336 Index. Japan International Cooperation Agency ( JICA) 194 Jiegao BTZ 294, 303, 328

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1 Index airport/airports 10, 90, 100, 110, 124, 173, 174, 201, 211, 244, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 313 An Giang 82, 83, 93, 94 An Giang Province BEZ 93 Aranya Prathet 117, 300, 313 Rong Kluea Market 117, 120, 121 3, 127 see also Poipet Aranya Prathet border ASEAN 5, 7, 9, 187, 201, 282 Tourism Agreement Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) 103 ASEAN and China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) 9, 240, 303 ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) 10, 23 ASEAN-6 countries 9 Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM) 9 Asian Development Bank (ADB) 3, 57, 74, 134, 163 Asian Highway 63, 79 Association of Southeast Asian Nations see ASEAN Ayeyawady Chao Phraya Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy (ACMECS) 11 12, 187, 282, 302 bailout fees 34 Bangkok 3, 16, 23, 26, 43, 51, 53, 70, 75, 79, 110, 117, 119, 122, 123 Bank of China 282 Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation see BIMSTEC Beishan District 273, 274 BEZs see border gate economic zones BIMSTEC 187, 201, 282 Binh Phuoc 81, 93 Bonue BEZ 93 Board of Trade of Thailand (BOT) 60 bonded zones 21 2, 23, 309 border checkpoints 38, 108, 129, 189, 202 Cham Yeam Hat Lek border Poipet Aranya Prathet border 117 border economic zones (BEZs) 3 28, 89 94, 143, 299, 306 development of border pass system economic activities 307, feasibility population size and income level , 324 feasibility of development industries tourism see casinos; tourism trade 20 3 see also individual zones border gates 53, 70, 94, 190 Thailand Cambodia 124 Thailand Myanmar 190, 193 Vietnam Cambodia 80, 81 2, 83 Vietnam China 81, 83 Vietnam Laos 81, 83, 134 border pass system 11, 12, 20, 61, , border trade zones (BTZs) 20 3 Boten 245, 305 Dansavanh 134, 155 7, 158, 305 Mohan 226 7, 245, 303 Muse City 21, 23, 286, 301 Myawaddy 194 6, 302, 303 see also border economic zones; and specific borders Boten BTZ 226 7, 245, 305 Boten Mohan Border Area BEZs/BTZs border pass system 318 cross-border movement goods people

2 Index 333 geography 220 issues and challenges 227 underdevelopment 329 BTZs see border trade zones Burma see Myanmar Burma Road 285 9, 291 Ca Long Pier 269 Cambodia 3, 4, BEZs 80, border gates 80 cross-border trade 15, 16 17, GDP 5 6 migrant workers 39 employment sector 41 population 12 regional development SEZs 109, , 128, UN Transitional Authority 9 see also individual towns Cambodia Development Council 304 Cambodia International Freight Forwarders Associations (CAMFFA) 60 Cambodia Thailand border bilateral relations 128 Cham Yeam Hat Lek crossing checkpoints 108, commerce and tourism 127 government role 128 industrial development migrant workers 29 52, , 123 Poipet Aranya Prathet crossing 65, 68, 69, 70, Cambodia Vietnam border 84 Cambodian Special Economic Zone Board (CSEZB) 97, 100, 304 Camcontrol 129 CAMKO Motor 115 Cao Bang BEZ 92, 251 casinos 23 4, 88, 107, 313 Cham Yeam 109, 114, 130 L.Y.P. Group , 126 Mengla 237 Poipet 121 CBTA see cross-border transport agreement Central Sub-Corridor 25, 26, 79, 80, 101 Cham Yeam 108, casino (KKIRC) 109, 114, 130 Cham Yeam Hat Lek border border pass system 317 cross-border movement CBTA checkpoints immigration 112 trade Chhay Chhay Investment Company 123 Chiang Khong Houayxay Border Area , 300 BEZs 218 border pass system 318 cross-border movement goods people geography 213 underdevelopment 329 Chiang Saen Port Chiang Saen Thonpheung Border Area cross-border movement goods 243 people issues and challenges China 7 cross-border trade 15, 222 5, 236 7, Foreign Trade Law population 13 Quadrangle Economic Zone 9, regional development Western Great Development Strategies 303 Yunnan Province see Yunnan Province

3 334 Index China Road Transport Association (CRTA) 60 China ASEAN Expo 257 China Myanmar border see Myanmar China border China Vietnam border confluence cross-border people movements 256 7, 262, 263 cross-border trade , border regions history mechanisms cross-border transportation Friendship Gate geography 252 see also specific borders China Vietnam Automobile Transportation Agreement 266 China Vietnam Border Economic Cooperation Zone 272 Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) 288 Chom checkpoint 129 Choonhavan, Chartchai 186 7, 209 CIQ see customs, immigration and quarantine CLM countries 6 8, 17, 300 GPP GRP regional development 306 see also individual countries CLMV countries 10, 13 see also Cambodia; Laos; Myanmar; Vietnam clothing see garment industry coastal economic zones 89 Cold War 19 ending of 8 10 commodities see goods common control areas (CCAs) 66 7, 88 9, Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme 103 containers cross-border movement temporary importation 59 crime 15 cross-border movement 3 28 documentation 86, 88 9 expansion of goods see cross-border trade people 60 2, 80 9, , 136 9, 172 3, 178 9, , laissez-passer 86, 88, passport holders 86, 88, 139 visas 88 positive/negative effects toll fees 63 vehicles/containers 58 62, 80 9, temporary importation 59 transit transport see also specific borders cross-border trade 20 3, Cambodia 15, 16 17, China 15, 222 5, , 280 5, Laos 15, 16 17, 167, Myanmar 15, 192 6, 224 5, 280 5, Thailand 15, 16 17, Vietnam 15, 16 17, cross-border transport agreement (CBTA) 11, 53 76, 109, 195, 245, 265, 299 annexes and protocols 55, cross-border movement of vehicles and containers single-window/single-stop inspection 57 8 transport of people and goods 60 2 Cham Yeam Hat Lek border Hekou Lao Cai Border 65, 67, 68, 69 history 56 7 IICBTA Program 55 6, 64 5, 71 implementation expected deadlines initial Lao Bao Dansavanh Border 65, 66, 67 8, 69, 72, 133 layer structure 54 Moc Bai Bavet border 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70 1,

4 Index 335 Poipet Aranya Prathet border 65, 68, 69, 70, Savannak het Mukdahan Border 65, 68, 69 seven conventions 56 7 Stung Bot Nong Ian Border 70 cross-border transport infrastructure (CBTI) 3, 54, 257 customs, immigration and quarantine (CIQ) 21, 22, 53, 244, 279 single-stop inspection 57 8, 89, , 265 see also specific borders Daluo 24, 208, 210, 222 3, 228, 235 7, 246 see also Mengla Daluo Border Area Danang 70, 159 dangerous goods 62 Dansavanh BTZ 134, 155 7, 158, 305 investment in preferential policy see also Lao Bao SECA Dehong Dai Jingppo Autonomous Region 328 Dien Bien 81, 83, 92, 208 Tay Trang BEZ 92 Dong Thap 82, 93, 94 Dong Thap Province BEZ 93 Dongxing BEZ 251, 255, 267 Dongxing Mong Cai Border , 314 border pass system 319 foreign vehicle crossings 323 Doung checkpoint 129 drug trafficking 15, 24 duty-free supermarkets 95 6 East West Economic Corridor (EWEC) 3, 7, 12, 26, 54, 64, 74, 188 cross-border trade Lao Bao Dansavanh Border 65, 66, 67 8, 69, 72, Myawaddy Mae Sot Border economic corridors 11 see also specific corridors ESCAP 79 Resolution 48/11 56 ethnic insurgency ethnicity 8 European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous goods by Road (ADR) 61 European Union 299 export processing zones 89, 90 Fangchenggang 81, 262, 264, 267 FDI see foreign direct investment foreign direct investment (FDI) 165 cross-border movement 176 7, Savannakhet Province 181, Frontier Small Value Trade (FSVT) 275 6, 314 garlic, exports 137, 159 garment industry Thailand 122, Vietnam 118, 137 GDP 5 6, 12, 16, 187, 207, Generalized Systems of Preferences (GSP) 17, 18, 107 Gia Lai 93 Route 19 BEZ 93 GMS Program 3, 10 11, 54, 163 Golden Triangle 206, 239, 244 goods cross-border movement 60 2, 80 6, , 136 9, 173 6, , , 224 5, 232, 233, 237, 243, 264 5, see also cross-border trade; and specific borders dangerous 62 GPP see gross provincial product Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) 3, 4 8, 107, 133, 163, 187, 282, 299 Economic Cooperation see GMS Program geography 5 8 higher-middle-income countries/ regions 6

5 336 Index Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) continued lower-middle-income countries 6 middle-income countries/regions 6, 16, 18 populations 12, 13 regional integration 8 10 see also individual countries gross domestic product see GDP gross provincial product (GPP) gross regional product (GRP) 300 Growth Triangles 208 GRP see gross regional product Guangxi cross-border trade GRP immigration 261, 262, 263 waterway border gates 264 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 3, 4, 182, 251 GPP 5 population 13 Ha Giang 81, 83, 92, 251 Thanh Thuy BEZ 92 Ha Tinh 81, 93 Cau Treo BEZ 93 Hanoi 3, 16, 23, 53, 269, 306 harmonization 63, 73 Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS) 63 Hat Lek 110, 300 see also Cham Yeam Hat Lek border Hekou BEZ 251, 255, 265, 273, 303 Beishan District 274, 325 Hekou Lao Cai Border 65, 67, 68, 69, 251, border pass system 319 facilities 316 foreign vehicle crossings 323 Hiep Thanh Commercial Area 95 Ho Chi Minh City 3, 16, 23, 25, 71, 79, 80, 84, 88, 89, 96, 100 2, 119, 156, 304, 306 Houayxway 27, 64, 71, 208, , , 238, 240, 244 5, 301, 315, 318, 322, 324 Hun Sen 70 ID passengers 86 IICBTA Program 55 6, 64 5, 71 illegal workers immigration Cambodia Thailand border 112, 113, China Vietnam border 261, 262, 263 CIQ 21, 22, 53, 57 8 see also migrant workers; people, cross-border movement import tariffs 9, 10, 22, 23, 59, 308, 309 India 6 Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand (IEAT) 195, 200, 203, 218, 302 industrial parks 89, 90 information and communications technology (ICT) 73 International Convention of Harmonization 63 issuing/guaranteeing organizations (IGOs) Japan International Cooperation Agency ( JICA) 194 Jiegao BTZ 294, 303, 328 Karen refugees Kengtung 208, 227 8, 229, 235, 236, 247 Khmer Rouge 8 Khin Nyunt 288, 295 Khon Kaen 302 Kien Giang 79, 82, 83, 93 Ha Tien BEZ 93 Kim Thanh Trade Zone 274, 325 Koh Kong , 114, Koh Kong Bridge 110 Koh Kong International Resort Club 109 Koh Kong SEZ 79, 108, 112, , 125 Kon Tum 81, 93 Bo Y 93 Kunming Hanoi railway 275 Laem Chabang port 75, 125 6, 129, 196, 199, 244

6 Index 337 Lai Chau 83, 92, 251 laissez-passer passengers 86, 88, Lang Son BEZ 81, 90, 92, 251, 270, 271, 301, 304 see also Pingxiang Lang Son border Lao Bao SECA 134, 138, , 158, 301 establishment of infrastructure 144 investment projects labor recruitment preferential measures see also Dansavanh BTZ Lao Bao Dansavanh Border 65, 66, 67 8, 69, 72, , 309 border gates 134 border pass system 317 cross-border movement single-stop inspection Lao Cai BEZ 92, 251, 273, 301, 304 Kim Thanh Trade Zone 274, 325 Lao International Freight Forwarders Associations (LIFFA) 60 Lao Thai Mekong Friendship Bridges First 163, Second Third 164 Fourth 164 impact of goods investment people Laos 3, 4 Bokeo Province 303 border gates 134 Chintanakan Mai (New Thinking) 9 cross-border infrastructure development cross-border trade 15, 16 17, 167, GDP 5 6 GPP 301 Luang Namtha Province 207, , 303 migrant workers 39, 167 employment sector 41 population 12, Quadrangle Economic Zone regional development 305 Savannakhet Province see Savannakhet Province Vientiane Capital see Ventiane Capital Laos Route Boten Mohan Border Area Chiang Khong Houayxay Border Area Laos Thailand border investments 176 7, tourism 172 3, trade 173 6, see also Lao Thai Mekong Friendship Bridges Laos Vietnam border 135 least developed countries (LDC) 10, 63 legal status of migrant workers 31 2, 37 8, 44 7 less-developed countries (LDCs) 18 Lo Hsing-han 288 local economic zones 9 10, Luofu International Cargo Center 268 Ly Yong Pat 109 L.Y.P. Group , 126 Mae La Refugee Camp Mae Sai BEZ 232 4, 246, 300 Mae Sai Tachilek Border Area , 300 BEZs 232, 234 border movements goods 232, 234 people 229, 230 vehicles 229, 231 border pass system 319 border trade foreign vehicle crossings 322 geography issues and challenges Mae Sot

7 338 Index Malaysia 6, 9, 184, 185, 186 cross-border trade 15, 281 Manhattan Special Economic Zone 80, enterprises 99 markets Rong Kluea 117, 120, 121 3, 127, 326 Savannakhet 137 Mekong River 4, 206, 208 see also Greater Mekong Subregion Mekong River Route , 246 Chiang Saen Port geography Mekong Ganga Cooperation 187 memorandum of understanding (MOU) 23, 38 9, 48 9, 54, 65 Mengla 235, 246, 301 Mengla Daluo Border Area border movements foreign vehicles 323 goods 237 people border pass system 319 geography issues and challenges underdevelopment 329 middle-income countries/regions 6, 300 GPP GRP regional development 306 migrant workers Cambodia 39 employment sector 41 Cambodia Thailand border , 123 employment sector 40 3, 45 geographical distribution 40 3 Laos 39, 167 employment sector 41 legal status 31 2, 37 8, 44 7 management of challenges legalization 37 8, 44 7 registration 33 6, 44 7 MOU 23, 38 9, 48 9 Myanmar 39 employment sector 41, 45 nationality verification 32, 37 numbers of 30 Thailand 29 52, , 123 work permits 34 6 see also people, cross-border movement Moc Bai BEZ 79, 86, 94 6, 102 Moc Bai Border Gate Economic Zone (BEZ) 79, 86, 94 6, 102, 304 Moc Bai Bavet Border 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70 1, border gates 80 border pass system 317 cross-border movement commodities, vehicles and people 80 6 passengers and vehicles 86 9 location 80 1 Mohan BTZ 226 7, 245, 303 Mong Cai BEZ 251, 268, 301, 304 Peace Square Shopping Center 314 Mong Cai Central Market 269 MOU see memorandum of understanding Muse 21, 23, 301 Muse 105 Mile Trade Zone 305, 307, 328 Muse Border Gate 286, truck changing system Myanmar 3, 191 cross-border trade 15, 224 5, 237 Myawaddy Mae Sot border Foreign Investment Law 186 GDP 6, 187 GPP 301 Karen National Union 282 migrant workers 39

8 Index 339 employment sector 41, 45 Muse City 21, 23, 286, 301 population 12 Quadrangle Economic Zone regional development Shan State 207 State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) 9, 279 trade by border gate 190, 193 exports/imports 189 trading partners 281 Myanmar Export Import Services (MEIS) 282 Myanmar Foreign Trade Bank 282 Myanmar International Freight Forwarders Association (MIFFA) 60 Myanmar Route geography Mae Sai Tachilek Border Area Mengla Daluo Border Area Myanmar China border Burma Road 285 9, 291 cross-border trade and ethnic insurgency geography 284 Muse Border Gate 286, truck changing system , 294 Myanmar Thailand border , 206 Myawaddy BTZ 194 6, 200 1, 302, 303, 305, 327 Myawaddy Mae Sot Border , 312 border pass system 318 foreign vehicle crossings 322 garment industry Karen refugee camps trade Nanning Friendship Gate Highway 275 National Transport Facilitation Committee (NTFC) 63 nationality verification 32, 37 Nidec Corporation 125 Northern Sub-Corrider 79 North South Economic Corridor (NSEC) 3, 7, 26 7, 54, 64, geography 208 history Laos Route Boten Mohan Border Area Chiang Khong Houayxay Border Area Mekong River Route , 246 Chiang Saen Port geography Myanmar Route geography Mae Sai Tachilek Border Area Mengla Daluo Border Area official development assistance (ODA) 280 one-stop services (OSS) 289 Ou Neang Border Gate 124, 126 Ou Neang SEZ Ou Smach checkpoint 109, 129 Pakse Bridge 163 passport holders 86, 88, 139 Pattama, Noppa-don 71 people, cross-border movement 60 2, 80 6, , 136 9, 172 3, 178 9, , 222 3, 229, 230, 241 2, border pass system 11, 12, 20, 61, , laissez-passer 86, 88, passport holders 86, 88, 139 visas 88 see also immigration; and specific borders Phi Long International Service and Commercial Center 95 Phnom Penh 16, 23, 25, 71, 79, 80, 84, 88, 97, 98, 100, 102, 107, 109, 115, 116, 119, 122

9 340 Index Phnom Penh Special Economic Zone (PPSEZ) 125 Pingxiang 251, 255, 271 Chian Asean Free Trade Logistics Park 272 Economic Cooperation District 272 Pingxiang Lang Son Border border pass system 319 border trade 328 foreign vehicle crossings 323 Poipet 108, 109, , 131, 301 casinos 121 Poipet Aranya Prathet border 65, 68, 69, 70, border pass system 317 cross-border movement CBTA 65, 68, 69, 70, checkpoints 117 immigration trade economic development 326 Preah Vihear 72, 109, 128 Prum checkpoint 129 Quadrangle Economic Zone 9, Quang Binh 81, 93 Cha Lo BEZ 93 Quang Nam 83, 93 Nam Giang BEZ 93 Quang Ninh 81, 92, 251, 267, 301, 314 Mong Cai BEZ 90, 92, , 275, 301, 304, 314 Quang Ninh BEZ 92 Quang Tri 93, 134, 139, 143, 144, , 153, 157, 159, 160, 327 regional development regional integration 8 10 Rong Kluea Market 117, 120, 121 3, 127, 326 Ruili 21 2, 284, 286, Ruili Muse border 27, 64, 286, 316, 328 border pass system foreign vehicle crossings 323 Sa Kaeo Province 117, 119, 120, 123, 130, 317, 326 Savan Seno SEZ 158 9, 305 Savannakhet Province 164, 165, , 306 cross-border economic activities factor endowments FDI 181, income market 137 population socioeconomic infrastructure Savannakhet Mukdahan Border 65, 68, 69 border pass system 318 economic development foreign vehicle crossings 322 Sea of Japan Economic Grouping 9 SECA see Special Economic Commercial Area Second Mekong Friendship Bridge 12, 69, 75 SEZs see Special Economic Zones Shinawatra, Yinklak 72 Sihanoukville SEZ 97, 109, 125 Simaogang Port 265 Singapore 6, 9, 126, 184, 185, 186, 187, 199, 281 cross-border trade 15 single-stop inspection 57 8, 89, 265 Lao Bao Dansavanh Border Sino Vietnamese War 253 Sisophon 25, 116 smuggling 48, 58 9, 137, 138, 189, 267, 276 Son La BEZ 83, 92, 93, 150 South China Economic Sphere 9, 18 Southern Coastal Sub-Corridor 79 Southern Economic Corridor (SEC) 3, 7, 25 6, 54, 64 Central Sub-Corridor 79, 80 Moc Bai Bavet Border 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70 1,

10 Index 341 Northern Sub-Corridor 79 Southern Coastal Sub-Corridor 79 Southern Lao Sihanoukville Sub-Corridor 79 Southern Lao Sihanoukville Sub-Corridor 79 special consumption tax (SCT) 94, 145 Special Economic Zones (SEZs) 218 Koh Kong 79, 108, 112, , 125 Manhattan 80, Ou Neang Phnom Penh 125 Savan Seno 158 9, 304 Sihanoukville 97, 109, 125 Special Economic Commercial Area (SECA) 22 Lao Bao 134, 138, State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) 186, 203, 194, 295 Stung Bot Nong Ian Border 70 Subregional Transport Forum (STF) 56 Tachilek see Mae Sai Tachilek Border Area Tay Ninh 84, 86, 91, 93, 102 Moc Bai BEZ 86, 89 96, 97, temporary admission documents 59 Thailand 3, 4 Alien Workers Act (2008) 31, 39, 49 Chiang Rai Province 192, 206 8, , 212, 218, 228, 239, 245, 303, 314, 318 cross-border trade 15, garment industry 122, GDP 5 GRP 300 illegal employment 51 Immigration Act (1979) 31, 33 Labour Protection Act (1998) 31, 40, 46, 49 migrant workers 29 52, , 123 Nong Khai Province 163, 167, 168, 173, 175, , 300, 309, 310, 313, 315, 318, 322, 327 population 13 Quadrangle Economic Zone Tak Province 192, 197, 204 Trat Province see also individual towns Thailand Cambodia border see Cambodia Thailand border Thailand Myanmar border , 206 Karen refugee camps Thua Thien Hue 93 A Dot BEZ 93 toll fees 63 tourism 11 12, 23 4, 313 Cambodia Thailand border 127 Laos Thailand border 173, see also casinos trade cross-border 20 3, Cambodia 15, 16 17, , Laos 15, 16 17, 167, 173 6, Myanmar Thailand 15, 16 17, , , liberalization 14 positive/negative effects Trade Between Border Residents (TBBR) 261 4, 276, 325 Friendship Gate 272 transit transport transportation 11 see also vehicles truck changing system , 294 truck passports 58, 265 twisted borders 310, 327 two plus principle 10 underdeveloped borders 329 UNESCO 72 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific see ESCAP Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods/Model Regulations 61 Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) 9

11 342 Index value-added tax (VAT) 145 vehicle passes 58 vehicles cross-border movement 58 62, 80 9, 136 9, 141, 229, 231, border pass system 11, 12, 20, 61, , single-stop inspection 57 8, 89, , 265 truck passports 58, 265 temporary importation 59 Vejjajiva, Abhisit 70 Vientiane Capital 164 5, 166, 167, 302, 306 cross-border economic activities factor endowments FDI 181 income population socioeconomic infrastructure Vientiane Capital Industrial and Trade Area (VITA) Park 305 Vientiane Industrial Zone 305 Vientiane Nong Khai border border pass system 318 foreign vehicle crossings 322 Vietnam 3 BEZs see individual BEZs border gates 80, 81 2, 83, 94 cross-border trade 15, 16 17, Doi Moi 9 exports 138 clothing 118, 137 garlic 137, 159 GDP 5 GRP 301 population 12 poverty reduction programs 304 regional development 304 Vietnam Automobile Transportation Association (VATA) 60 Vietnam Cambodia border 84 Vietnam China border see China Vietnam border Vietnam Laos border 135 visas 88 West East Corridor (WEC) 304 work permits 34 6, 44 7 World Customs Organization (WCO) 63, 69 World Heritage Sites 72 Yangon Port 279 Yunnan Province 207, 251 cross-border trade 222 5, , 264 5, 292 GPP 6, Jiegao District 21 2 population 13 Yunnan Province Import Export Corporation 282