas 25% of the country's poor live in urban areas 31% of the urban population is poor Traditional rural-urban migration- to improve opportunities and lifestyles. In 1991, 39 million people migrated in rural-urban patterns of which 54% were female. Seasonal urban migration- for jobs in industry, harvesting season etc.

19 NUMBER OF MIGRANTS BY PLACE OF LAST RESIDENCE INDIA 2001 Category Migrations by Place of birth Percentage A. Total Population 1,028,610,328 B. Total Migrations 307,149, B.1 Migrants within the state of enumeration 258,641, B.11 Migrants from within the districts 181,799, B.12 Migrants from other districts of the state 76,841, B.2 Migrants from other states in India 42,341, B.3 Migrants from other countries 6,166,

20 RURAL URBAN MIGRATION

21 SLUMS Slum data was collected for cities/towns having 50,000 population or more based on 1991 census. Population of slums is 40,297,341 (40 million or c4%) from the 607 cities/towns reporting slums. More interestingly it comes to ~22% of the total population of these cities (178,393,941). This means that almost quater of Indian cities live in slums. And sadly 5,531,062 (5 million) of this population are young children (0-6 age group)

22 Increasing share of GDP from Urban centers Year GDP by Urban Sector % % % Thus urban centers (25%) generates 60% country's total GDP. Large inequality of resources especially income in urban centers. This is one of the reasons for origin of slums.

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24 Asia's largest slum, Dharavi, lies on prime property right in the middle of India's financial capital, Mumbai. It is home to more than a million people. Many are second-generation residents, whose parents moved in years ago

25 Neem Based Repellent Vanishing cream Neem cream No. of An. culicifacies collected on human bait Azdirachta indica 0 Hours Mosquito Coil

26 Poverty and Malaria in India Years % malaria cases in BPL states % vivax cases in BPL states % falciparum cases in BPL states Below Poverty Line Population in : India 26.1% NE States: Assam 33.47; Manipur 28.54; Meghalaya 33.87; Nagaland and Tripura Population Below Poverty Line Reference: V.P. Sharma, Current Science; 84(4): , 2003

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28 BYPASS DESERT COOLER

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30 14 Pre-treatment Post -treatment 12 % Habitat positive / density per dip % Habitat Pos. Per dip density Habitat Positivity t= 3.86, p < 0.01 Immat. Dendity / dip t= 4.93, p < J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D Fig. Impact of weekly spraying of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (H-14, Strain 164) on anopheline breeding in the construction sites.

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32 60 % Habitat Positivity/ Density % Habitat +ve Expt. (Spherix sprayed) Density / 10 Dips Control (Abate Sprayed) Density / 10 Dips Expt. (Spherix sprayed) Hab. Pos. t= 3.16, p< 0.01 Imm. Density t= 2.06, p < 0.05 % Habitat +ve (Abate Sprayed) 10 0 April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Months (1993) A comparison of percentage habitat positivity and density/10 dips of anophelines in the construction sites between experimental (B. sphaericus sprayed) and control (Temephos sprayed) area in Panaji, Goa, India [Kumar et al JAMCA, 10(4): ].

33 30 Slide Positivity Rate / Parasite Incidence SPR ABATE TREATED AREA SPR SPHERIX TREATED AREA P. I. ABATE TREATED AREA P. I. SPHERIX TREATED AREA MPI Chi Sq. = p < Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. A comparison of slide positivity rate (SPR) and monthly parasite incidence (MPI) between B. sphaericus sprayed area and the temephos-sprayed control area. [Kumar et al. 1994: JAMCA, 10(4): ]

34 18 16 Pre-treatment Post-treatment % Habitat positive / Per dip density % Habitat Positive Per Dip density Hab. Pos. t= 5.19, p < 0.01 Density / Dip t = 3.57, p < J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D Fig. Impact of introduction of Aplocheilus blocki on the immature population of Anopheles stephensi in Candolim PHC in Goa, India.

35 GUPPY FISHES GAMBUSIA FISHES Composite Culture Abandoned Cement Tank

36 Applying expanded polystyrene beads to control mosquito breeding. Well treated with expanded Polystyrene beads

37 Photos: Devastating Earthquake in Gujarat

38 Sinking Water Table-Hand Pumps Dry

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40 Man hole covers used in mosquito proofing

41 Water Harvesting Structures Provide Immense Opportunities for Disease Vectors to Breed.

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43 RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Bypass Desert Cooler Replacing chemicals by Bt/Bs/Fishes/Neem Oil Health Cards FOR migrants Mass Production and Release of Fishes Mosquito Proofing of RWH structures Expanded polystyrene beads Organized Solid Waste Disposal Covering of drains Land reclamation Resource and employment generation (plantations, carp culture) ACTION REQUIRED 24X7 Water Supply Health Impact Assessment Bhagidari -Sharing responsibility with citizens Adoption of uniform legislative and building bylaws Integrated vector management Integrated pest management in horticulture and peri-urban agriculture Awareness campaigns

44 THANK YOU