The Nation Expands [pt.1] AH1 H.3 Expansion and Reform Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement, movement, and expansion and their impact on United States development over time The Learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.
The Louisiana Purchase Purchased from France in 1803 Gave US control of New Orleans, Mississippi River Doubled size of the country Paid about $.03/acre
Lewis & Clark Expedition Jefferson had ordered expedition even before US bought Louisiana Territory Corps of Discovery launched from Pittsburgh in August 1804 33 men, 32 of whom survived Gathered samples of minerals, plants, and animals Reached Pacific Ocean in December 1805 Returned to St. Louis in September 1806
Pike Expedition
The Oregon Trail Lewis & Clark s and Pike s expeditions opened the way for American settlers to move to the Pacific coast Between 1840s and late 1860s, tens of thousands of settlers traveled the Oregon Trail (and others) Went into disuse once railroads became extensive
Wagon Trains Sometimes employed guides, sometimes followed guidebooks Usually no more than 20-40 wagons per train Covered about 15 miles/day for 5-6 months Wagons were circled at night to corral animals, not for protection against Indian attacks Attacks by Native Americans were rare; more trade took place than fighting Circle the Wagons Boys!
The Donner Party 87 people Took a new, untested route to California Trapped by winter snows in the Sierra Nevada mountains 39 starved, rest resorted to cannibalism to survive
From Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico Same as Oregon Trail in that it was used by settlers in the south west. Went into disuse once railroads became extensive
The Missouri Compromise (1820) 1819: Missouri (which allowed slavery) applied for statehood US was balanced with 11 slave states, 11 free states US agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state but also admitted Maine as a free state to keep balance Congress also drew a line through Louisiana Territory north of the line, no slavery; south of the line would allow slavery Compromise driven by Henry Clay of Kentucky (War Hawk)
Indian Removal Act (1830) Pres. Jackson wanted all Indians removed from the east and forced into the Great Plains Most Native groups relented and moved west, but the Cherokee resisted
Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Cherokee sued government Supreme Court agreed that the Cherokee were a separate nation which the US had signed treaties with and were therefore not bound by state law Pres. Jackson refused to enforce the court s decision
The Trail of Tears Forced removal of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw nations from the east to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) 46,000 Indians moved, thousands died along the way, especially among the Cherokee
MEAN WHILE. DOWN IN MEXICO
Mexican Independence (1821)
Imagine Today you get home and a stranger has taken over your room. You ask them who they are and why they are in your room. They respond by saying that they are a part of a growing family next door and their parents and God told them that they could move to your house, take your room and use your resources to live on. You try to argue with them and it doesn t work so you try to fight them but they have guns, know martial arts moves, and call in other friends to help. You on the other hand only have a knife to defend yourself and have no one else to call. Now Write down what you are thinking, feeling, and expecting will happen in this situation. THEN, compare your experience to that of the Native Americans caught in the Indian Removal Act by answering the question, What are the causes and effects of migration and expansion?
The Nation Expands [pt.2] AH1 H.3 Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement, movement, and expansion and their impact on United States development over time The Learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.
Stephen F. Austin 1793 1836 Father of Texas Arrived in Texas in 1825 with large group of American settlers Died of pneumonia while serving as first Sec. of State for the independent Republic of Texas
Sam Houston 1793 1863 Veteran of War of 1812 Led Texan army in fighting for independence from Mexico 2 time President of Republic of Texas, later US Senator and Gov. of state of Texas City of Houston named after him
War of Texan Independence (1835-6) Settlers angered over Mexico s efforts to discourage further Americans from moving to Texas and high tariffs placed on goods imported from US
Battle of the Alamo Feb. 1836 Around 200 Texans held off 6000 Mexican soldiers for 13 days before being wiped out Mexican Gen. Santa Anna ordered no prisoners be taken Remember the Alamo! becomes Texans battle cry
Mr. Balmer on the Road Again.
Spanish Missions
Battle of Goliad March 1836 Mexican forces overwhelmed force of 342 Texans, who surrendered Santa Anna ordered them all executed Further galvanized Texans
Battle of San Jacinto April 1836 Sam Houston s forces defeated the Mexican army by attacking during siesta Santa Anna was captured by Texans, forced to sign treaty granting Texas independence
The Republic of Texas The Lone Star Republic 1836 1845 Texans voted to ask to join US, but northern states blocked the move to avoid adding more territory where slavery was allowed The US recognized Texas as a nation separate from Mexico
Homework: Read through The Alamo Essay directions. Write a 2 paragraph response statement from the viewpoint of an American and a different one from the viewpoint of the Others (listed on your instructions) on the battle of the Alamo. You must address these two questions: How would you have reacted to the news of the Alamo? What sort of emotions/feelings would you have towards the news?
The Nation Expands [pt.3] AH1 H.3 Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement, movement, and expansion and their impact on United States development over time The Learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.
Election of 1844 Whig Party: Henry Clay Democratic Party: James K. Polk Polk promised to annex Texas, but balance it by also annexing the Oregon Territory in the north; he also promised to try to buy California from Mexico Polk won and kept his promises.
James K. Polk 1795 1849 11 th President Born in NC, UNC grad Promised to serve only 1 term, and kept his promise Would successfully add Oregon Territory, Texas, California, and the Southwest to US Died of cholera only 3 months after leaving office
Manifest Destiny Term coined by magazine editor John Louis O Sullivan in 1845 Idea that Americans had been given North America by God, who wanted them to settle it all and push out Indians, Mexicans
Manifest Destiny John Gast, American Progress, 1872
54-40 or Fight!
Oregon Territory First settlers arrived in the 1830s Oregon Trail well-established by 1841 1846: Territory officially became part of US after the Oregon Treaty ended the border dispute between US and Britain 1853: Territory split into the Oregon and Washington Territories 1859: Oregon admitted to Union as a free state
Annexation of Oregon Britain and US peacefully resolved their dispute over where the boundary should lie between US and Canada in the Oregon Territory, splitting the region along the 49 th parallel. 1853: Territory split into the Oregon and Washington Territories 1859: Oregon admitted to Union as a free state
Texas annexed 1845: Texas admitted to the Union as a slave state Mexico furious, broke off diplomatic relations with US Dispute arose over where the southern border was between Texas and Mexico
Polk tries to buy California Polk sent an envoy, John Slidell, to Mexico City with an offer to purchase California Mexicans refused to even meet with Slidell All chances of a peaceful exchange died, US would go to war with Mexico
The Mexican War (1846-48) Mr. Polk s War Polk ordered US troops under Zachary Taylor (aka Old Rough and Ready ) to secure the Texas border Mexico considered this an act of war, attacked US force May 13, 1846: US declared war on Mexico
The Mexican War (1846-48)
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Feb. 1848 Mexico surrendered after US forces led by Winfield Scott (aka Old Fuss and Feathers ) captured Mexico City Ended the Mexican War Mexico ceded 500,000 sq. miles of territory (California, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico) Mexico accepted Rio Grande as southern border of Texas In return, US paid Mexico $15 million and assumed $3.25 million in debts Mexico owed to US citizens
Mexican cession
Wilmot Proviso Proposal by Rep. David Wilmot that slavery not be allowed in any territories gained by the US from Mexico Angered southerners, reopened slavery argument Failed to pass the Senate
California John Sutter granted 50,000 acres by Mexican government in 1839, established settlement of Sutter s Fort, the first American settlement in Spanish California Purchased from Mexico at the end of the Mexican War (as part of the Mexican Cession) in 1848 Discovery of gold later that year would lead to a rush of American settlers Became a state in 1850 as part of the Compromise of 1850
Gold Rushes California in 1849 Pikes Peak in 1858 Arizona, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming in 1860s Triggered surges of settlers (mostly single, young men) looking to get rich quick in these states
49ers & Sutter s Mill After discovery of gold at Sutter s Mill, over 300,000 gold-seekers called 49ers flooded into California Led to rise of San Francisco as a major city, but also to tensions with Native Americans and environmental destruction
The Comstock Lode Major silver vein discovered by Henry Comstock in 1859 Virginia City, NV went from zero to pop of 30,000 then crashed when the lode ran out in 1898 (today, pop. = about 1500) Comstock himself traded away his fortune and later committed suicide
Mining Lures Settlers Colorado Silver (over $1 billion, led to development of Denver) Dakotas gold in the Black Hills Montana copper Created boom and bust cycles where towns would be built in a short period of time and then abandoned (ghost towns) when the mines were exhausted
The Nation Expands [pt.4] AH1 H.3 Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement, movement, and expansion and their impact on United States development over time The Learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.
Compromise of 1850 If California joined as a free state, the balance in Congress would be upset Henry Clay of KY proposed a series of compromises between North and South that would allow California to become a state Plan was opposed by John C. Calhoun of SC, but backed by Daniel Webster of MA
Compromise of 1850 Northerners got: California admitted as a free state New Mexico won territory from Texas, limiting Texas size Slave trade in Washington DC banned Southerners got: popular sovereignty : each future state would get to decide for itself on slavery Texas debts to southerners would be paid by US Government Slave ownership in Washington DC remained legal Congress not allowed to interfere in domestic slave trade Strong Fugitive slave laws allowed southerners to recover runaway slaves in the north
Gadsden Purchase 1853: US purchases 30,000 sq. mile strip of Mexico for $10 million Land was needed to build a southern transcontinental railroad from New Orleans to California
What next???
The Nation Expands [pt.5] AH1 H.3 Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement, movement, and expansion and their impact on United States development over time The Learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.
Growth continues throughout the Civil War Life out west Role of Immigrants Role of Women Role of African Americans Technology and Westward Expansion
Sod Houses Life was difficult No trees for wood, so houses were built from sod bricks of tough grass; burned sod and dried dung Little surface water, so settlers had to drill deep wells (300 ft+) Summer = 100 +, winter = 0 or less Prairie fires, swarms of grasshoppers, tornadoes, blizzards, thunderstorms
Pre-emption Acts of 1830 & 1841 Many settlers who went west just picked a spot and built a farm they did not have any legal claim to the land; this is called squatting The Pre-emption Acts protected squatters by guaranteeing them the right to claim land before it was surveyed by the US government (who technically owned all public land) and buy up to 160 acres for $1.25/acre
Homestead Act 1862 $10 fee laid claim to 160 acres of public land; occupant received title after living there for 5 years Anyone could file a claim, except former Confederates! 1.6 million homesteads were awarded
Morrill Land-Grant Act 1862 States were awarded 30,000 acres of federal land for each member of the state s Congressional delegation States could use or sell that land to fund the creation of colleges which would teach agricultural and military skills Colleges started under the Morrill Act include Auburn, UConn, Florida, Georgia, Purdue, Iowa St., Kansas St., Kentucky, LSU, Maryland, MIT, Michigan State, Nebraska, Ohio St., Penn St., Clemson, Tennessee, Va. Tech, & NCSU
Oklahoma Land Rush As available land in the west began to disappear, pressure built to open the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) to settlers 1889: Congress agreed to open the Territory to white settlers April 22, 1889: Thousands gathered on the border to race to claim a share of 2 million acres; some (called Sooners ) snuck into the territory early to claim the best lands "Far & Away"
Women in the West Outnumbered by men, so they had more opportunities Could own property & businesses, became influential community leaders Most were farmwives Some worked as cooks or laundresses Some worked at hurdy-gurdy houses A few were adventurers, such as Annie Oakley and Calamity Jane Burke
Squirrel Tooth Alice Born as Libby Thompson in 1855 in Belton, Texas, Squirrel Tooth Alice received her name due to a gap between her front teeth and her penchant for keeping prairie dogs as pets. She was kidnapped as a young girl by the Comanche tribe. Kept for three years, she was shunned by society as a "marked" woman upon her release. At the age of 14 years old, she ran away to Abilene, Kansas, and became a dance hall girl and prostitute. After marrying Billy Thompson in 1873, she moved from Kansas to Texas to Colorado. In Sweetwater, she and her husband bought a ranch, and she opened a dance hall and successful brothel. She bore nine children (three of which were said to be her husband's), and retired successfully in 1921 at the age of 66.
Immigrants in the West Thousands of Irish immigrants flooded the Midwest in the 1840s through 1870s Thousands of Chinese immigrants arrived in California to seek job opportunities Both groups would play a key role in building the West s railroads
African-Americans in the West Played a major role in the development of the West Worked on the railroads Worked as cowboys Settled in as farmers Served as soldiers in the Indian Wars
Buffalo soldiers 4 all-black regiments of the US Army created in 1866 Nicknamed buffalo soldiers by the Native Americans they fought against for their dark skin, curly hair and fierce fighting ability, both of which reminded Indians of the buffalo They became the original Cowboys of the West
Need for a Transcontinental Railroad To connect East Coast to Oregon and California Would reduce travel time from months to days Would lead to growth along the rail line But where should it be built? Southerners wanted a route out of New Orleans, which required purchase of land from Mexico (Gadsden Purchase) arranged by Secretary of War Jefferson Davis Northerners wanted a route out of Chicago, but Southerners blocked their efforts in hopes that they could barter the route for an expansion of slavery
Pacific Railway Act 1862 Provided for construction of a transcontinental railroad as a joint effort between the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads Both companies were given land along the right-of-way to encourage competition and rapid construction
The Union Pacific Led by Grenville Dodge, former union general known for his organizational and managerial skills Started rail line heading west out of Omaha Nebraska in 1865
Union Pacific Workers Civil War vets Irish immigrants Bankrupt miners and farmers 10,000 men living in camps along the tracks and in rolling dorms Lots of rough living gambling, drinking, fighting
The Central Pacific Organized in California under 4 investors, including Leland Stanford, future governor of California and founder of Stanford University Hired 10,000 Chinese laborers Had drawback of having to have all equipment for railroad and for construction brought by ship
Promontory, Utah 1869
Time Zones Introduced Time had been measured purely by the sun s position, so what time it was determined locally 1883: American Railway Association divided nation into 4 time zones to ease railroad scheduling and improve safety by eliminating wrecks caused by discrepancies in how time was measured
Standardization of Trains Hundreds of railroads consolidated into just 7 major companies, increasing efficiency, lowering shipping and travel costs, and allowing the development of improved technologies which further increased efficiency Railroads tied America s regions together after the war, helping end sectionalism
The Nation Expands [pt.6] Technology and Westward Expansion
Dry-farming Plant seeds deep in the ground where there is enough moisture to allow them to germinate Doesn t require surface watering or depend as heavily on regular rainfall Mainly used for wheat and corn farming in the Great Plains
The Wheat Belt
Range Wars As farmers moved onto the plains, they needed to define and enclose their fields As sheep ranchers moved in, they needed access to water and pastures Both groups were in conflict with the cattle ranchers who depended on the open range to graze and move their herds Brief but violent range wars became common
Barbed Wire Ends the Open Range Era Invented by Joseph Glidden in 1874 Allowed huge areas of land to be fenced off cheaply and easily Allowed farmers and sheep ranchers to fence in the prairie and shut down routes (like the Chisholm Trail) for driving cattle Forced cattle ranchers to change their practices, organize defined, enclosed ranches