EDITED BY. Michael Goodhart OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

Transcription

1 i mini in i II in IIIII mil IIIII mil mil Illl Illl A/ Human Rights Politics and Practice EDITED BY Michael Goodhart OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 Detailed Contents Notes on Contributors xvii Introduction: Human Rights in Politics and Practice Michael Goodhart 1 Why Human Rights? 2 The Politics of Human Rights 4 The Practice of Human Rights 5 Human Rights as an Object of Enquiry 6 About this Book 7 Part I Human Rights and Politics 1 Normative and Theoretical Foundations of Human Rights Anthony J. Langlois 11 Introduction 12 The Emergence of Rights Language 12 The Revolutionary Uses of Human Rights 12 Philosophical Questions 13 Modern Human Rights 15 The Universalism of Human Rights 19 Human Rights as a Political Project 23 Conclusion 24 2 Human Rights in International Law Rhona K. M. Smith 26 Introduction 27 Historical Evolution of International Human Rights Law 28 Sources of International Human Rights Law - 30 Monitoring and Enforcing International Human Rights Law 36 Conclusion 42 3 Measuring Human Rights Todd Landman 45 Introduction 46 The Purpose of Measuring Human Rights 47 Challenges to Measuring Human Rights 48 Types of Human Rights Measures 51 Conclusion 56 4 Human Rights in International Relations Tim Dunne and Marianne Hanson 59 Introduction 60 Theoretical Issues and Context 60 Key Controversies 62 Findings: Human Rights and State Practice 67 Conclusion 72

3 xiv 5 Human Rights in Comparative Politics Sonia Cardenas 75 Introduction 76 The Logic of Comparison 76 The Sources of State Repression 78 Internalizing Human Rights 82 Domestic-International Linkages 87 Conclusion 88 6 Sociological and Anthropological Approaches Damien Short 92 Introduction 93 Sociology of Human Rights 93 Anthropology of Human Rights 98 A Common Thread: The Social Construction of Rights 103 Conclusion Ideological (Mis)use of Human Rights David Chandler 109 Introduction 110 Human Rights and the Legal Subject 111 The Rise of Human Rights 113 Human Rights and International Intervention 115 Human Rights and the Search for Meaning 121 Conclusion 123 Part II Human Rights in Practice 8 Political Democracy and State Repression Christian Davenport 129 Introduction 130 Understanding the Democracy-Repression Nexus 130 Case Study: Democracy and Repression in the United States: A Peculiar Story of African American Persecution and Freedom 134 The Path to Peace: Directions for Future Research 142 Conclusion Global Civil Society and Human Rights Marlies Clasius 147 Introduction 148 WhatisGCS? 148 Case Study: GCS as Paradigm-Shifters: Economic and Social Rights 149 Case Study: GCS as Lawmakers: Establishment of the International Criminal Court 153 Case Study: GCS as Human Rights Monitors: The East Timor Solidarity Movement 157 Conclusion Human Rights and Politics in Development Sakiko Fukuda-Parr 164 Introduction 165 Development and the Struggles for Human Rights 165 The Right to Development (RTD) 167 Human Rights-Based Approach to Development (HRBA) 169 Case Study: The Millennium Development Goals (MDCs) and Human Rights 175 Conclusion Economic Globalization and Human Rights David L Richards and Ronald D. Celleny 182 Introduction 183 Economic Globalization and Government Respect for Human Rights: Two Opposing Views 183

4 XV Globalization and Human Rights: Examining the Empirical Results 186 Case Study: Do MNCs Invest in Human Rights? 188 Data and Research Design 191 Findings 193 Conclusion Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation Andrea M. Bertone 201 Introduction 202 Definitions of Human Trafficking 203 The Anti-White Slavery Movement and the Rise in International Consciousness about the Traffic in Women 205 Origins of the Contemporary Anti-Trafficking Movement 207 The Ascendancy of Trafficking as an Issue in the 1990s 210 Case Study: Human Trafficking in the United States 212 Conclusion Children's Human Rights Advocacy Vanessa Pupavac 219 Introduction 220 International Children's Rights Come of Age 220 Constructing the Children's Rights Movement 221 Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood 223 From Universal Development to Relative Development Models 226 Crisis of Economic Development and the Rise of Children's Rights 229 Idealist Reconstruction of Cultural Norms 230 Case Study: Punishing Childhoods 233 Conclusion Human Rights and Forced Migration Gil Loescher 239 Introduction 240 Assessing the Problem 240 The Problem of Defining Refugees 242 The UNHCR, Human Rights, and the International Refugee Regime 248 Case Study: Forced Displacement in Myanmar 253 The Way Forward: The Need for New Alliances and New Actors 255 Conclusion Indigenous Peoples Human Rights Paul Havemann 260 Introduction 261 Who are Indigenous Peoples According to International Law? 261 Centuries of Ambivalence about the Recognition of Indigenous Peoples 262 The United Nations and Indigenous Group Rights 266 Case Study: Indigenous Peoples and Climate Change 270 Reconciling Indigenous Self-Determination with State Sovereignty? 274 Conclusion Genocide and Human Rights Scott Straus 279 Introduction 280 The Origins of the Concept of 'Genocide' 280 Theories of Genocide 285 Case Studies: Rwanda and Darfur 287 Rwanda 287 Darfur 291 Conclusion 294

5 XVI 17 Torture William F. Schulz 297 Introduction 298 Torture in Western History 299 How to Make a Torturer 303 Case Study: Ticking Bomb Torture 306 Putting an End to Torture: New Developments and High Promise 309 Conclusion The Environment John Barry and Kerri Woods 316 Introduction 317 The Impact of Economic Globalization on the Environment and Human Rights 318 Problems of Compatibility 322 Implementing Environmental Human Rights? 323 Problems with Environmental Human Rights? 325 Case Study: Climate Change and Environmental Refugees 328 Case Study: Development Projects and Environmental Refugees 329 Human Rights and Environmental Sustainability 330 Conclusion Humanitarian Intervention Alan J. Kuperman 334 Introduction 335 Evolving Concepts 335 Military Intervention 337 Obstacles to Effectiveness 341 Unintended Consequences 342 Case Study: Bosnia 343 Conclusion Transitional Justice Joanna R. Quinn 354 Introduction 355 Retributive Justice 356 Restorative Justice 359 Reparative Justice 362 Putting Transitional Justice into Practice 363 Case Study: Uganda 364 Conclusion 367 Conclusion: The Future of Human Rights Michael Goodhart 370 Introduction 371 Defending Human Rights 371 Extending Human Rights 374 Achieving Human Rights 376 Conclusion 378 Appendix 1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 379 Appendix 2. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 384 Appendix 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 399 Glossary 407 References 420 Index 444