Thomas McNulty Unit 16 Notes Part 1 APUSH

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1 Thomas McNulty Unit 16 Notes Part 1 APUSH Sources of Economic Growth: 1. Government Spending (790) a. Produce increased dramatically i. Very low unemployment and produce stayed high after war ii. Due to government spending 1. Interstate highway, veterans, public works etc. b. Baby Boom happened in this time period 2. Suburban Growth a. Huge increase in suburban population i. Cars increased to allow people to get to city b. Housing industry profitable and huge i. B/c in suburbs meant boom in roads c. All this meant that eco. Grew extremely fast i. Americans had a lot of purchasing power 1. American people were the best off in the entire world on average The Rise of the Modern West : 1. Favorable Climate (791) a. West changed dramatically resulting from the boom i. Pop. up, cities made, industry made ii. Western industries were starting to be for manufacturing stuff and not exporting to the east iii. Oil common industry for cars in the west b. Climate of the area attracted easterners i. CA and LA grew massively b/c warm and now water was available The New Economics : 1. Keynesian Economics a. Arrogant tone in politics b/c economics i. Capitalism in Depression looked iffy but now it looked amazing b. Start of Key. Economics i. Regulate and stabilize industry w/o getting into private sphere 1. John Keynes : vary flow of government spending and tax (Fiscal Policy) and managing currency supply (Monetary Policy) stims. Eco and prevents inflation c. Events happened and Key. Ec. worked the best by far when dealing with eco. Problems 2. Ending Poverty Through Economic Growth a. People thought that because eco. Sooooo good there must be no limit i. Confidence and a good look on life for Americans

2 b. Solution to poverty would be to increase production and make eco. Better to create jobs c. Overall confidence in this period that never had been around before Capital and Labor: 1. Corporate Consolidation (792) a. Many corporations merged in this time period i. Large scale corps control lot of eco. b. Basically small amount of firms getting tons of money c. Same for farming as it became more mechanized i. No more small scale farm d. Industry's took a lot of union demands because they were big now and didn t want strikes because they themselves were also huge 2. The Postwar Contract a. The relationship between businesses and unions called this i. Granting workers good conditions to keep unions from interfering ii. They in return also could not ask for more control and voice in their work b. Some unions didn t like it because they lost their ability to have a say c. Many workers were fired because machines took their jobs 3. AFL CIO a the AFL and CIO joined together to form the AFL CIO i. They before then didn t like each other and it was still somewhat divided 1. AFL was dominating the merge and people who realized brought it up b. Gradually, the division subsided c. Success of union led to downfall of others i. UMW fell (United Mine Workers) 4. Limited Gains for Unorganized Workers a. Not organized unions had smaller benefits i. Unions that were strong could ask for way more than smaller ones b. South hated unions and any attempts were stopped i. Operation Dixie was to unionize poor southern textile workers by CIO Medical Breakthroughs: 1. Antibiotics (793) a. New drugs made to fight infections b. Discovered by Louis Pasteur i. Bad bacteria could be defeated by normal bacteria 1. Joseph Lister used antiseptic stuff in surgery and there was way less infections c. Before them, in 1930 there was in Europe the creation of Sulfa Drugs i. Antibacterial that treated blood infections 2. Penicillin a. Founded 1928 by Alexander Fleming i. Found the penicillin organism but it wasn t good yet

3 b. Was antibacterial but then made more for humans soon after i. Really started 1941 ii widely available in all hospitals c. Progress also in immunization i. First the vaccination for smallpox ii. Vaccination against tetanus later iii. Also one for typhoid 1879 d. Tuberculosis vaccine used after WWII e. Vaccines were very hard to create and took many years before they were able to culture non harmful but the same in all other ways bacteria i was when they found out how to do this 3. Salk Vaccine (794) a. Vaccine against polio i. After WWII and provided free to people in public housing ii. Eliminated polio basically and was easily distributed by shot and sugar cube b. Average life expectancy because of all this rose dramatically Pesticides : 1. DDT a. Pesticides to prevent crops from destruction i. Also protect people from insect carried diseases b. DDT created 1939, seemed to be toxic to insects but nothing else i. Vietnam war was aided by DDT as it protected the soldiers from bugs and their diseases ii. Helped also in war against Japan c. They later realized that it was toxic to humans and other animals Postwar Electronic Research: 1. Invention of Television a and 50 increase in technology i. 40 creation of commercially available television 1. Also able to broadcast channels over a large area ii color television invented b changed TV from vacuum tube to transistor i. Smaller devices that worked better because of this ii. Could also go in planes and the transistors could be used in other electronics c. Creation of integrated circuitry 1950 i. Helped with creation of computer later ii. Combined the klunky things into a small and efficient device Postwar Computer Technology: 1. UNIVAC (795) a computers were going outside breaking military codes i. Data processing for businesses

4 b UNIVAC created (computer) i. Could handle alphabetical and numerical information ii. Calculations very fast c. Originally only for the census, the makers publicised it by predicting the 1952 election by using it i. It was extremely correct and it made people not aware of computers aware d. Marketed by Remington Rand Company e. Was not that successful in spreading i. Then International Business Machines Company (IBM) made nice data processing computers Bombs, Rockets, and Missiles: 1. The Hydrogen Bomb (796) a detonation of the first hydrogen bomb (US was the first to do so) i. Far more powerful that other bombs b. Trying to make unmanned rockets i. Lots of resources towards this c. Missile research done by air force i. Made ones that could go several hundred miles, but no ICBM s 1. They were ok at first but hard to make and barely even manufacturable ii there was a better fuel and guidance systems d. Generation of missile called Minutemen e. Nuclear missile capable of being shot by submarine called Polaris The Space Program: 1. The Shock of Sputnik (797) a space program start when SU said it launched a satellite (Sputnik) into orbit i. Scared US and made them feel like failure b. Started working on their own program and launched Explorer I in 1958 which orbited earth c. Space exploration centered in us around NASA i. The Mercury Project was NASA s attempt to launch a manned spacecraft into orbit 1. Alan Shepard was the first man from US to go to space 1961 a. 3 months earlier, the SU launched the Cosmonaut led by Yuri Gagarin d The first American to fully circle the globe was John Glenn e. Nasa later introduced the Gemini Program which was 2 people in 1 ship 2. The Apollo Program a. Land men on the moon i. 1969, Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon b. More launches until 1972 when NASA was cut in funds because people lost interest

5 c. NASA went as it was big later to trying to make near travel easier opposed to far travel which wouldn t be perfected i. Space Shuttles were what they wanted because they were good and navigable 1. The Challenger blew up and so the shuttle program stalled 1982 d. Space program really helped the airplanes because it was space planes and so new tech. People of Plenty : 1. Consensus (798) a. Extension of middle class lifestyle to more people i. Things more affordable, people opening up to different people b. Suburb expansion and its benefits c. Prosperity for many people made them think about the past i. Thought that before them many people all accepted that industry had to be competitive d. Book People of Plenty for middle class talking about this The Consumer Culture: 1. Consumer Crazes a. Middle class really liked consumer goods i. More variety and people had more money ii. Advertisers also were keen on what people liked b. Credit Cards invented and allowed people to be better with their money c. Crazes for things like cars d. People bought anything that would make life easier which there was a lot of e. Crazes were well marketed and advertised i. Hula Hoops and Mickey Mouse accessories example boom The Landscape and the Automobile: 1. Interstate Highways (799) a. Places like DisneyLand and work travel gave way to interstate highways b. Automobile boom almost everybody had a car i. The Federal Highway Act of 1956 created most road and highways 1. Faster travel from place to place ii. Trucking products now better than railing them iii. Decline in amount of railroads and their use c. Industries moved out of the city into the suburbs where it was cheaper i. Called Edge Cities because all that manufacturing was now on the edge d. Families worked now farther to where they lived i. Larger houses in suburbs but still get to work e. Motels increased because of travel by car where you couldn t sleep f. Drive in theatres increased 2. Fast Food (800) a. Automobile changed retail i. Creation of fast food

6 ii. Restaurants like McDonald's created b. Large supermarkets instead of small ones c. Shopping centers moved out of the city for parking 3. Demands for Energy a. Automobile decreased the amount of oil dramatically in the US i. Energy crisis 1970 and 80 b. Air pollution also a big problem because of cars i. Polluted the urban American landscape somewhat 1. Somewhat diminished by pollution control devices in 1970 The Suburban Nation: 1. Levittown a ⅓ of population living in the suburbs i. Single family houses more affordable b. William Levitt symbol of this i. Long Island mass production of houses in the town ii. 2 bedroom houses which were very normal but at the same time nice c. All the houses were basically the same i. Under 10,000$ ii. Housed many people and the style spread d. Many soldiers wanted to move to the suburbs because they wanted a good life for their families i. Social people that were close in age and mind e. Child raising for women was more social (worked with other women) f. Also very white and they could flee from black people and integration g. There were also wealthy suburbs alongside the middle class ones The Suburban Family: 1. Prevailing Gender Roles Reinforced (801) a. Suburban houses for men felt like escape from professional world i. Women more isolated from work 1. Idea of family big in 1950 and women bear children b. Prejudice against women who worked 2. Dr. Benjamin Spock a. Book by him called Baby and Child Care i about raising children and using mothers to help them learn b. Mothers must listen to their kids and be their servants (as in put them before you) c. Fathers at first he thought didn t need to do that much but later put them in more i. Women were then pressured to raise kids if they didn t have to work d. Paradox where comfort was the standard and so many women did work but faced criticism because not giving children all attention 3. Feminism Weakened (802) a. Feminism diminished in power i. Lowest point ever b. Set the stage for in years to come the most powerful feminist movement

7 i. Women working wanted equality because they were working in 1960 and 70 c. Women who were not working got into organizations that gave them skills that they later used to fight for more equality i. Women who didn t do any of this were just mad at how things were The Birth of Television: 1. Social Consequences of Television a. Commercial TV after WWII i. Almost every family had one 1957 b. Television driven by advertising i. Sponsors played a powerful role in the shows 1. Even went as far as to have impact on the shows content c. Radio company channels were the big ones on TV too d. Newspapers, magazines, radios replaced by TV 1950 i. Fashion set by TV and professional/college sports blew up ii. Principal version of escape e. Controlled by 3 companies 2. Television s Homogenizing Message a. Programming in the time encapsulated American life i. White middle class suburban 1. Channels Ozzie and Harriet and Leave it to Beaver ii. Reinforced gender roles 1. Show Father Knows Best describes this b. Women striving to please children and husband c. Also urban working class families depicted i. Less harsh than it actually was d. TV basically tried to set middle class life but also showed dumbed down urban hard life too e. Excluded people from places where the good life wasn t the case i. Felt like they were out of the norm f. Broadcasted attempts at social change which made viewers add in Travel, Outdoor Recreation, and Environmentalism : 1. Echo Park (803) a. Vacation was now paid and it was associated with travel i. Interstate highway helped this ii. Workers with cars b. Trying like in suburbs to experience the natural world i. National Parks become big vacation point 1. Search for wilderness c. Fed Gov wanted to build a dam along the Green River which ran through Echo Park i. Create recreational lake and make electricity ii. Environmental movement got mad at this

8 2. Sierra Club Reborn a. Essay by Bernard DeVoto called Shall We Let Them Ruin Our National Parks? i. Many people backed it up because they read it in the news 1. Sierra Club rose to action because of people backing movement b the project was canceled Organized Society and Its Detractors: 1. Growth of Specialized Education a. Workers wanted kids and soon to be workers to have more specialized training in their fields i. Schools took this and changed up their curriculum ii. Science, math, and language because of Sputnik b. Universities more towards specialized skills i. Multiversity idea of university's job to provide skills to people going into variety of fields c. Workers still felt like they had lost a lot if control over their position and their work i. The Organization Man talked how important specialization was ii. Other books all saying how working man giving away too much to his boss d. The Catcher in the Rye about a kid who could not find fulfillment in modern America (how lost some people were) The Beats and the Restless Culture of Youth: 1. The Beat Generation s Critiques (805) a. Criticisers of the system of class i. Young poets called the Beats ii. Though of life as conforming and stale b. Embodiment of young American restlessness i. Also of resisting and prosperity 1. Advancing world more open and so these kids what before would have been not possible c s is when they came about d. Criminal American youth is what most people thought e. Kids started wearing gang clothing and it scared the older people i. Embodiment of rebellion Rock n Roll : 1. Elvis Presley (806) a. Rise in rock because of beat culture i. Elvis was one of the biggest stars ii. Pushing on all the borders of what was acceptable iii. Died 1977 but was inspiring to many kids to rebel 2. Rock n Roll Black Roots a. Presley and rock were founded heavily on Black roots i. Took it and made it more for White population

9 1. Liked it because it was edgy and vibrant b. It also drew from country and jazz c. Shows how white audience didn t like Blacks i. Got their own kind, shows the barrier d. There were though some musicians who were more in touch with the White community e. Rise in rock was due to radio and TV i. Disk Jockeys on radio stations trying to make playlists for young people ii. On TV American Bandstand was a show with people dancing to rock music 1. Host Dick Clark and he became famous among the young community 3. Payola Scandals (807) a. Radio and TV were important to the recording industry i. Incouraged the sale of records b. Rise in Jukeboxes to play the records c. Record producers payed the disk jockeys to play their songs to promote their business i. Illegal and they were brought to light in the 1960s On the Margins of the Affluent Society: 1. The Other America a book called The Other America i. Details on the continuation of poverty in America b. There was a reduction in poverty in the time but it wasn t gone 1960 i. ⅕of all below poverty line and many more just above it 2. Persistent Poverty (808) a. Most of the poor was temporary for people and would only last for a short while i. Unstable low level jobs b. 20% of the people who were poor were persistently there i. Elderly and minorities ii. Hard core poverty and what The Other America was about c. Contrary to the idea that if people in middle to upper class did better the lower class would too Rural Poverty: 1. Declining Agricultural Prices a. Many of the deep poor were in the rural areas i. Farmers mostly as their prices dropped dramatically ii. Also because less farming because of machines b. Still, some made some money off of the changes but most got poorer The Inner Cities: 1. Black Urban Migration a. As White families moved out, the inner cities became more poor populated i. Black population moved in b/c cotton industry dieing

10 ii. More migrants than in Great Migration b. Other minorities moved in as well c. They did not go out of poverty possibly because they didn t know how to work in an industrial eco. i. Others say because the inner cities were crappy places and wouldn t improve people ii. Also declining blue collar jobs CC 40: 1. What the 60 s was about a. People working for change i. Both socially and in government 1. Lots of movement to expand rights b. End of 1960s anti war movement big 2. Civil Rights movement a. Really got big in the 60s i. Sit ins where Blacks would refuse to give up their seats in segregated establishments 1. Greensboro NC university students did it for the first time in Woolworths b CORE launched freedom rides i. Goal to integrate interstate busses 1. Volunteers rode the busses into the deep south c. Biggest in 1963 when MLK went to Birmingham i. Got arrested d. Also March on Washington i. Speech in washington where MLK spoke his goals e. Ended with the Civil Rights Act i. This was a formal end all inequalities 1. Unfortunately it didn t just change people's minds f. Kept going for voting rights i. March in Selma Alabama where they marched for voting rights ii. TV made it seem like the marchers were always good so that helped iii there was the Voting Rights Act which gave the fed gov the power to oversee voting in tense places 3. The Great Society a. Expanded New Deal policies i. Health insurance programs created b. To solve poverty he tried to train people i. Problem was that most poor jobs weren t high skill but service jobs 4. Thought Bubble a. Shift from equality to Black power i. Criticism of black oppression and hatred towards Whites for doing so

11 1. Riots started because of this b. Leader Malcolm X advocated violent protest but he wasn t the cause of Black power c. CORE did change its goals to Black power d. The Black Panthers were advocates for this e. The movement thought did turn many Whites away from the civil rights movement i. Shifted instead to anti war 5. Environmental Movement a. Acts in Nixon era like the Clean Air and Water Acts and the Endangered Species Act 6. American Feminist Movement a. Women want equal rights in the time too i. The Equal Pay Act was written with intentions to equalize pay for all genders b. Supreme court was very ontop of passing equality laws in the time i. Lots of laws passed and all gave new benefits to people

Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 13/e. Chapter Twenty-eight: The Affluent Society

Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 13/e Introduction Affluence and Inequality The American Birth Rate 1940-1960 2 The Economic Miracle Sources of Economic Growth Government Spending Birth Rate Increased(1945-1960)