Analele Universităţii Constantin Brâncuşi din Târgu Jiu, Seria Ştiinţe Juridice, Nr. 3/2014

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1 EFECTUL NORMELOR IMPERATIVE INTERNAŢIONALE ÎN IERARHIA NORMATIVĂ EFFECT OF INTERNATIONAL MANDATORY RULES IN NORMATIVE HIERARCHY Ştefan MOŢĂŢĂIANU * Ştefan MOŢĂŢĂIANU ** Abstract: Normele imperative internaţionale ocupă un loc central în cadrul reglementărilor de drept internaţional public, având un impact major în ordinea juridică internaţională. Aşa cum este definită această ordine juridică internaţională, ea implică o componentă materială, constând în ansamblul normelor juridice internaţionale, dar şi o componentă instituţională, care susţine ordinea, fără însă a fi absolut necesară în existenţa normelor imperative internaţionale. Categoria normelor imperative internaţionale realizează la nivelul dreptului internaţional o ierarhie normativă. Aceste norme reprezintă un nucleu normativ de forţă al dreptului internaţional. Cuvinte cheie: ordine juridică internaţională, componentă normativă, componentă instituţională, norme de jus cogens, prevalenţă art. 103 din Carta O.N.U. Este unanim acceptat în literatura juridică că un regim juridic special derogă regimului general, iar aplicabilitatea sa este una prioritară, conform principiului lex specialis derogat legi generali. Iată însă că în privinţa normelor de jus cogens operează o excepţie ce realizează practic o inversare a priorităţii, în sensul că o normă particulară nu poate deroga de la o normă imperativă internaţională care neîndoielnic reprezintă norma generală (specialis inferior non derogat legi generali superiori ). Ca trăsătură ce ţine de însăşi esenţa normelor imperative internaţionale, inderogabilitatea, a determinat o serie de Abstract: International mandatory rules is central to the rules of public international law, having a major impact in the international legal order. As it is defined this international legal order, it involves a material component consisting of all international legal norms, and also an institutional component, which supports the order, without being absolutely necessary to the existence of international mandatory rules. The category of international mandatory rules realizes at the international law a regulatory hierarchy. These rules represent a core normative of force of international law. Key words: international legal order, regulatory component, institutional component, jus cogens norms, prevalence art. 103 of the Charter O.N.U. It is widely accepted in the legal literature that a special legal regime departs general scheme and its applicability is a priority, according to the principle lex specialis derogat legi generali. But we know that in terms of jus cogens rules operate an exception that basically performs a reversal of priority, meaning that a particular rule can not derogate from an international peremptory norm which is undoubtedly the general rule (specialis inferior non derogat legi generali superiori). As a trait related to the very essence of international mandatory rules, inderogability has led a number of authors to believe that all of jus cogens rules support a normative hierarchy in international law 9. As * Lect. univ., Departamentul Ştiinţe Juridice, Facultatea de Relaţii Internaţionale, Drept şi Ştiinţe Administrative, Universitatea Constantin Brâncuşi din Tg-Jiu ** University Lecturer, Department of Juridical Sciences, Faculty of International Relations, Law and Administrative Sciences Constantin Brâncuşi University of Tg-Jiu 77

2 autori să considere că ansamblul normelor de jus cogens susţine o ierarhie normativă în dreptul internaţional. 1 Ca atare, normele imperative reprezintă întotdeauna un eşalon superior comparativ cu normele internaţionale dispozitive şi aceasta pentru că orice normă imperativă aparţine dreptului internaţional general, care reprezintă dreptul superior. În dreptul intern problema ierarhiei normelor este de ordin general şi îşi găseşte soluţionarea printr-o serie de principii bine stabilite, cu caracter de drept imperativ. Cu totul altfel stau lucrurile în privinţa ierarhiei în sistemul de drept internaţional. Caracterizat printr-o echivalenţă a izvoarelor, dreptul internaţional, atunci când abordăm problema ierarhiei, oferă alternativa de a face o analiză substanţială a normelor, în urma căreia constatăm că în eşaloanele superioare sunt plasate normele aparţinând dreptului imperativ. Această situaţie este de natură a produce o importantă consecinţă în privinţa normei imperative pe care o transformă dintr-o normă de validitate a producţiei normative, sub sancţiunea nulităţii, într-o normă de prioritate între principii şi reguli stabilite cu menirea de a rezolva conflicte între acestea. Astfel, nulitatea, sancţiune drastică şi esenţială a conceptului de jus cogens, s-ar diminua în faţa mecanismului de prioritate în aplicabilitate. Au existat în doctrină autori care au criticat vehement sancţiunea nulităţii, ce nu ar ţine cont de gravitatea încălcării prin derogare de la normele imperative, 2 sau că nu ar avea drept obiect decât limitarea autonomiei normative a subiectelor de drept internaţional, neputând împrumuta caracterul de sancţiune particulară, specifică ca în dreptul intern. Într-o altă opinie se consideră că nulitatea tratatelor particulare derogatorii, aflate astfel în conflict cu o normă imperativă internaţională, ar avea o eficacitate pusă sub semnul îndoielii, prin conexiunile cu dreptul intern,unde organele legislative dispun de adoptarea prin ratificare such, mandatory rules is always a higher level compared to international standards and this because any peremptory norm belongs to the general international law, which is the upper right. In the intern law the rules hierarchy problem is general and finds resolution through a series of well-established principles, with nature of imperative law. There are completely different things about the hierarchy in the system of international law. Characterized by equivalent springs, the international law, when addressing the problem of hierarchy, provides the option of making a substantial analysis of the rules, after which we find that in the upper echelons are placed the rules belonging to the imperative law. This situation is likely to produce a significant result on mandatory rules that transform from a validity norm of normative production, under penalty of nullity, in a rule of priority between principles and rules established with the purpose of resolving conflicts between these. So, the invalidity, the drastic and essential sanction of the concept of jus cogens, would lower in front of the mechanism of priority in the application. There were in the doctrine authors who criticized nullity, which does not take into account the seriousness of the derogation from the mandatory rules 10, or that would have as object only the limit of the legal autonomy of the subjects of international law, not borrowing the punitive particular character specific as in the intern law. In another opinion it is considered that the nullity of derogatory private treaties, that are in conflict with an international peremptory norm, would have an effectively questioned by connections with intern law, where the legislative bodies have adopted the ratification of treaties of general international law 11. In analyzing the relationship between the priority of application of imperative rules and the sanction of nullity which that 78

3 a unor tratate de drept internaţional general. 3 În analiza raportului dintre prioritatea aplicării normelor imperative şi sancţiunea nulităţii cu care aceste norme fac corp comun, doctrina de drept internaţional a fost preocupată de stabilirea rolului şi implicaţiilor articolului 103 din Carta ONU în dreptul imperativ. Pentru foarte mulţi autori, articolul 103 din Carta ONU s-ar constitui într-o reglementare cu efect de nulitate, mai mult chiar, s-a afirmat că nu ar exista diferenţă între nulitate, ca sancţiune specifică normelor imperative, şi efectul articolului amintit. 4 Un răspuns elocvent dat problemei relevanţei articolului 103 din Carta ONU îl găsim în opinia exprimată de Ion Diaconu, care la scurt timp după adoptarea Convenţiei de la Viena din 1969, sublinia că acest articol stabileşte doar o ordine de prioritate, în sensul că dispoziţiile Cartei se vor aplica prevalent în cazul unui conflict normativ. 5 Concluzionând, considerăm că atât nulitatea ca sancţiune ce derivă din însăşi esenţa normelor imperative internaţionale, cât şi prioritatea în aplicare a acestora, ca mecanism ce instituie ierarhia materială în dreptul internaţional,susţin în egală măsură şi conjugat dreptul imperativ. Raportul nulitate prioritate este unul bilateral şi avem în vedere că aparţinând dreptului internaţional general, norma imperativă este o normă superioară ce susţine interesul general al societăţii internaţionale. Superioritatea sa face ca ea să fie respectată prioritar în raport de normele speciale adoptate în cadrul tratatelor particulare sub sancţiunea atât de drastică a nulităţii absolute. Nulitatea de plin drept joacă astfel un rol de prevenţie la nivelul întregii comunităţi a statelor, după cum prioritatea normelor imperative va impune subiectelor de drept internaţional, ori de câte ori acestea intenţionează să încheie un tratat particular, să ia în considerare respectarea întregului ansamblu de norme de jus cogens. În opinia noastră însuşirile ce ţin de esenţa normelor imperative internaţionale au these rules are integral, the doctrine of international law was concerned with establishing the role and implications of Article 103 of the UN Charter in the right instructions. For many authors, Article 103 of the UN Charter would constitute in a regulatory with void effect, moreover, it was affirmed that there is no difference between nullity, as the specified penalty of the mandatory rules, and the effect of that article 12. An eloquent answer given to the problem relevance of Article 103 of the UN Charter can be found in the view expressed by Ion Diaconu, who shortly after the adoption of the Vienna Convention of 1969, emphasize that this article only sets a priority order, meaning that the Charter will be applied in the event of a normative conflict In conclusion, we believe that nullity as a sanction who derives from the very essence of international mandatory rules and also the priority in their application, as a mechanism that establishes the material hierarchy in international law, argue equally and conjugate the imperative right. The invalidity-priority report is a bilateral one and we consider that belonging to the general international law is an upper norm supporting the general interest of international society. Its superiority make it a priority in relation to special rules adopted under particular treaties under a drastic penalty of absolute nullity. Automatic nullity thus play a preventive role in the whole community of states as the priority of imperative rules will impose to the mandatory subjects of international law, whenever they intend to conclude a treaty particular, to consider the compliance of the entire set of rules of jus cogens. In our opinion the attributes of international mandatory rules have placed the entire set of such rules in a central position in the pattern of general international law. Result of the evolution of international society, but also indicator of the 79

4 plasat întregul ansamblu al acestor norme într-o poziţie centrală în configuraţia dreptului internaţional general. Rezultat al evoluţiei societăţii internaţionale, dar şi indicator al nivelului de consolidare a conştiinţei colective, jus cogens este mai mult decât un ansamblu de norme, dovedindu-se a fi un mecanism implicat în funcţionalitatea ordinii juridice internaţionale. Trăsătura specifică dar şi definitorie ce se detaşează în cadrul regimului juridic al normelor imperative internaţionale este inadmisibilitatea derogării, ceea ce unii autori au considerat, în sens metaforic, că atribuie acestor norme rolul de gardian al ordinii publice internaţionale. 6 Constituit exclusiv din norme aparţinând dreptului internaţional general, jus cogens este un corp de norme superioare, care prin calitatea intrinsecă a inderogabilităţii promovează o ierarhie în regulile ordinii juridice internaţionale. Existenţa însăşi a normelor imperative, ca norme supreme în dreptul internaţional, este de natură să introducă o ierarhie normativă, adică a normelor internaţionale, fără însă a regăsi aceiaşi influenţă şi asupra izvoarelor formale, cu mult mai limitată, doctrina promovând în această materie ideea de echivalenţă. De aceea am şi constatat o reţinere însoţită de o evidentă prudenţă în abordarea problemei ierarhiei formale, adică a surselor de drept. Se ridică totuşi întrebarea, dacă normele imperative influenţează în vreun mod izvoarele de drept internaţional sub aspectul priorităţii în aplicare? Mai întâi trebuie făcută o precizare preliminară, în sensul că ansamblul normelor imperative internaţionale nu se constituie într-un izvor aparte al dreptului internaţional. Ele sunt norme ale dreptului internaţional general având ca izvoare formale tratatul multilateral cu deschidere universală şi cutuma de aplicaţie generală. Din acest punct de vedere se poate vorbi de o anume ierarhie, situând la un nivel superior izvoarele formale ale dreptului internaţional general faţă de level of consolidation of collective consciousness, jus cogens is more than a set of rules, proved to be a mechanism involved in the functionality of the international legal order. The defining and specific feature that emerges in the legal framework of international mandatory rules is the inadmissible exemption, which some authors have considered, metaphorically, that give to these rules the role of "guardian" of international public order Consisting solely of rules belonging to general international law, jus cogens is a body of higher rules, that through the intrinsic quality of inderogability promote a hierarchy in the rules of the international legal order. The existence of the mandatory rules, as supreme rules in international law, is likely to introduce a regulatory hierarchy, meaning of the international standards, without find the same influence on formal sources, much more limited, in this matter the doctrine promoting the idea of equivalence. That's why I found a retention accompanied by an obvious caution in addressing formal hierarchy, ie the sources of law. It raises the question, however, whether mandatory rules affect in any way the sources of international law in terms of the priority in application? First there must be a preliminary specification, meaning that all international mandatory rules do not require a separate source of international law. They are rules of general international law having as formal sources the multilateral treaty with universal opening and the customary of general application. From this point of view we can speak of a certain hierarchy, placing in a higher level the formal sources of the general international law from sources composed of individual rules. The doctrine thinks that jus cogens changes the system of international law sources as their mutual relationship 15. In each of the main sources of international law, the treaty as the custom, the rules with mandatory character have a higher position. Between conventional and customary rules can not speak priori the 80

5 izvoarele formate din norme particulare. Doctrina consideră că jus cogens modifică însă sistemul izvoarelor de drept internaţional ca şi relaţia lor reciprocă. 7 În cadrul fiecăruia dintre principalele izvoare de drept internaţional, tratatul ca şi cutuma, normele cu caracter imperativ deţin o poziţie superioară. Între normele convenţionale şi cele cutumiare nu se poate vorbi aprioric de o ordine de prioritate, cu atât mai puţin în acele situaţii când se aplică ambele categorii de norme, fără a se exclude una pe cealaltă. Singura prioritate pentru astfel de situaţii este aceea când doar unul din izvoare implică aplicarea unei norme cu caracter imperativ, putând astfel reţine o ierarhie formală, adică în planul izvoarelor de drept internaţional. Cât priveşte ierarhia normativă materială, normele imperative se manifestă în sistemul de drept internaţional intervenind în raporturile dintre subiectele de drept, prin caracteristica ce ţine de interdicţia oricărei derogări între obligaţiile ce decurg dintr-o normă imperativă cu cele ce izvorăsc dintrun acord particular. Unii autori din doctrină au ţinut să sublinieze că jus cogens nu este un fenomen de ierarhie normativă în sens absolut, pentru că dreptul imperativ nu se poate plasa, conform naturii dreptului internaţional, decât la aceleaşi cote cu dreptul dispozitiv. De aceea ierarhia nu poate fi decât relativă, ea neînsemnând decât prioritatea normelor imperative asupra tratatelor particulare derogatorii. 8 S-a mai afirmat că ierarhia normativă nu poate fi decât relativă, aceasta pentru că ea intervine doar în raporturile particulare dintre subiecte determinate, la nivelul izvoarelor de obligaţii şi nu al izvoarelor de drept. order of priority, let alone in those situations when applying both sets of rules, without excluding each other. The only priority for this situation is when only one of the sources involves a mandatory rules and can thus retain a formal hierarchy, ie in terms of the sources of international law. As the material normative hierarchy, the mandatory rules are manifested in the international law system interfering in relations between subjects of law, through the feature related to the prohibition of derogation from the obligations arising from a peremptory norm with those arising from a particular agreement. Some authors have emphasized that the doctrine of jus cogens is not a phenomenon of normative hierarchy in an absolute sense, because the imperative right can not be placed, according to the nature of international law, only at the same rate with right device. Thus, the hierarchy can only be relative, it can mean only the priority of mandatory rules on private derogatory treaties It was further argued that the normative hierarchy can only be relative, this is because it occurs only in particular relations between determined subjects, at the sources of obligation and not sources of law. 1 J. A. Carillo Salcedo Droit international et souveraineté des Etats, RCADI vol. 257, 1996, p ; P.M.Dupuy Droit international public 3. ed. Paris 1995, p H. Mosler Jus cogens im Volkerrecht, ASDI 1968 p. 39,40. 3 J.Jurt Zwigendes Volkerrecht Ein Beitrag zur Lehre objectiven Volkerrecht, 1933, p. 24,

6 4 E. Schwelb Somme Aspects of jus cogens as formulated by the International Law Commission, A.J.I.L. nr. 1, 1967 p. 959 ; Gomez Robledo- Le jus cogens international: sa genesse, sa nature, ses fonctions. RCADI vol III, 1981, p. 134 ; P. Weil Le droit international en quête de son identité, Recueil des cours, vol.6, 1992, p.268, I. Diaconu- Normele imperative în dreptul internaţional public jus cogens, ed. Academiei, 1977, p D. Popescu- Drept internaţional public, Editura Universităţii Titu Maiorescu, 2005, p Robert Kolb Théorie de jus cogens international; essai de relecture du concept, PUF, 2001, p. 137 ca şi nota 527 de la aceiaşi pagină. 8 M. Virally Réflections sur le jus cogens, AFDI 1966 (12 ) p J. A. Carillo Salcedo Droit international et souveraineté des Etats, RCADI vol. 257, 1996, p ; P.M.Dupuy Droit international public 3. Paris Publishing 1995, p H. Mosler Jus cogens im Volkerrecht, ASDI 1968 p. 39, J.Jurt Zwigendes Volkerrecht Ein Beitrag zur Lehre objectiven Volkerrecht, 1933, p. 24, E. Schwelb Somme Aspects of jus cogens as formulated by the International Law Commission, A.J.I.L. nr. 1, 1967 p. 959 ; Gomez Robledo- Le jus cogens international: sa genesse, sa nature, ses fonctions. RCADI vol III, 1981, p. 134 ; P. Weil Le droit international en quête de son identité, Recueil des cours, vol.6, 1992, p.268, I. Diaconu- Normele imperative în dreptul internaţional public jus cogens, ed. Academiei, 1977, p D. Popescu- Drept internaţional public, Universitatea Titu Maiorescu Publishing, 2005, p Robert Kolb Théorie de jus cogens international; essai de relecture du concept, PUF, 2001, p. 137 as the note 527 from the same page. 16 M. Virally Réflections sur le jus cogens, AFDI 1966 (12 ) p

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