Restoration, Romanticism and Revolution The Difficulty of Keeping Things the Same European Leaders Sought Stability 1815 Congress of Vienna With Napoleon back in his bottle, leaders met Five Great Powers met: GB, Austria, Prussia, Russia, together with nobility of France Klemens von Metternich 3 Goals: Prevent more French Wars Recreate a balance of power Restore the legitimate royal families to thrones The American and French Revolutions awoke millions to Freedom! By 1815, the USA at least was still working And had stood up to the Brits in the War of 1812! 1
Congress of Vienna: Meeting was run by Conservatives who believed in Monarchy Conservatives opposed democracy Liberals desired more power for elected officials but liked limited monarchies Admired British system Radicals wanted end of monarchies democracy immediately give all males the right to vote Encirclement of France Switzerland Kingdom of the Netherlands created So sorry, Dutch Republic German Confederation formed as military alliance Chunks of southern France given to Kingdom of Sardinia See map, next slide 2
But nationalism is ready to burst where it is restrained Austrian Empire was a combination of different peoples with different languages and customs Poland was dominated by Russia who wanted a buffer against future aggression Greece was ruled by Islamic Ottomans Italy was still a variety of city-states German peoples live in different states Irish want separation from Britain 1830 Greece Becomes a Nation 1821-1830 fights the Ottoman Turks Why did Greece have advantages? The Ottoman Empire was in decline Greek independence inspired support from other Europeans who knew history Lord Byron, English writer volunteered in the army Died: April 19, 1824 Missolonghi, Greece Latin America Breaks Out! 1804 Haiti has the first successful revolution Toussaint L Ouverture, Black Naploeon Napoleon s 2 nd mistake (remember?) has a big effect on Spain s colonies Wars of independence break out across the continent 3
Simon Bolivar Wealthy Creole (Spanish descent but not born in Spain) Had liked Voltaire, Rousseau and Locke An author and a soldier Beginning in Venezuela leads several countries in northern South America to their independence Jose San Martin A native of Argentina Fought Napoleon in Spain Began in Argentina, led fight in Chile In Peru, would step aside for Bolivar who would lead a unified army against the Spanish Romanticism: Reaction to Reason Emphasized : emotions/passion, the individual, celebrated nature, boundlessness rather than lawfulness Mary Shelly wrote Frankenstein Ludwig von Beethoven Listen: 5 th Symphony And respond. 4
The Romantics loved symbolism What is this painting about? Caspar Friedrich Wanderer above the Sea of Fog 1818 Reforms Sweep Europe Great Britain: Reform Bill of 1832 is victory for liberals Gives full political rights to most men of middle class Sets up new districts for better representation Improved participation from 3% to 20% of men France s 1830 Revolt Revolt of 1830 Bourbon king Charles X wanted to be absolute Tried to take away few powers of elected representatives Riots break out Charles flees to England!!! Charles cousin Louis Philippe takes throne Willing to be limited Would be a citizen king Bourbon Flag of France The Tricolor is revived. 5
1848: Year of Revolutions 50 separate revolts broke out across Europe Radical Parisians chase Louis Phillippe from power Hungarians want the Austrians out! Initially monarchs agree to greater democratization A national election in France chooses Louis Napoleon, a nephew A Prussian parliament was briefly set up Hungary gets temporary independence France s 1848 Revolution Paris radicals force the Second Republic like before, it is split by radicals trying to outradical each other Unhappy with violence French people elect a strong leader president Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of the Corsican Naïve masses voted for a name they recognized! His parents had been monarchs of a French puppet state, the kingdom of Holland. Counterrevolutions (1848-1852) The Empires Strike Back!!! French president Louis Napoleon dissolves the Chamber of Deputies Declares himself sole ruler!!! French hold plebescite and confirm him!!! Now Emperor Napoleon III (déjà vu!!!) Prussian parliament disbanded Austrians crush uprisings in Hungary and Italy 6
Why can monarchs do this? Liberals and radicals disagree and are easily divided Louis Napoleon himself on why: The Empire means peace. Yet the impetus for political change is only detoured briefly Part II: Emergence of Communist Theory Working class grows, and grows impatient Industrial Revolution spreads, creating concentrations of neighborhoods of squalor and discontent Organizers begin to organize Radical thinkers are spreading angry demands for change Karl Marx says reformers are misguided Societies need fundamental revolution! Workers of the world unite! Throw off your chains! More on this later. 7
Mid 1800s: Industrialism Created a Global Economy Transportation of goods and people RR s built Steamships Suez Canal built by French (1869) Communication Telegraph (Morse) Cables laid across oceans and continents Access to capital (investment) Corporations develop through stocks Working People Demanded Influence Socialism Robert Owen: Utopian socialism Workers should share ownership of large industries through govt control Marxist communism Scientific socialism Preached revolution by the mass of workers Marxism Rests in 7 Ideas 1. Historical materialism History is governed by economic forces Religion, culture, politics are superficial and have their causes in economics. All other human endeavors Economic Substructure: Desire for material goods 8
Marx 2. Theory of surplus value Workers alone create the products and their value. Owners steal the value of the laborer by selling the products at profit Created by workers Stolen by the capitalists Cost of Production Profit Marxism rests in 7 ideas 3. Class Struggle Workers of the world unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains! Its bitter and hateful between workers and capitalists Marxism rests in 7 ideas 4. Stages of historical development History is one of class struggle, but the oppressed are getting close to the final stage of history Proletariat must overthrow the Bourgeoisie They can do so now that the industrial revolution brings them into proximity 9
Goal of History Ideal: Communism Class Struggle Mistake: Personal Ownership of Property Primitive Communal Society Communism s Triumph 5. Force: The workers must use force to overthrow the existing false order. 6. Temporary dictatorship of the worker (proletariat) 7. Communism will be established Dictatorship will wither away Only public ownership No competition No classes, no rich and poor divisions Each person will work according to ability, and receive as they need no more and no less. What problems do you see with Marx s theory? 10
Part III Unification of Italy and Germany Unification of Italy Why was it slow to unify? Some parts ruled by Austria City-state traditions Papal State Independence leader Guiseppe Mazzini Young Italy-young wealthy middle class Wanted a republic Did not have peasant support 1840s Austria arrested Mazzini Realpolitik Politics based on tough-minded reality: Combine: Tough diplomacy and military might 11
Count Cavour: No Romantic Prime Minister of K. of Sardinia Romantic Mazzini and he did not get along Persuades Napoleon III to join them in a fight against Austria France would get lands back Sardinia gets northern Italy Garibaldi in southern Italy leads Peasants unite in poorer south Cavour secretly sends him funds Garibaldi had fought for independence in Brazil and Uruguay Italy Unified 1861-1871 As a Constitutional Monarchy under Victory Emmanuel of Sardinia Parliament Strong Venice defeats Austria With help from Prussia 1871 Papal States join Italy Rome becomes capital But Vatican City ruled separately King Victor Emmanuel: 1871 After long trials of expiation Italy is restored to herself and to Rome. Here, where our people, after centuries of separation, find themselves for the first time solemnly reunited in the person of their representatives: here where we recognize the fatherland of our dreams, everything speaks to us of greatness; but at the same time it all reminds us of our duties. The joy that we experience must not let us forget them.... 12
The German Confederation Germany s Unification Austria and Prussia were rivals Prussia economic center STRONGER army Austria cultural and historic center 13
Franco-Prussian War Germany gets: Alsace and Lorraine 5 billion francs Lasting French enmity!!! (ooh a good vocab. word) Otto von Bismarck, PM of Prussia Realpolitik Provokes Wars to Unify With Denmark Gets Schleswig-Holstein With Prussia - 7 weeks War German Confederation expels Austria With France: Franco- Prussian War Invasion of France provokes southern Germany to unite with northern Prussia (1871) 14
Germany s 2 nd Reich 2nd Reich Formed as a Result (1871) Claims historical center of German people 1 st Reich was 3 rd Reich will be 15