Pacific Islands Communication Newsletter

Transcription

1 LAST- " I b ).. 'u IL 17Z V.H 3 r Pacific Islands Communication Newsletter OCT EAST-WEST COMMUNICATION INSTITUTE PEACESAT DEVELOPMENTS Submitted by Dr. John Bystrom The PEACESAT (Pan Pacific Education and Communication Experiment by Satellite) network using a NASA satellite has been expanded since it was first used by the East-West Center in August At that time, a receiving terminal was placed aboard the ocean liner, President Wilson and used for advance orientation activities for students arriving from Hong Kong, Philippines, and Japan. Now the network includes two-way communication with Wellington Polytechnic at Wellington, New Zealand, and the University of the South Pacific at Suva, Fiji in addition to the original ground terminals located on the Manoa and Hilo campuses of the University of Hawaii. Arrangements are being made for additional terminals in Papua and New Guinea, American Samoa, and on the Island of Maui, (Hawaii). Being discussed also are ground terminals at Saipan and Truk. The project features a low cost ground terminal whose cost averages $5,000. This terminal provides two-way communication via satellite by voice, facsimile, and teletype. As the nine to eleven member demonstration network develops, uses will vary according to the needs of the location. Six locations will probably serve higher education institutions, four will serve medical facilities and three the elementary and secondary levels of education. Exchange centers with studio facilities are being designed and constructed at the Manoa, Hilo and Suva locations. These centers will be ready to provide any type of communication service. The demonstration has been financed by a grant of $30,900 from the University of Hawaii Innovative Fund and from $62,700 appropiated by the Hawaii Legislature-. In addition the Carnegie Corporation of New York has granted $15,000 to the University of the South Pacific for development of the PEACESAT project. The project is under the Direction of Dr. John Bystrom, Professor of Speech-Communication, University of Hawaii. Dr. Paul Yuen, Professor of Electrical Engineering is Technical Director. Design and development of the low cost ground stations has been headed by Katashi Nose, Associate Professor of Physics. Satellite service is provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration using the ATS-l satellite. Experiments in various uses of the network have been carried on since April Educational demonstrations were carried on between Manoa and Hilo. The beginning Speech-Communication class taught simultaneously in Manoa and Rib is probably the first class ever taught via satellite relay. The classes used both voice and facsimile transmission. Experiments using slow scan television in this long distance education are planned. In the medical field, the potential for use in diagnosing, identifying and researching diseases and epidemics on an emergency basis has been illustrated. In one instance, the director of the Pacific Research Section of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases consulted with doctors at the Colonel Hospital in Fiji on the subject of dengue fever, an infectious disease moving into Fiji from New Caledonia. PEACESAT is planning a pilot medical consulting service and proposing ground terminals in Saipan and Truk. The facsimile broadcast capability of the network has been used for rapid sharing of library resources. Exchange of materials between Hamilton Library and Hilo faculty members used to take three to nine weeks. With the PEACESAT system it was demonstrated that magazine articles could be supplied by Xerox within 48 hours and books by mail within 96 hours. Exchange among libraries in Hawaii and at the University of the South Pacific in Fiji will soon be involved in this exchange program. For agriculture, the Hawaii Agriculture

2 * Experiment Services used the system to hold weekly seminar meetings throughout the State of Hawaii. PEACESAT is being considered for linking "hunger fighters" in the Pacific Basin engaged in programs to improve food production. In other areas, PEACESAT can be used to link the East-West Center with those areas of the Pacific from which their grantees are arriving, to enhance educational programs throughout the Pacific, to provide emergency communication and information, and to share the ideas and life styles of the many various cultures of the Pacific. EDITOR'S NOTE This issue of the Pacific Islands Communication Newsletter was put together by Cuyler E. Shaw, assisted by Charlyn Iyo and Lynn Yamashiro. The Communication Institute began publishing the newsletter as a follow-up to a 1970 Journalism Workshop and a 1971 Radio Seminar for Pacific Islands participants. Upcoming programs for Pacific Islands interests are detailed elsewhere in this newsletter, and include an Editorial Workshop in June and July, and a Radio Station Management Seminar in September and October. A Communication in the Pacific conference is under considera- communica-tion-minded for early August. In addition, the Institute is actively seeking Pacific Islanders for degree study and Fellow and Senior Fellow research programs. The 1972 Jefferson Fellowship program has for the first time a representative from the Pacific Islands (see the interview with Austin Sapias of Papua-New Guinea in this issue). So, the Communication Institute has a long and active interest in communication in the Pacific Islands, and hopes this newsletter can serve as a link among Pacific communicators. We seek articles and items from anywhere, as long as the subject is communication in the Pacific Islands. Please send any comments, pictures, or contributions to me or Cuyler Shaw at the Communication Institute. An article describing the broadcasting facilities and plans in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Micronesia) is reprinted in this issue. The article, by George Callison, describes the hopes and frustrations of broadcasting in the Pacific. I was able to visit Saipan in February on the final leg of a trip to Asia, and found a great deal of interest and activity in communication. Hosts or guides during my two day visit were Elias Thomas, deputy chief of broadcasting, and Rudy Sablan, manager of station KJQR. The two showed me the broadcasting facilities for Saipan as well as Trust Territory Headquarters for broadcasting. Almost from the beginning, one of the common problems of Pacific broadcasting became evident--the out-of-commission sign on much equipment. When something breaks down, it often means weeks or months before it can be repaired, for a number of reasons well-understood by Pacific communicators. Thomas told me that Micronesia had joined the Asian Broadcasting Union, and that he felt that kind of support was important. Jon Anderson, public information specialist at Trust Territory Headquarters and a former Honolulu radio and television newsman, said that sometimes the training atmosphere in Honolulu is unrealistic for Pacific Islands programs, and suggested having programs on Guam or similar places. He said there was a need for a broader understanding of the news media, the role of the news media, freedom of the press, and how to use the news media. Anderson wasn't very optimistic about advertising revenues in Micronesia-- he said advertising isn't needed because everyone knows what's going on without it. Anderson estimated there were 1,500 television sets on Saipan. He said Saipan might be a good place for television research, given the newness of the medium there. There is a news program on the local television station, WSZE. The news came on at 7 p.m., and was presented by Dave Mirakita. Some advertising was carried. The format was generally to have the newscaster present the items. With this issue of PICN, we are using an offset process instead of mimeograph, and thus can use pictures as well as text. The changeover and other matters resulted in a delay of a few months in this issue, and we apologize to those who sent material in many months ago. We edited the material but the delay may result in some errors. If so, we apologize, and hope to keep on a tighter schedule. Jim Richstad, Editor V

3 Interview with Austin Sapias from Papua-New Guinea Jefferson Fellow Q. Do people living in Papua-New Guinea consider themselves Pacific Islanders? A. To a great extent we do. People in Fiji are much the same as people in New Guinea and New Hebrides, also the Solomon Islands. I think culture is the big thing which makes us feel part of the Pacific world rather than Asia. 1 Q. Do you have more relations with the Pacific Islands than with mainland Asia? A. Not at present. We trade more with Japan, Hong Kong and other Asian countries than the Pacific. Q. What is Papua-New Guinea's present status with respect to Australia? A. It's a trust territory. Australia has been given the mandate by the United Nations to look after it and administer it.the Australian government has conveniently attached Papua to New Guinea, and is now trying to develop both sections to make up the new emerging nation of Papua-New Guinea. Though the Papuans are Australian citizens, they do not enjoy the same benefits as Australians. Q. What is the significance of the recent elections in your country? A. The recent elections were the third general elections for the House of Assembly. One hundred members were elected into the new House. There were three main political parties contesting the elections -- the United Party, the Pangu Party and the People's Progres Party. Q. Will an independent government be established? A. It's a step toward an independent government. This will be home rule. But foreign affairs and the army will still be in the hands of the Australian government. Q. A Can you tell us a little more about the political parties you have mentioned? The party system is new to Papuans and New Guineans. They do not appeal to any particular group. The United Party appears to have won about 40 seats in the recent elections, the Pangu Party about 20 and the People's Progress Party 5. The new House will have 100 seats, and the rest of the members are either independent or belong to some regional party. None of the three main political parties has emerged with the required majority to form a government so there has to be a coalition government. It is most probable that the Pangu Party may form Austin Sapias chats with Jefferson Fellows Kanji Shibata (Japan), John Hoffman (Australia) Ahmad bin Mohd Noor (Malaysia) and program coordinator Paul Grimes. The EWC offers ten Jefferson Fellowships per year to mid-career journalists from Asia, the Pacific and the U.S. The 20-week program offers Fellow participants an opportunity to participate in EWC programs, University of Hawaii courses, as well as pursue individual research. a government by having a coalition with the independent meubers who may be supporters and sympathizers of Pangu. There is a strong possibility that the People's Progress Party may also be in the coalition with Pangu, thus giving it a majority of 52 seats. The United Party is sponsored by the European planters while the People's Progress Party is sponsored by other business people. The Pangu Party was started by educated New Guineans with certain backing by Europeans who wished to see that New Guinea should be ruled by the New Guineans themselves. Q. What about your relations with the Indonesian portion of New Guinea -- West Irian? A. I think we have to concentrate on developing our own areas first, and then see if we can be on good terms with Indonesia. I don't think that our side would be interested -- once we achieve independence -- in obtaining the other half and trying to unite New Guinea. This isn't the thinking of the people of Papua-New Guinea..

4 Q. Are the West Irians happy with Indonesia? A. I think some dissatisfaction with Indonesia exists, because we have people from the other side crossing our border all the time. We have established a refugee camp at a place near Vanimo where refugees come across and are screened. If they haven't got a good reason they are sent back. Q. Is there presently or will there be a national language? A. This is still debatable. English will certainly be a national language in terms of government, and also I would like to see pidgin English become a national language because it's easy communication for the majority of people. There might be two or more national languages. No single indigenous dialect is spoken by a majority of the people. Q. Is there any feeling of unity among the various peoples of New Guinea? A. That's a hard question, you know. Unity is gradually building up, not amongst the old people, but amongst the educated Papuans and New Guineans. Also,home rule will strengthen the feeling of unity. are literate. Q. Are the radio broadcasts actually having an impact on rural areas? A. They are having a great impact. There are many programs -- health, education, agricultural extension, women's programs and others include social and economic development and political education. I have been to the villages and noticed people listening to extension programs. They are very attentive. After the program they frequently leave the village and come into the sub-district office or agriculture station for advice. Q. Are the villages changing fast? You mentioned previously that the economy was changing from subsistence to cash. A. The pace of development is very rapid. The village people are not satisfied with things as they are. They are tired of making their houses out of bush materials and changing the roof every three to five years.there's a lot of virgin land being cleared for village plantations.they vary from between 5 acres and more than 40 acres, and are planted with coconuts, coffee, cocoa and rubber.many people in the West New Britain district are taking to oil palm. All these cash crops are for export. Q. Is there much communication among the various tribes in Papua-New Guinea? Q. Do you feel the mass media in your country A. There is more than before, mostly through should be controlled by the government? trading in markets. The economy is changing A. I think it should be much the same as the from a subsistence to a cash economy, Australian set-up -- ABC. ABC is not answerable gradually. to the government -- it's autonomous -- but it's financially supported by the government. Q. What model will Papua-New Guinea follow in In New Guinea we don't have the private its development, if any? resources, capital, to develop the mass media. A. Whether we like it or not, I think we are being sort of forced into accepting the Q. What about the newspaper situation? Westminster type of government. Unless one A., We have the Post-Courier, but that is of the political parties can come up with controlled by an Australian organization. We a new idea work out a different model -- have one government newspaper -- well sort of whether they design it themselves or use a government propaganda.and there's the Wantok combination of existing models -- there in pidgin sponsored by the Catholic Mission. won't be any alternative other than just to follow the Westminster type government. Q. Could an indigenous group start up a newspaper in Papua-New Guinea? Q. What is the role of the mass media in Papua- A. Not at present. The big thing is that our New Guinea at this time? people have not been caught up in the news- A. Entertainment and education with emphasis, paper world yet. Most of the newspaper readers however, on education. My newspaper(post- are Europeans. Not many of our native people courier) is geared toward development have taken to buying and reading the newspaper news -- schools starting up, new businesses, regularly, though the number is increasing all aspects of development, each year. Q. Do the media penetrate outside the urban Q. What do you feel the role of a journalist in areas? your country should be? A. Radio, but not newspaper. Only about 20% of A. He should inform the people -- about the Papua-New Guinea's three million people advantages of National Unity, government and,)

5 its functions, about the outside world and what role they should play to make the country good and strong. Q. Do you have any special interests which you plan to pursue on your trip to mainland United States next month? A. Firstly I would like to know more about my work as a journalist and, where possible, learn something about the American way of life, the struggles between blacks and whites in America. I'm interested also in all that is offered by American cities. Q. How are race relations in your country? A. I think they are getting worse. There seems to be more anti-european feeling in Papua- New Guinea than there ever was before. Q. Why is this? Is there discrimination against Papuans and New Guineans? A. Certainly discrimination does exist, though we had a recent law which forbids any type of discrimination at all. But I'm afraid it's very ineffective. The biggest discrimination today is that of a two salary scale-- one pay for the Europeans, one for the blacks, and in fact the blacks receive only one third of the European salary even though they may be performing the same job.many Papuans and New Guineans in the Public Service also resent the fact that there are Europeans in the Service who are just there exploiting the Administration. Sort of extracting what they can out of the territory administration, then leave the country when the time comes, without giving a damn about what happens after self-government. Q. What difference to you personally will your Jefferson Fellowship here at the East-West Center make? A. Going back to New Guinea, I may be able to explain things better -- having been exposed to the situation in America. The difficulties we are experiencing in Papua- New Guinea exist elsewhere -- many of the countries represented here at the East-West Center have the same problems. So we are not alone. I'll be writing articles with a different perspective. REPORT FROM SPC RADIO BUREAU Submitted by l.a. Johnstone, Educational Broadcasts Officer SUVA FIJI It must have seemed like one of those chain letters: "If you will send me a tape containing 5 items of music from your country, within a month you should receive in return 9 tapes containing 45 items of music from Pacific countries." It was in fact an early letter to Broadcasting Directors in the SPC area about a new tape and script exchange service. The general idea is for Broadcasting Services to exchange, through the SPC's Radio Bureau, broadcast material which may be useful to other Pacific countries. Music is an obvious starter for such a scheme, and so far, tapes from Western Samoa, Gilbert & Ellice Islands and the New Hebrides have been circulated, with the Solomons, Fiji, Papua-New Guinea, the Cook Islands and several others to follow. Gradually, the Exchange will cover other programme areas. With producers and writers in most countries fully stretched to meet demanding national schedules, the Exchange could be most valuable to School and other educational broadcasters, particularly those concerned with health, agriculture, cooperatives, women's interests, news support. A list of the 50 or so programmes and series offered so far is being sent to all interested agencies. Regional series being compiled at the Bureau include simple food talks, written and recorded in mother tongue by the students of the SPC's Community Education Training Centre in Suva, and in English a regional news background 'Pacific Magazine' compiled from material sent in by SPC radio stations, and due to go into regular monthly production in January (Note: The producer of Pacific Magazine would be delighted to receive from Pacific radio stations any 3-4 minute voice report, interview, or similar cover of anything of general Pacific interest, for distribution from January onwards. Just send it to SPC Radio Bureau, P.O. Box 5082 RAIWAQA, Post Office, SUVA, Fiji. In return you should receive a 15 minute regional magazine... chain letters can become a habit!)

6 I. The Bureau's first attempt at a regional news support was the small "Conference Report" series--5 actuality/narration taped programmes sent to 10 countries from the South Pacific Conference at Noumea in September. It had its problems. New Caledonian technicians performed wonders with instructions delivered in strangled French (OK--just try an on the spot translation into French of "I want to cut him at 'economy', bring up the applause, hold it for five seconds, then hit the theme, which is recorded at 3 3/4 inches per second, or is it 9.5 centimetres per second?"). Distribution wasn't easy, either, and after some abortive attempts to delay the take off of Boeings and DC8's, sundry innocent passengers were persuaded to carry and deliver small brown packets round the Pacific. They accepted assurances that the packets contained neither bombs nor drugs, and, thanks to their help, most stations were broadcasting the reports within a couple of days of recording. Over the next 6 months, the Bureau will expand copying facilities at Suva, and begin to convert an office into a small studio, for production and adaptation of regional programmes. There's an acute shortage of recording and dubbing facilities in Suva, so the Bureau hopes to pool resources with the Communications Director of the Pacific Conference of Churches, and the School Broadcasts and Agricultural Information Sections of the Fiji Government, and there may be other groups who would like to come in. By March 1972, the studio should be able to handle small scale radio drama and feature production, copy reel and cassette programmes, and act as a centre for training and experiments for use by broadcasters in the SPC area. The Radio Bureau and its Exchange Service resu from a recommendation by last year's South Pacific Conference that co-operation between Pacific broadcasters be encouraged. We'd be pleased to communicate with anyone who has a programme, a plan or a problem-- to share. SMALL ITEM ON SCHOOL BROADCASTS Two Pacific countries plan to introduce School broadcasts during 1972/73. The British Service in the New Hebrides will confer with the SPC's Educational Broadcasts Officer in November, 1972 and the Gilbert & Ellice Islands hope to get regular programmes to schools on air by mid The scattered and isolated geography of the group's islands means many problems for Education and Broadcasting departments; but also underlines the valuable cohesive influence that good school broadcast programmes could have. Gilbert & Ellice officials hope to attract production and technical help from Australia. The Australian Government has also been approached for expert help in the production of a series of broadcasts to support the teaching of Tate Oral English in Pacific Primary Schools. The Tate Course is used in most SPC countries, and its reinforcement by excellent radio programmes could dramatically improve standards of spoken English in the Pacific over the next 5 or 10 years. RADIO VILA NEW HEBRIDES Submitted By John McNeil, Broadcasting Officer New Hebrides one of the south-west Pacific's infant voices, Radio Vila (New Hebrides Broadcasting Service) is about to enter a period of expansion. Broadcasting in the three major languages of the jointlygoverned Condominium--English, French and Pidgin--Radio Vila celebrated its fifth birthday in August last year. The service began in 1966 with minimal equipment, but benefited a year later from a surplus studio donated by ORTF in Noumea. Since then, it has disseminated local news, service messages and a small amount of recorded music to the 80-odd islands in the New Hebrides. Population of the archipaelago is estimated at around 80,000, and the number of radio sets in the villages is "guesstimated" at 10,000. As the station has had no transmitter of its own, it has borrowed time from a marine transmitter, and this has limited broadcasting time to 2 1/4 hours a day, weekdays (an hour at lunch time and 1 1/4 hours early evening). Programmes are provided by the French and British Information Office staff Ȧ new AWA 2KW short-wave transmitter has now arrived thanks to the generosity of the Australian Government, and is being installed. Another early gift from ORTF Noumea, a 1KW mediumwave transmitter, has been overhauled

7 and run up, but awaits erection of, its 150-foot vertical radiator. Former air traffic control buildings overlooking Vila harbour are to be converted to studios so the station can shift from its present cramped quarters nearby, and new studio gear is on order. Since the beginning of 1972, Volunteer Service Abroad worker John McNeil from the NZ Broadcasting Corporation has been assisting development on the British side, and a local junior producer, Joe Bomal Carlo, has just completed a three-month producers course with the BBC in London. An ORTF- trained broadcaster from France is expected early 1972 to strengthen the French team. Hopes are for a date around April 1972 when all the new equipment is fully in operation, and longer hours and expanded programmes take the air. Then the infant's voice should start to prove a lusty one! THE SOUTH PACIFIC IS CITIFYING TOO FAST By Alan Chalkley DEPTHneW5, Honolulu Even on the dreaming islands of the South Pacific, the people are flocking to the main towns on the main islands--and turning them into shanty cities. Rapid and large-scale urbanisation... a steady stream of migrants flowing from the rural areas... towns that are illequipped to house them. Those who do not know the area might never guess that these phrases describe the myriad islands of the South Pacific, the chain of volcano and coral that seems to bask in the ocean "down where the trade winds play", as a song of the 1930's described them. The phrases are in a report, published in Nouniea, New Caledonia, the seat of the South Pacific Commission. The report is a summary of the findings and recommendations of a seminar held in Papeete, French Polynesia, to discuss the health and social planning crises that are building up in the islands--the coming of the shanty city, and the breakdown of the old island way of life. The overall finding is that the islands have "citified" too fast. The local authorities have not been geared, for the most part, to the new life (some of them have never put in a sewerage system, or had to build a modern road). But the rural people, especially the young folks, are flocking into the big towns of the big islands. They come to "enjoy" wages instead of living on local crops and small farming income. They come to "enjoy" city foods (and city drinks). Appalled And they catch city diseases, adopt city morality, and take to city crime. The old chieftain society is appalled and distressed. Here is a run-down on some of the problems in the patchwork of island groups that make up the South Pacific Commission's bailiwick: ---In French Polynesia, Papeete is attracting the young migrant. Result: Shanty towns, and about 2,000 adolescents every year who leave school with an incomplete education and no work for them in sight. ---Fiji has more towns than French Polynesia to absorb the new citydwellers. But nevertheless, squatter colonies are growing up, and health problems are arising. ---Papua-New Guinea now has shanty towns, with overcrowding,rising rents and unemployment. ---Guam finds its housing standards falling, death and disease rates rising, youthful criminality increasing--and "the limits of natural resources will soon be reached" for water supply, refuse disposal and sewerage. ---The U.S. Trust Territory (which includes such islands as Ponape, Truk and Yap) reports that "the people have moved to the towns with high expectations which have not been realised." Result: Youthful crime. Excessive ---New Hebrides have been spared the worst problems of rapid citification so far, but shanty towns are making their appearance. The report especially notes "excessive alcohol consumption." ---New Caledonia is booming economically--the nickel mining project

8 there has led to an acute shortage of labour, and migrants are being "sucked in." Result: "An acute shortage of houses in Noumea (estimated to be 4,000 house units in 1969)." So great is the shortage of workers that migrants are coming from Indonesia, Australia, and even Europe. The report calls for a thorough overhaul of the old planning systems. Much of the laws and regulations are just copies of the laws and regulations of the old colonial power--building regulations meant for New York instead of Noumea, Paris instead of Ponape. Educational curricula in the U.S. Trust Territory are copies of the American system. And everywhere, there is lack of housing finance for city-type construction. The old village co-operative hut-building system did not need it; the new towndwelling-construction system does. Unbalanced The break-up of society itself leads to an unbalanced population pattern. The young men go to the towns, leaving behind the girls and the old folk. In American Samoa, Cook Islands, Fiji, Guam, New Hebrides and Papua-New Guinea, between 40 and 50 per cent of the town-dwellers are aged under 15. Result: the education system cannot cope. They you do not work. They turn to crime. There are no respected "chiefs" in the towns any more. Even the diet of the new towndwellers is deteriorating. The cost of food is always rising, because in effect less is being produced per head within range of the big town on the big island. So the town-dweller turns to cheaper foods--and "fills in" with cereals, biscuits and soft drinks. Result: deficiency diseases, and dental decay. To keep up household income, the town woman works. Result: less protection and control of children. The report goes on in this strain-- hard-headed, factual, realistic. But it tells a threatening story, and one which will shape the future of the islands for generations to come. Changes are sweeping over the millions of square miles of the South Pacific, but these changes get little publicity because the islands look so small, and are so scattered. The world's attention goes to the pitiful story of East Pakistan-- rightly so. Or the booming economy of Japan--rightly so. But from many islands of the South Pacific the smell of rotting cities (cities which rot as soon as they are built!) is already rising.--depthnews. (DEPTHnews Release, July 9, 1971) PACIFIC DIRECTORS OF EDUCATION WORKSHOP AND SEMINAR March In an educational workshop and seminar co-sponsored by the South Pacific Commission and the Culture Learning Institute, program officers, cultural advisors, and education directors from 15 Pacific Islands and territories met with EWC staff members and University of Hawaii specialists to discover a basis of closer cooperation and to identify future projects in which personnel from participating islands, the University of Hawaii, and CLI could work together. Highlight of the workshop-seminar was a demonstration of the satellite communication program run by Dr. Bystrom and his colleagues of the University of Hawaii's Department of Physics. To emphasize the extraordinary potential of the use of the satellite in the fields of medicine, education, health and agriculture, Dr. Bystrom arranged to have several of the participants use the satellite to talk to friends or colleagues in Maui and Fiji. That the conference was successful in meeting its objectives is attested to by the agreements and recommendations put forth in the final session. 1. That the Pacific Islands Directors of Education would meet annually, convening in Papua-New Guinea in March 1973; in the Trust Territories in 1974;and in the Solomon Islands in Possibly alternative sponsorship should be with the South Pacific Commission and CLI, and the latter, if unable to participate, at least should be represented at all meetings. 2. That a study and education project in museology, ethnomusecology and archivology will be undertaken with particular emphasis upon the classification of historical letters and documents, of which the Pacific Islands have a large treasure.

9 4 I 1, r i ) " i - - I Nominees from participating countries would be brought together for six month periods of study. The program, already funded for 1973, will probably continue for three years. 3. That the satellite communication project now in existence between the Universities of the South Pacific and Hawaii be extended to include participation of additional territories, particularly in the interests of education. 4. That there be closer coordination of tertiary educational programs between the various universities in the Pacific, the South Pacific Commission and the East-West Center. 5. That there be some interchange of teaching staff between the University of the South Pacific and the University of Hawaii, East-West Center. A more eloquent summary of the accomplishment of the seminar was expressed by Dr. Fanaafe Larkin in her closing address to the members. She felt that "like the fisherman sent out by their chief to fetch loads of fish, the directors were returning home with a valuable catch." Seminar participants from the Pacific Islands and territories were: Cook Islands: George R.G. Gerrard, director of education, and Rangitukua Moekaa, chief inspector of schools. American Samoa: Milton DeMello, director of education, and Mrs. Mere Betham, deputy director of educational services. Gilbert and El-lice Islands Colony: Henry Urquhart, director of education, and Atanraoi Baiteke, education officer. Fiji: Joseph D. Gibson, secretary of education; Han Ram, chief education officer; and Bruce Palmer, museum director. British Solomon Islands Protectorate: Alan G. H. House, director of education, and Mostyn Habu, school teacher. Western Samoa Fanaafi Larkin, director of education. U.S. Trust Territory: Burl Yarberry, director of education, and David Ramarui, deputy director of education. New Hebrides: Justin J. How, director of education. Papua-New Guinea: V. En, director of education. Tonga: Robert McNurdo, director of education. Republic of Nauru: Robert Matchett, director of education.

10 Guam: Lagrimas Untalan, program coordinator. Tahiti: P. Krault, vice rector of the education departments. The South Pacific Commission delegation was headed by Dr. Frank Mahony, Director of Social Development and former University of Hawaii professor. Others from the Commission were Miss Phyliss Carpenter, English language specialist, and Richard A. King, education consultant. Observers at the meeting include Sister Eustelle, Catholic directress of education from the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony; James E. Ritchie, professor of psychology at the University of Waikato, New Zealand; and Keith Oakes, administrator for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, from the United States. Representing the Cultural Learning Institute were Dr. Bickley, Dr. Baron Goto and Mr. Gregory Trifonovitch. EAST-WEST COMMUNICATION INSTITUTE NEWS PACIFIC ISLAND MEDIA CENSUS A census of the print media in the Pacific Islands is under way, with about 25 questionnaires completed by April 1. The purpose of the survey is to put together for the first time a complete directory of thl print media in the Pacific islands, as a help to advertisers, practitioners and researchers. The project is being undertaken jointly by Dr. Ralph D. Barney of Brigham Young University and the East- West Communication Institute. Jim Richstad is handling the Institute aspect. Barney and Richstad hope to have a directory ready by August, and will send copies to all those who cooperated in the survey. The two hope to put together a more complete publication next year, building on this year's survey. Broadcasting facilities will be included in the next project. Any publications that have not received a questionnaire are asked to write to Richstad at the Communication Institute. And those who received but haven't returned a questionnaire are asked to do so soon. COMMUNICATION IN THE PACIFIC SEMINAR A proposal has been made for a Communication in the Pacific seminar in early August or September. The seminar idea is being circulated by the East- West Communication Institute for reaction. The concept, as developed by Dr. R. Lyle Webster, director of the Institute, and Dr. Jim Richstad, associate researcher, is to explore the wide range of journalism and communication activity in the Pacific, and try to see where the Communication Institute would fit in. In the past, the Institute and East- West Center have conducted many training programs geared to broadcasting, journalism, audio-visual methods and other communication means. The seminar could immensely help the Institute determine training and research needs. The tentative plan is to hold a one or two-week meeting in Hawaii, Fiji, Western Samoa or some other appropriate place and to invite communicators from various Pacific Island areas to present discussion papers on the status of communication. These papers would form the basis for the seminar, although some outside resource speakers would be invited. )ne of the difficulties a communicator in the Pacific faces is isolation from his colleagues. The seminar would provide a setting for exchange of ideas and problems, and perhaps some ways to meet those problems. Anyone with suggestions or reactions to the general concept outlined above is invited to write to Dr. Webster at the Communication Institute. EWC COMMUNICATION DOCUMENTATION CENTER Communication research materials dealing with the Pacific Islands are being sought by the Document Collection of the Communication Institute. Preliminary surveys show little of this kind of material on Pacific Islands communication activities. Material sought includes readership, viewership and listernrship surveys, advertising surveys, effects studies and similar materials. Any kind of statistical or descriptive material on communication media is also sought. The Document Collection catalogs such materials and then makes them available upon request to administrators,

11 practitioners and researchers. The collection is also used by University of Hawaii students and East-West Center grantees. Persons with such materials can contact Sumiye Konoshima, Resource Materials Specialist, at the Communication Institute. JIM RICHSTAD TO VISIT PACIFIC ISLANDS Professional study and training projects in communication will be the main discussion item when Jim Richstad of the East-West Communication Institute staff visits several Pacific Island countries April The itinerary includes American Samoa, Western Samoa, Tonga, Fiji, and New Caledonia. The purpose of the trip is to discuss Professional Study and Training programs coming up in the next year. These include such things as an Editorial Workshop in the summer, a seminar on Communication in the Pacific in the late summer, a Radio Station Management Seminar beginning in August, and an Agricultural Communication workshop later in the fall. In addition, the Institute is tentatively planning a Government Information Officers Seminar early 1973 and a Teaching by Television Seminar in early Other purposes are to gain familiarity with the communication media in the Pacific, to contact prospective degree students and Senior Fellows, to establish institutional ties, and to seek communication research material. Persons wishing to contact Dr. Richstad may do so through the following hotels on the dates specified: Apr Amer. Samoa Intercontinental Hotel W. Samoa Aggie Grey Hotel Tonga Int'l. Dateline Hotel Fiji (Suva) Travelodge Hotel EDWARD RIPLEY ON STUDY TOUR Mr. Edward Ripley, Information Officer of the Western Samoan Department of Agriculture, visited Hawaii and the East-West Communication Institute as part of a study tour which will take him to Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, Australia and other Pacific Islands. While here Mr. Ripley conferred with EWC Communication and Food Institute staff members briefing them on his work in Western Samoa and discussing future East-West Center training programs in the area of agricultural communication. Ripley also met with College of Tropical Agriculture directors and publication officials to review their activities. Highlight of Mr. Ripley's Hawaii stay was a trip to Rib in the outer islands to attend a College of Tropical Agriculture Open House celebrating the tenth anniversary of the Waiakea Field Station. The field day featured a tour of seven stations each of which exhibited current College of Tropical Agriculture research projects. There was something for everyone during the day-long event, whether it was a slide show developed by the Agricultural Engineering Department, two operating trickle irrigation systems, samples of corn and sorghum, displays of grasses suitable for Hawaii ranges and pastures, : ": - ( New Caledonia Dole de France Hotel Fiji 25-Nandi Skylodge Hotel Suva Travelodge Hotel &._ - Edward Ripley and Leslie Swindale, at Waiakea Field Day. Swindale is Associate Director of Hawaii Agriculture Experimental Station. A.:

12 or a walk through the USDA Fruit Fly Laboratory, where research is carried out to develop methods to control and/or eradicate the melon fly and the Oriental and Mediterranean fruit flies. Researchers demonstrated the hydroponic method of growing plants with cucumbers planted in a bed of volcanic cinders. Also on display were two easilyconstructed plastic greenhouses. These structures are based on arches of locally grown bamboo and strawberry guava, covered by a sheet of plastic, and costing less than $10. Mr. Ripley's trip was sponsored by a joint Government of Western Samoa- UNDP/FAO Agricultural Development Project. AGRICULTURAL COMMUNICATION WORKSHOP AWAITS SURVEY RESULTS The East-West Communication and Food Institutes are presently awaiting the results of a Pacific Islands agricultural communication survey designed by the two Institutes to obtain information needed for planning a Fall 1972 workshop. The survey sent out to Pacific Island Directors of Agriculture sought to determine which channels of communication were most important in the departments' task of communicating with farmers, the. number and responsibilities of persons in the department with informational tasks, the editorial and media ;kills most essential to the departments' effective functioning, and the equipment--presses, camera, recorders, training facilities, etc.--available locally. Responses to the survey questionnaires will be used to determine the need, type of participant and format for an Agricultural Communication Workshop tentatively scheduled for October-November of this year. The Workshop would be held at the East-West Center in Honolulu with the collaboration of the Food and Communication Institutes. The proposal for this Workshop grew out of the recommendations of participants at a "Pacific Seminar on Training, Research and Planning Needs in Agriculture and Fisheries" held at the East-West Center in August of A prospectus giving full details of the program will be sent out later this spring. Inquiries and comments concerning the program should be directed to Dr. Donald Green of the East-West Food Institute or Mr. Cuyler Shaw of the Communication Institute PACIFIC ISLANDS EDITORIAL WORKSHOP JUNE 19 to JULY 28 The title of the Workshop may be confusing to some people--it's an "editorial workshop" but it is not necessary to be a newspaper editor to qualify for the program. The Workshop is designed to include persons in education, health, community development,etc. working with a newsletter as well as those whose full-time interest is journalism. And while stressing the editorial techniques involved in putting out small publications, the Workshop will devote considerable attention to problems of effective coordination between developmental or educational efforts and the mass media--specifically radio and newspaper. The Workshop schedule is being designed in a cumulative fashion so that individual skills mastered early in the program will have to be combined and coordinated in the final stages of the Workshop as participants are divided into publication teams to actually put out "newsletters." A program of speakers and discussants from the University, the Center and the Honolulu community with expertise in communication and Pacific Island problems should stimulate plenty of thinking on the content of these "team" publications. The program prospectus indicates training will focus around the following areas: a. To provide intensive training in these areas: 1. steps to be taken in guiding various smaller publication from conception through distribution and use. 2. skills called for in such processes including writing, editing layout, simple illustrations, and publication. 3. printing and duplicating methods and relative costs. 4. editing written texts for maximum public impact, e.g. writing a popular bulletin or article form a research report. 5. camera use and picture composition techniques.

13 6. writing a newspaper story for public release. 7. preparation of materials for radio, including taped interviews, spot announcements and brief programs. b. To develop in Workshop participants the ability to plan, budget, implement and evaluate an information campaign. Included here would be an understanding of the importance of audience feedback and matching message content with a specific audience. c. To examine the role information can play in development. d. To familiarize participants with and discuss some of the broader issues, alternatives and values implicit in development and social change. e. To prepare participants to assume the role of trainer on return to their home situations. f. To encourage participant interaction with the wider East-West Center community to promote a broader understanding and knowledge of the experience of other peoples. Requests for program prospectuses or application forms should be addressed to Cuyler E. Shaw, Associate Program Officer. RADIO MANAGEMENT SEMINAR In response to the difficult situation faced by Pacific Island station managers who must operate their stations without the benefit of local or nearby aid or advice, the Communication Institute has scheduled a Radio Station Management Seminar for August-September of Tentative dates for the program which will provide station managers an opportunity to exchange experiences and advice with each other and with outside station management expertise have been set at August 20 to September 16. Seminar content and emphasis will be in part by the participants themselves in initial sessions of the program. Individual reports drawing on past participant w I / Lavea Levi of Western Samoa and Jack Towers during 1971 EWCI Radio Development Seminar radio experience in the Pacific Islands and followed by group discussion will attempt to highlight key problems and difficulties confronting a Pacific Islands radio station manager. Preliminary correspondence and survey by the Communication Institute with Pacific Island radio sources indicate the following areas will receive at least some consideration: 'Development of appropriate and imaginative program policies. 'Comparative study of developmental communication strategies and experiences in the Pacific Islands and other regions of the world. Personnel management. 'Design and implementation of station organizational structure. 'Radio station budget preparation..anticipating station equipment needs; planning for effective maintenance. 'Understanding the role of a radio station in the community. 'Audience survey methods and evaluation of the community impact of a radio station. -Discuss i.en of recent developments in communication research, Mr. I. A. Johstone, Educational Broadcasts Officer with the South Pacific Commission, has suggested the Seminar also include discussion of the problem of the introduction of television in the islands. Prospectuses and application forms for the Seminar, will be mailed out within the next few weeks. k -

14 .01 ASAHI SHIMBI.TN EDITORIALIST TO DIRECT COMMUNICATION INSTITUTE A prominent Japanese journalist and educator has been named director of the East-West Center's Communication Institute. Dr. MICHIO NAGAI, editorial writer for Tokyo's Asahi Shimbun Press and a lecturer on higher education at Tokyo University, will arrive in May to assume the post now held by Dr. R. LYLE WEBSTER, present director of the East-West Communication Institute, who is retiring. Nagai, 48, brings with him to the East-West Center a distinguished career in educational and developmental communication. He has authored, edited or translated some 16 books in Japanese and English and has written numerous articles and essays on Japanese culture, society and politics for academic journals and magazines in both Japan and the United States. "Dr. Nagai's appointment is a further step in the internationalization of the staff and programs of the East-West Center," Chancellor EVERETT KLEINJAHS announced. "Our mandate from Congress is to carry out cooperative programs of cultural and technical interchange to foster mutual understanding for closer relations between the peoples of the United States, Asia and the Pacific." An active figure in Japanese educational circles, Nagal is a member of the boards of the International Council for Educational Development, Japan Wonens' Universit and the International House of Japan. He is also a member of the Japanese Ministry of Education's Commission on Japanese Language and the Commission on the National Living Standard and Style of the Economic Planning Bureau. Nagai received his B.A. degree in philosophy from Kyoto Imperial University and his Master's degree in education from Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. In 1952 he was awarded a doctorate in educational sociology at Ohio State, where he worked as a research associate in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology for two years before returning to Tokyo. Prior to joining Asahi Shimbun Press, Nagai also held positions as visiting lecturer at El Colegio de Mexico in Mexico City, Hong Kong University, and at Columbia and Stanford universities in the United States. He has been a research associate with the University of California and a professor of sociology at Tokyo Institute of Technology. Nagai has traveled extensively throughout Asia, Europe, the North American continent and the Soviet Union. He is married and has three children. SECOND RETIREMENT FOR DR. WEBSTER Dr. R. LYLE WEBSTER, first director of the East-West Communication Institute, will retire from that post effective May 1. He will remain in the Institute during the month of May as Researcher and to assist the Institute's new director, Dr. MICHIO NAGAI, whose appointment was approved March 30 by the University of Hawaii Board of Regents. It will be Dr. Webster's second retirement. He "retired" in 1970 after serving for six years as a Ford Foundation consultant to the Government of India but consented to come to the East-West Center to organize and direct the Communication Institute programs for the first two years. "The Center was particularly fortunate in persuading Dr. Webster to take on the exacting job of organizing the Communication Institute and getting it started in such successful fashion," Chancellor Everett Kleinjans said. "His broad background in educational and developmental communication and invaluable practical experience added real strength to the Center. Although Dr. Webster is 'retiring' again we hope he will have a continuing association with the Institute." Webster, 66, was born and raised in North Dakota. He holds a B.A. degree in journalism from the University of North Carolina, an M.S. degree from the School of Journalism at Columbia University, and a Ph.D. degree from American University in Washington, D.C. He has carried out communication assignments in a number of foreign countries, principally advising governments on establishing agricultural information systems. Foreign assignments for the U.S. Department of Agriculture were carried out in Japan and 10 countries of Western Europe and Latin America. In 1960 Webster was selected to lead a U.S. exchange team to the Soviet Union, to study agricultural communications there.

15 F MAORI PROGRAMMES (From NZBC, ABU Newsletter, August 1971) Although New Zealand cannot be described as a multi-racial society in the usual sense of the term, there are besides those of European descent many Polynesian people in the country. The largest group of these are the Maori, the inhabitants of New Zealand when it was first seen by white men in The Maoris who are thought to have originated in Southeast Asia, came to New Zealand from Hawaiiki (their homeland in the eastern Pacific) from approximately the 13th or 14th century, and because of the isolation of New Zealand their cultural development was distinctive. The Maori had no written word, but set great store by their common and tribal history and beliefs, and in their dances, chants and songs have handed down from generation to generation much of their cultural heritage and folk lore. Today there are nearly 228,000 people of Maori descent in the countryapproximately 97. of the total population. As equal citizens with the pakeha (or white people), subject to the same laws and with the same rights, they have fully accepted western civilisation. At the same time they have kept alive many of their own traditions and culture in which there is a great deal of interest not only among Maoris but among the pakeha as well. To meet this interest, and to encourage the preservation and development of Maoritanga the NZBC broadcasts a number of programmes prepared by its Maori Programmes Section. Maori programmes and recordings of Maori items have been made by the NZBC for many years, but these were mainly on a local basis until the Maori Programmes Section was established in Located in Head Office, the Section is responsible for four regular programmes each week, broadcast by the non-commercial network covering "the whole country, and some also by local commercial stations in centres of Maori population. While many younger Maoris have only a limited knowledge of their language, it is still common among the Maori people, and an increasing number of Europeans also speak it. With a resurgence of interest in Maori, which is being taught at some schools and at universities, NZBC broadcasts in the language are listened to with keen interest, although the audiences are small. One of the most important broadcasts is Te Reo o te Maori (The Voice of the Maori), a weekly programme retailing Maori history, legends, chants and music of the various tribes. This programme is designed to interest both the older Maori and the younger generations who want to know something of their history, and the material used is for the most part recorded in the field at Maori gatherings, although commercial recordings may also be used. The oral tradition of the Maori creates certain problems in the retelling of ancient stories: there may be variations both from tribe to tribe and within a tribe; Maori is a living language and subject to change. In addition, there are slight differences from one tribal area to another--for example, the tribes of the South Island of New Zealand refer to themselves as Kaitahu while they are called by North Islanders Ngaitahu although among the younger southern people the latter is becoming more common. In these circumstances great care has to be taken to ensure that versions of stories used are authentic, and the Section's staff are required to have a high degree of scholarship. If necessary they will consult Nga Tohunga--"people with knowledge", the experts in tribal lore. The language and pronunciation used must be impeccable, because what is broadcast becomes a standard for many people. A weekly extended news bulletin in Maori consists mainly of items about Maori affairs or otherwise of interest to the Maori, while "The Maori Programme" presents half an hour each week of topical Maori matters and issues, and music and stories J pakeha and Maori. This is scripted in English, but includes many items recorded on the marae or meeting place. A further programme of music only is also broadcast. In all these the aim is to keep alive Maori heritage and language by presenting material in an entertaining manner. To gather material for Maori programmes the staff of the Section travel extensively throughout the country, attending every important Maori gathering. To be received on a tribal marae is an honour for members of another tribe, and one may attend by invitation only. The staff of the Section (themselves Maoris) are held in such regard by their people, and the NZBC's relations with the Maori people are such that their presence at

16 gatherings has never been refused. The Maori are a generous people, but jealous of their tribal prestige and traditions, and great care must be taken to ensure that recordings made are used in the right context and with responsibility. An important function of the Maori Programme Section is the collection and collation of traditional material for historical purposes. The NZBC has been undertaking this work since the 1930's and now has the greatest collection of recordings of music, speeches, oral traditions of the marae stories, histories and ancient chants in the country. This work is undertaken at the request of the Maori people, the cost being borne by the NZBC. As the older people familiar with ancient folklore die it becomes increasingly difficult to gather these items, but to date some 2,000 7-inch tapes have been stored. In 1966 and 1969 the NZBC sponsored nationwide competitions for original compositions for Maori cultural items, the organisation being the responsibility of the Maori Programmes Section. Many of the items submitted in the competitions have now been included in the repertoires of Maori groups that are established throughout the country, and some were included in the Maori Welcome to the Royal Family in New Zealand in 1963 and last year. Mr. Wiremu Kerekere, the Maori Programme Organiser, at the unanimous request of the Maori people was appointed to train and organise the party of over 1,000 performers on this occasion, and was also the advisor and trained the Maori party that performed in the New Zealand Day presentation at Expo '70 in Osaka. The Section is continually called on for advice, information, research and announcing for programmes involving Maori topics prepared by other sections for both radio and television. Included among these is the Overseas Programme Exchange Service, which offers at no cost 23 fifteen to thirty minute radio programmes illustrating different forms of Maori music. Programmes may be ordered either complete with commentary in English, or as music tracks with an English script for translation from the: Manager Overseas Programme Exchange NZBC, P.O. Box 98 Wellington, New Zealand BROADCASTING IN THE TRUST TERRITORY OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS By George T. Callison Chief, Broadcast Division Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Reprinted from March, 1972 ABU Newsletter) The only way to reach all of the 100,000 residents of the farf lung Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands is by radio. The vast island territory stretches out across the Western Pacific a few degrees north of the equator, covering a total area of some 3,000,000 square miles, equal to that of the United States, yet the 2,100 islands--only 90 of which are inhabited--have a combined land area of just 700 square miles. Six AM broadcast stations provide Micronesians with eighteen hours of music, news and information daily. The stations are located in the district centres: WSZO, Majuro, in the Marshall Islands; WSZD, Ponape, and WSZC, Truk, in the Eastern Carolines; WSZA, Yap, and WSZB, Palau, in the Western Carolines; and KJQR, Saipan, in the Marianas. Nearly every Micronesian family has at least one transistor radio. Of the 72 employees of the Broadcast Division, all but three are located at the district broadcast stations and all but three are Micronesians. The last three-- all Americans--are the chief of the division, a broadcast trainer and a supervisory technician. The immediate responsibility for the operation of the six broadcast stations lies with the station managers who, in turn, are directly responsible to the District Administrators. Division headquarters, located in Saipan, the seat of the Trust Territory government, coordinates and prepares the $340,000 annual programme budget for the division as well as the budget for capital improvement projects, which runs from $50,000 to $75,000 annually. The primary functions of the division are to plan and supervise the territory-wide operation and to direct the programme material for the six stations. It insures a steady flow of material, supplies and equipment to the stations; serves as a production centre, and bears the responsibility for training of division employees, both in-station and at the headquarters training centre, as well as at such other locations as the East-West Center in Honolulu. The division is a