Economic Expansion & Nationalism

Transcription

1 Economic Expansion & Nationalism WC Chapter 24 Industrialism Creates a Global Economy How did steam revolutionize transportation? What were its effects? How did the telegraph speed communication? What were its effects? Why did business leaders form corporations? What benefits arose? How did economic ties circle the globe? What risks & benefits developed as a result? Where did people relocate to find work? What effects did that have? Open Railroad Lines in Europe o f O p en Line Kilom eters o 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10, Time Austria-Hungary Belgium France Germany Great Britain France Netherlands Russia Spain Sweden 1

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3 How did steam revolutionize transportation? What were its effects? Growth of railroads Steamships gradually replaced sailing ships Transportation breakthroughs Transcontinental railway (US) Suez Canal (Egypt) Railroads grew more than 10x over the 30 year period between and boosted trade and industry while spurring demand for iron and coal. The transition from sailing ships to steamships was initially slow, but by 1870, more than 40% of ships used steam, up from 5 % in Transportation breakthroughs like the Transcontinental railroad and the Suez Canal shortened travel times dramatically. 3

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5 How did the telegraph speed communication? What were its effects? Letters carried by train and ship Telegraph & Morse code invented Major cities linked in Eastern US Cable connects London & Paris 1866 Cable connects Newfoundland & Ireland 1875 Cables around the world The telegraph s nearly instantaneous communication supplemented and replaced letters carried overland and by ship, speeding communication based on Morse code around the globe via a network of cables. 5

6 Why did business leaders form corporations? What benefits arose? Trade & Industry s expansion led to larger businesses. Major corporations had 1000s of owners Stockholders shared in profit and could sell shares at higher prices; risk limited to amount invested Corporations operated under charters Monopolies limited it competion Sales of shares raised capital for increasingly large projects performed by increasingly large companies. These large businesses were organized under government charters and owned by 1000s of stockholders who each shared some risk and reward. When some corporations got too large, they became monopolies and restricted or eliminated competitors. 6

7 How did economic ties circle the globe? What risks & benefits developed as a result? Transportation, trade, telecommunications and industrial production connected the world Dependent on imports Food & resources were imported by industrial countries, finished goods exported World economy increased financial and economic risks The interdependence of the industrialized world and the non-industrialized world created opportunities and risks. New markets opened, but financial or agricultural problems in one country could create problems in another. 7

8 Where did people relocate to find work? What effects did that have? Population in Europe exploded between 1850 and 1900 Many emigrated to USA, Canada, S. Africa, Australia, NZ, Latin America Rural to urban migration continued Population growth in Europe was dramatic between 1850 and 1900, but would have been even higher without migration. The rural to urban migration of the early Industrial Revolution continued, and accelerated, contributing to the development of the modern world. Working People Gained More Influence Why did Socialists try to reform society? What was the Communist Manifesto? Who wrote it & why? How did working men win the vote? What impact did that have? Why did realism replace romanticism in art? 8

9 Why did Socialists try to reform society? Misery and poverty in the lower classes Robert Owen developed a model for improvement St. Simon and Charles Fourier proposed socialism The worst abuses of the Industrial Revolution were slowly being corrected, early by upper and middle class reformers such as Robert Owen, who formed cooperatives and unions to protect workers. French Socialists proposed central government control over the economy, state or community ownership of key elements of the economy, and even the right to vote to enable greater economic equality. 9

10 What was the Communist Manifesto? Who wrote it & why? Extreme socialism utopian socialism scientific socialism - communism Marx and Engels Class Struggle Working Class revolution Marxism s influences Failures of Marxism The Communist Manifesto was a call to action written by Karl Marx designed to encourage the working classes to overthrow the middle classes and create a new classless society based on Communism where all property would be owned equally and private property would cease to exist. In practice, government owned all property, however. 10

11 How did working men win the vote? What impact did that have? Workers strove to make changes even without the vote Trade unions won rights to strike Right to vote achieved by end of 1800s US voting rights denied to blacks British and French voting rights expanded While trade unions focused on wages and working conditions, the right to vote was both a source of power and an objective. It was gained at different times in different countries, but no women were allowed to vote yet. 11

12 Why did realism replace romanticism in art? Rejection of ideals of romanticism Based on observation, reported what was seen objectively. Realism s art and literature t aimed to show the world as it was not in some idealized state as the Romantics did, but realistically, warts and all. Italy & Germany Formed Nations What was realpolitik and how did it relate to Realism in art and culture? How did Cavour unite Italy? What problems did Italy face? And how effective was its response? How did Bismarck unite Germany? Why did France form a 3 rd Republic, and what united it? Why did the balance of power in Europe break down? 12

13 What was realpolitik and how did it relate to Realism in art and culture? Realpolitik politics of reality Realistic, not idealistic (unlike Romanticism) Di ti t th b l f Disruptive to the balance of power Early nationalists had been Romantics, but by the late 1800s, leaders were much more likely to be pragmatic, practical, calculating, and even devious 13

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