2/27/2014. Americans experience cultural conflicts as customs and values change in the United States during the 1920s.

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1920-1929 During the 1920s, rural America clashes with a faster-paced urban culture.

Americans experience cultural conflicts as customs and values change in the United States during the 1920s. Objectives: 1.

Describe the controversy over the role of science and religion in American education and society in the 1920s.

1 During the 1920s, rural America clashes with a faster-paced urban culture. Women s attitudes and roles change, influenced in part by the mass media. Many African Americans join in the new urban culture. Americans experience cultural conflicts as customs and values change in the United States during the 1920s. Objectives: 1. Explain how urbanization created a new way of life that often clashed with the values of traditional rural society. 2. Describe the controversy over the role of science and religion in American education and society in the 1920s. Main Idea: Americans experienced cultural conflicts as customs and values changed in the 1920s. Why It Matters Now: The way in which different groups react to change continues to cause conflict today. Billy Sunday 18th Amendment Prohibition Speakeasy Bootlegger Organized Crime Al Capone Fundamentalism Clarence Darrow Scopes Trial William Jennings Bryan John Scopes 1

65 other cities with 100,000 people or more In 1920s, people are caught between urban and rural cultures Anonymous crowds, moneymaking, pleasure-seeking in cities

th Amendment Launches the Prohibition era Supported by religious groups, rural South, West Prohibition production, sale, transportation of alcohol illegal

liquor, buy prescription alcohol, sacramental wine Bootleggers smuggle alcohol from surrounding counties Organized Crime: Prohibition contributes to organized crime

Untouchables battled Capone By mid 1920s, only 19% support prohibition 18 th Amendment is repealed in 1933 by 21 st Amendment American Fundamentalism:

2 The New Urban Scene: 1920 census: 51.2% of Americans in communities of 2,500 or more : nearly 2 million people leave farms, towns each year Largest cities are New York, Chicago, Philadelphia 65 other cities with 100,000 people or more In 1920s, people are caught between urban and rural cultures Anonymous crowds, moneymaking, pleasure-seeking in cities Close ties, hard work, strict morals of small towns Use the top two paragraphs on page 435 of your text to fill in worksheet section The Prohibition Experiment: 18 th Amendment Launches the Prohibition era Supported by religious groups, rural South, West Prohibition production, sale, transportation of alcohol illegal Government does not budget enough money to protect the law Speakeasies and Bootleggers: Speakeasies (hidden saloons, nightclubs) become fashionable People distill liquor, buy prescription alcohol, sacramental wine Bootleggers smuggle alcohol from surrounding counties Organized Crime: Prohibition contributes to organized crime in major cities Al Capone controls Chicago liquor business by literally killing off his competition Elliot Ness and his group of government agents called The Untouchables battled Capone By mid 1920s, only 19% support prohibition 18 th Amendment is repealed in 1933 by 21 st Amendment American Fundamentalism: Fundamentalism movement based on literal interpretation of the Bible Fundamentalists skeptical of some scientific discoveries, theories Reject theory of evolution Believe all important knowledge can be found in the Bible Billy Sunday holds emotional meetings Aimee Semple McPherson uses showmanship while preaching on radio 2

3 The Scopes Trial: 1925, Tennessee passes law making it a crime to teach evolution American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) backs teacher John T. Scopes challenge of the law Clarence Darrow, the most famous trial lawyer of the time, defends Scopes Fundamentalist William Jennings Bryan is special prosecutor Scopes Monkey Trial debates evolution, role of science, religion in school National sensation thousands follow Bryan admits Bible is open to interpretation, but Scopes is found guilty, and fined $100 Billy Sunday 18th Amendment Prohibition Speakeasy Bootlegger Organized Crime Al Capone Fundamentalism Clarence Darrow Scopes Trial William Jennings Bryan John Scopes Students pair up and work on Section 1 of Chapter 13 study guide. American women pursue new lifestyles an assume new jobs and different roles in society in the 1920s. Objectives: 1. Explain how the image of the flapper embodied the changing values and attitudes of young women in the 1920s. 2. Identify the causes and results of the changing roles of women in the 1920s. Main Idea: American women pursued new lifestyles and assumed new jobs and different roles in society in the 1920s. Why It Matters Now: Workplace opportunities and trends in family life are still major issues for women today. 3

Flapper Double standard The Flapper: Flapper emancipated young woman, adopts new fashions, attitudes Many young women want equal status that men, become assertive Middle class men and women begin to

4 Flapper Double standard The Flapper: Flapper emancipated young woman, adopts new fashions, attitudes Many young women want equal status that men, become assertive Middle class men and women begin to see marriage as an equal partnership However, housework and child-rearing still a woman s job Believe it or not even your great grandma was cool back in the day The Double Standard: Elders disapprove new behavior and its promotion by periodicals, ads Casual dating begins to replace formal courtship Women subject to double standard-more sexual freedom granted to men and women having to observe stricter standards of behavior New Work Opportunities: After war, employers replace female workers with men Female college graduates become teachers, nurses, librarians Many women become clerical workers as demand rises Some become sales clerks, factory workers Few become managers, always paid less than men The Changing Family: Birthrate drops partly due to birth control information Manufactured products, public services, give homemakers freedom Housewives can focus more on families and pastimes, not housework Marriages increasingly based on romantic love, companionship Children spend most of the day at school and in organized activities Adolescents resist parental control Working-class and college-educated women juggle family and work 4

5 Flapper Double Standard Students pair up and work on Section 2 of Chapter 13 study guide. The mass media, movies, an spectator sports play important roles in creating the public culture of the 1920s a culture that many artists and writers criticize Objectives: 1. Describe the popular culture of the 1920s 2. Explain why the youth-dominated decade came to be called the Roaring Twenties Main Idea: The mass media, movies, and spectator sports played important roles in creating the popular culture of the 1920s. Why It Matters Now: Much of today s popular culture can trace its roots back to the 1920s. Youth in the Roaring Twenties: Turn to page 444 in your textbook 5

Charles A. Lindbergh George Gershwin Georgia O Keefe Sinclair Lewis F. Scott Fitzgerald Edna St.

Prosperity Higher standards for industry jobs Pre-1920s, high school was only for college-bound In 1920s, high schools

school costs rise sharply Expanding News Coverage: Mass media shapes mass culture; takes advantage of greater literacy

Time founded Radio Comes of Age: Radio is the most powerful communications medium of 1920s Networks provide shared

leisure time to enjoy it Crowds attend sporting events; athletes glorified in the mass media Lindbergh s Flight: Charles

6 Charles A. Lindbergh George Gershwin Georgia O Keefe Sinclair Lewis F. Scott Fitzgerald Edna St. Vincent Millay Ernest Hemingway School Enrollments: High school population increases dramatically in the 1920s due to Prosperity Higher standards for industry jobs Pre-1920s, high school was only for college-bound In 1920s, high schools also offer vocational training Public schools prepare immigrant children who speak no English School taxes increase as school costs rise sharply Expanding News Coverage: Mass media shapes mass culture; takes advantage of greater literacy By 1914, hundreds of local newspapers replaced by national chains 1920s-mass market magazines thrive; Reader s Digest, Time founded Radio Comes of Age: Radio is the most powerful communications medium of 1920s Networks provide shared national experience Can hear news as it happens New-Found Leisure Time: In 1920s, many people have extra money and leisure time to enjoy it Crowds attend sporting events; athletes glorified in the mass media Lindbergh s Flight: Charles A. Lindbergh makes first solo nonstop flight across Atlantic Small-town Minnesotan symbolizes honesty, bravery in age of excess Lindbergh paves way for other pilots 6

Entertainment and the Arts: Silent movies are already a national pastime Introduction of sound in 1927 leads millions to attend every week Playwrights and composers break away from European

style Writers of the 1920s: Sinclair Lewis is the first American to win Nobel Prize for literature Criticizes conformity, materialism F.

7 Entertainment and the Arts: Silent movies are already a national pastime Introduction of sound in 1927 leads millions to attend every week Playwrights and composers break away from European traditions George Gershwin uses jazz to create distinctly American music Painters portray American realities and dreams Georgia O Keeffe paints intensely colored canvases of New York in the art deco style Writers of the 1920s: Sinclair Lewis is the first American to win Nobel Prize for literature Criticizes conformity, materialism F. Scott Fitzgerald reveals negative side of the era s excesses and freedom Edna St. Vincent Millay celebrates youth and independence in her poems Writers soured by American culture and war settle in Europe Expatriate Ernest Hemingway introduces a tough, simple American style Writers of the 1920s: F. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby (2013) Charles A. Lindbergh George Gershwin Georgia O Keefe Sinclair Lewis F. Scott Fitzgerald Edna St. Vincent Millay Ernest Hemingway Students pair up and work on Section 3 of Chapter 13 study guide. A shocking enemy attack in Vietnam, and a chaotic political convention help make 1968 the most explosive year of the decade. 7

The nation s longest war ends after nearly ten years and leaves a lasting impact on U.S. policy and American society. 1858-1884 - France invades Vietnam and makes Vietnam a colony.

8 The nation s longest war ends after nearly ten years and leaves a lasting impact on U.S. policy and American society France invades Vietnam and makes Vietnam a colony. October Ho Chi Minh helps found the Indochinese Communist Party. September Japan invades Vietnam. May Ho Chi Minh establishes the Viet Minh (League for the Independence of Vietnam). September 2, Ho Chi Minh declares an independent Vietnam, called the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. January The Viet Minh receive military advisors and weapons from China. July The United States pledges $15 million worth of military aid to France to help them fight in Vietnam. May 7, The French suffer a decisive defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. July 21, The Geneva Accords creates a ceasefire for the peaceful withdrawal of the French from Vietnam and provides a temporary boundary between North and South Vietnam at the 17th parallel. October 26, South Vietnam declares itself the Republic of Vietnam, with newly elected Ngo Dinh Diem as president. December 20, The National Liberation Front (NLF), also called the Viet Cong, is established in South Vietnam. November 2, South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem is executed during a coup. August 2 and 4, North Vietnamese attack two U.S. destroyers sitting in international waters (the Gulf of Tonkin Incident). August 7, In response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, the U.S. Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. March 2, A sustained U.S. aerial bombing campaign of North Vietnam begins (Operation Rolling Thunder). March 8, The first U.S. combat troops arrive in Vietnam. January 30, The North Vietnamese join forces with the Viet Cong to launch the Tet Offensive, attacking approximately one hundred South Vietnamese cities and towns. March 16, U.S. soldiers kill hundreds of Vietnamese civilians in the town of My Lai. July General William Westmoreland, who had been in charge of the U.S. troops in Vietnam, is replaced by General Creighton Abrams. December U.S. troops in Vietnam reaches 540,000. July President Nixon orders the first of many U.S. troop withdrawals from Vietnam. September 3, Communist revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh dies at age 79. November 13, The American public learns of the My Lai massacre April 30, President Nixon announces that U.S. troops will attack enemy locations in Cambodia. This news sparks nationwide protests, especially on college campuses. May 4, After a night of student protests and the burning of the ROTC building on campus, four students are killed and 9 injured when Ohio National Guardsmen open fire at Kent State University. June 13, Portions of the Pentagon Papers are published in The New York Times. March The North Vietnamese cross the demilitarized zone (DMZ) at the 17th parallel to attack South Vietnam in what became known as the Easter Offensive. January 27, The Paris Peace Accords are signed that provide a cease-fire. March 29, The last U.S. troops are withdrawn from Vietnam. March North Vietnam launches a massive assault on South Vietnam. April 30, South Vietnam surrenders to the communists. July 2, Vietnam is unified as a communist country, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. November 13, The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington D.C. is dedicated. 8

Objectives: Section 5: The End of the War and Its Legacy 1. Describe Nixon s policy of Vietnamization 2.

involvement and the final outcome in Vietnam 4.

Nixon instituted his Vietnamization policy, and America s longest war finally came to an end.

9 Objectives: Section 5: The End of the War and Its Legacy 1. Describe Nixon s policy of Vietnamization 2. Explain the public s reaction to the Vietnam War during Nixon s presidency 3. Describe the end of U.S. involvement and the final outcome in Vietnam 4. Examine the war s painful legacy in the United States and Southeast Asia Chapter 22: The Vietnam War Years Main Idea: President Nixon instituted his Vietnamization policy, and America s longest war finally came to an end. Why It Matters Now: Since Vietnam, the United States considers more carefully the risks to its own interests before intervening in foreign affairs. Richard Nixon Henry Kissinger Vietnamization Silent Majority My Lai Kent State University Pentagon Papers War Powers Act The Pullout Begins: New President Richard Nixon finds negotiations with Vietnamese not progressing National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger works on a new plan Vietnamization U.S. troops withdraw, S. Vietnam troops take over Peace With Honor : Nixon calls for peace with honor to maintain U.S. dignity Orders bombing of North Vietnam and Vietcong hideouts in Laos, Cambodia 9

Mainstream America: Silent Majority moderate, mainstream people who support the war The My Lai Massacre: News breaks that a U.S. platoon massacred civilians in My Lai village Lt. William Calley Jr.

5 million protesting college students close down 1,200 campuses Violence on Campus: National Guard kills 4 students in confrontation at Kent State University Guardsmen kill two during confrontation

Before this event, Nixon and Agnew and their supporters were successful in characterizing youth as spoiled and not worth listening to. 1.

10 Mainstream America: Silent Majority moderate, mainstream people who support the war The My Lai Massacre: News breaks that a U.S. platoon massacred civilians in My Lai village Lt. William Calley Jr., in command, is convicted and imprisoned The Invasion of Cambodia: 1970-U.S. troops invade Cambodia to clear out enemy supply centers 1.5 million protesting college students close down 1,200 campuses Violence on Campus: National Guard kills 4 students in confrontation at Kent State University Guardsmen kill two during confrontation at Jackson State in Mississippi 100,000 construction workers rally in NYC to support government The Pentagon Papers: Nixon invades Cambodia; Congress repeals Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Pentagon Papers scandal-shows that U.S. had plans to enter war under LBJ Confirms belief that government was not honest about intentions This famous photograph made an important statement about the growing division about the Vietnam War. Before this event, Nixon and Agnew and their supporters were successful in characterizing youth as spoiled and not worth listening to. 1. Why does this photograph remain a symbol of the Vietnam War era today? 2. What do you think is the most striking element on the photo? Why? Peace is at Hand : % think U.S. should withdraw from Vietnam by end of the year 1972-North Vietnamese attack, the U.S. bombs cities and mines Haiphong Harbor Kissinger agrees to complete withdrawal of U.S. Peace is at Hand The Final Push: South Vietnam rejects the Kissinger plan Talks break off, bombing resumes Congress calls for end to war, peace signed January 1973 The Fall of Saigon: Cease-fire breaks down; South surrenders after North invades in 1975 American Veterans Cope Back Home: 58,000 Americans, over 2 million North and South Vietnamese die in the war Returning veterans face indifference, hostility at home About 15% develop post-traumatic stress disorder 10

11 Further Turmoil in Southeast Asia: Communists put 400,000 South Vietnamese in labor camps 1.5 million flee Civil war breaks out in Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge seize power Want to establish a peasant society; kill at least 1 million people The Legacy of Vietnam: Government abolishes military draft 1973-Congress passes the War Powers Act President must inform Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops 90 day maximum deployment without Congressional approval War contributes to cynicism about government and political leaders Richard Nixon Henry Kissinger Vietnamization Silent Majority My Lai Kent State University Pentagon Papers War Powers Act Students pair up and work on Section 5 of Chapter 22 study guide. 11

Chapter 29 Section 4 The War s End and Impact

Chapter 29 Section 4 The War s End and Impact President Nixon inherited an unpopular war and increasing troubles on the home front. Peace Talks Stall Formal peace talks began in May, 1968 in Paris US wanted