Crime and Violence in Latin America

Transcription

1 Crime and Violence in Latin America Citizen Security, Democracy, and the State Edited by Hugo Friihling and JosephS. Tulchin with Heather A. Golding Woodrow Wilson Center Press Washington, D.C. The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore and London

2 Contents 1 Introduction: Citizen Security in Regional Perspective ix xi JosephS. Tulchin and Heather A. Golding Part I. Issues and Themes 2 Police Reform and the Process of Democratization 15 Hugo Friihling 3 The Control of Police Misconduct in the Americas 45 Paul Chevigny 4 Citizen Security and Reform of the Crintinal 69 Justice System in Latin America Mauricio Duce and Rogelio Perez Perdomo 5 The Violent Americas: Risk Factors, Consequences, 93 and Policy Implications of Social and Domestic Violence Andrew Morrison, Mayra Buvinic, and Michael Shifter Part II. Case Studies 6 Citizen Insecurity and Fear: Public and Private 125 Responses in Argentina Catalina Smulovitz vii

3 viii Contents 7 The Militarization of Public Security in Pem!53 8 Carlos Basombr(o PolicecCommunity Partuerships in Brazil 179 Paulo de Mesquita Neto and Adriana Lache 9 Experiences with Citizen Participation in Crime Prevention in Central Amenca 205 Figures 5.1 Homicide Rates in Low-Violence Regions Laura Chinchilla Internationalized Crime and the Vulnerability of Small States in the Caribbean Anthony P. Maingot Homicide Rates in High-Violence Regions World Victimization Rates from Violent Crime Community and Social, Household, and Individual 102 Detenninants of Violence 9.1 Victimization Rates in Central American Countries 207 Part III. Conclusions and Recommendations II Looking Ahead: Steps to Reduce Crime and Violence in the Americas Joseph S. Tulchin and Heather A. Golding Contributors Index Growth in Crime Rates in Central American Countries Confiscation of Cocaine in Central America 2!1 Tables 5.1 Disability-Adjusted Life Years Lost to Violence The Prevalence of Violence against Females in 98 Latin American and Caribbean Countries 5.3 Examples of Crime versus Violence The Socioeconomic Costs of Violence Economic Costs of Social Violence in Six 112 Latin American Countries 6.1 Answers to the Survey Question "Were you the 128 victim of one or more crimes during the year?" 6.2 Ranking of Crimes: Comparison among the Cities 128 of Rosario, Greater Buenos Aires, and the Capital ix

4 X Answer to a Survey Question about Those Who Have Been Victims of a Crime in the Past 12 Months Comparison of Homicide Growth Rates in Brazil Comparison of Homicide Growth Rates for Males in Brazil Comparison of Homicide Growth Rates for Females iu Brazil Comparison of Homicide Growth Rates for People Years of Age in Brazil Comparison of Homicide Growth Rates for People Years of Age in Brazil Human Rights Training of the International Committee of the Red Cross Homicide Rates in Central American Countries 9.2 Results of a Survey Question Regarding the. Perception of Insecurity by Residents of HatJllo, 9.3 Results of a Survey Question Regarding the. Image of the Police among Residents of Hattllo, 9.4 Results of a Survey Question Regarding Victimization Rates of Residents of Hatillo, 10.1 The Public's Perceptions of Judges We in the Woodrow Wilson Center's Latin American Program initially became interested in the issue of citizen security out of a concern for judicial reform and corruption in Latin America. We addressed these questions in two earlier publications: Combating Corruption in Latin America (2000), edited by Joseph S. Tulchin and Ralph H. Espach, and Modernizaci6n de Ia Administraci6n de Justicia en Ia Argentina (1998), edited by Joseph S. Tulchin and Allison M. Garland. These twin interests led us to focus on the larger issue of citizen security, on which topic we, along with Hugo Friihling, organized a seminar. The research gathered in this volume represents the first phase of our inquiry into this topic. The second phase of our citizen security work examines police and judicial reform and the relationship between citizens and police. The Woodrow Wilson Center organized groundbreaking forums throughout Latin America to communicate the knowledge we had gained as a result of the first project to the police, the judiciary, and other state officials using the Wilson Center's position as a "safe" nonpartisan forum to bring together all the stakeholders in the reform process. A volume compiling the results of this policy work will be in press shortly. These first two projects on citizen secmity convinced us that the increase in the rates of crime and violence is not the only danger facing Latin American coimtties. The citizens' often inflated perception of insecurity represents a real threat to democratic governance as well. Consequently, we determined that citizen participation in reform efforts is invaluable in abating the feeling of insecurity and, therefore, diminishing its harmful impact on democratic governance. Our latest project on citizen security was formulated with this in mind; it consists of au action research project aimed at reducing the distance between citizens and the forces of law and order to foster better communication between the two groups and help reduce the perception of insecurity. The Latin American Program's activities on citizen security would not have been possible without the generous support of the Tinker Foundaxi

5 xii tion, which funded the project on judicial reform, and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, which supported the publication of this volume. The editors would also like to extend our special appreciation to Meg Ruthenburg, program associate with the Latin American Program, who saw this volume through the final stages of publication. In addition, thanks are due to Latin American Program interns Kristin Berger, Carolina Dallal, Craig Fagan, Jacqueline Lee, and Audrey Yao for their meticulous work in preparing the manuscript for publication.