Humanities 3 Test 1 Lecture and Textbook Study Guide Because I have more than two hundred students enrolled in my Humanities classes, and must, under History Department rules, grade any written material such as essay answers, myself, it s impractical to incorporate essay questions into my Humanities tests. Grading them would be so time-consuming that it might take a month to score the tests and return them to you. Multiple choice tests suffer from many shortcomings, but are the only practical test format under these circumstances. To reduce the opportunities for cheating, on test day I distribute several versions of the test, each of which is entirely different from the others, so that copying off of a neighbor s answer sheet is, in essence, self-punishing: anyone who does so might as well simply select an answer at random. I have made my own answer sheets because of problems associated with the cost and availability of colored bubble sheets. Your answer sheets, therefore, are hand-scored. Please note that multiple questions can be derived from many of the items on the study guide(s). The point of this is to encourage students to see studying more as an exercise in learning and less as a mechanical process of entering data on hard drives that just happen to be located inside their skulls. Lecture Items: 1. Why is the Industrial Revolution so important? 2. What is the definition of The Industrial Revolution? 3. What do historians mean by underlying causes/origins and immediate causes/origins? 4. What were the underlying and immediate causes/origins of the Industrial Revolution? 5. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin where it did? 6. What industries were central to the origin of the Industrial Revolution, and why? 7. Why were the first steam engines developed? 8. Who were the inventors and developers of steam power, and what did their inventions contribute? 9. What role did textile manufacturing play in the Industrial Revolution? 10. Who were the inventors in textile manufacturing, and what did their inventions contribute? 11. How did the adoption of steam power affect textile manufacturing? 12. What problems affected maritime transportation before the Industrial Revolution? 13. Who were the inventors who adapted steam power to maritime transportation? 14. How did the adoption of steam power change maritime transportation? 15. What problems affected overland transportation before the Industrial Revolution? 16. Who were the inventors who adapted steam power to overland transportation? 17. How did railroads expand across America? 18. How did railroads revolutionize life? 19. What role did government subsidies play in the expansion of America s railroads? 20. Identify three cities that could only exist because of the existence of railroads. 21. In what ways was the Second Industrial Revolution different from the First? 22. What new sources of power are identified with the Second Industrial Revolution? 23. How is the internal combustion engine (ICE) different from previous engines? 1
24. What machines employ the ICE as their main source of power? 25. Who were the inventors who created the ICE and the machines that it powers? 26. How did air travel evolve towards the invention of the airplane? 27. How did people communicate before the Communications revolution? What problems did they encounter? 28. When and where did public mail service originate? 29. Who were the inventors in the Communications Revolution, and how did their inventions contribute to that Revolution? 30. When did the digital computer appear, and why? How has it evolved to its present form? 31. When did the Internet appear, and from what source did it originate? 32. How has the Industrial Revolution contributed to shrinking the world? 33. How did the petrochemical industry originate? What role does it play in modern life? 34. How did the electrical industry originate? What role does it play in modern life? 35. How has the Industrial Revolution affected the way we understand wealth and the generation of wealth? 36. What role has science played in agriculture thanks to the Industrial Revolution? 37. How has the Industrial Revolution affected agriculture? 38. How has the Industrial Revolution affected social class structure? 39. What demographic effects has the Industrial Revolution had? 40. How has the Industrial Revolution impacted culture? 41. How did the Industrial Revolution affect Europe s relationship with the non-european world? 42. How did the Industrial Revolution impact domestic politics within industrialized nations? 43. How has the Industrial Revolution impacted the world of nature? 44. What political changes affected Europe as a result of the Enlightenment? 45. What social and demographic changes affected Europe following the Enlightenment? 46. What are the general characteristics of Romanticism? 47. What are the characteristics of literary Romanticism, and who are the great Romantic authors? 48. Who are the characteristics of Romantic art? 49. How did Romanticism express itself in religion? 50. How does Nationalism define nation and membership in the nation? 51. What is Nativism? 52. What are the origins of Conservatism? 53. Who was Edmund Burke, and what were the key features of his thought? 54. What are the defining doctrines of Conservatism? 55. What does reactionary mean? 56. What are the origins of Liberalism? 57. What is Classical Liberalism? 58. Who are the seminal thinkers of Liberalism? 59. What are the defining doctrines of Liberalism? 60. What are the origins of Socialism? 61. What are the doctrines of Socialism? 62. What is Karl Marx s social and intellectual background? 63. What are Marx s chief writings? 64. What is Dialectical Materialism? 2
65. What are the doctrines of Marxism? Textbook Items: 1. How did American and British conceptions of empire differ? 2. What Enlightenment natural rights did the Declaration of Independence affirm? 3. What distinguished the Loyalists and the patriots from one another? 4. What role did foreign assistance play in the American War of Independence? 5. What defects in the Articles of Confederation was the Constitution supposed to fix? 6. What were the political and philosophical origins of the Bill of Rights? 7. What impact did the American Revolution have on Europe? 8. What were the underlying, or long-range, causes of the French Revolution? 9. What were the three Estates, and how did they differ from one another? 10. Who were the bourgeoisie? 11. What role did economic and financial crises play in causing the French Revolution? 12. What problems arose within the Estates-General regarding representation and voting? 13. Who were the lovers of liberty and the Society of Thirty, and what were their issues? 14. How did the National Assembly come into being? 15. What was the Tennis Court Oath? 16. What caused the attack on the Bastille, and what was the significance of its Fall? 17. What was the National Guard? 18. Why did the French peasants rebel in 1789? 19. What was the Great Fear? 20. What ideas were embodied in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen? 21. What ideas were embodied in the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen? 22. What caused the women s march to Versailles, and what impact did it have? 23. What did the Revolution do to the Catholic Church? 24. How did the French Constitution of 1791 restructure French government? 25. What sorts of opposition arose within France to the Revolution? 26. Who were the Jacobins and what did they want? 27. Why did foreign governments oppose the French Revolution? 28. What is the Marseillaise? 29. What role did the Paris Commune and the sans-culottes play in radicalizing the French Revolution? 30. How did the National Convention change the direction of the Revolution? 31. What factions emerged in the National Convention over the fate of Louis XVI? 32. In what manner was Louis XVI executed? 33. What caused the outbreak of rebellions against the Revolutionary regime? 34. What was the role of the Committee of Public Safety? Who led it? 35. What was made the French Revolutionary army so important historically? 36. What were the origins of the Reign of Terror, and what groups did it target? 37. How did the Revolutionary government put down the rebellions against its authority? 38. How did the Committee of Public Safety rationalize the Reign of Terror? 39. What were gender relations like among the Revolutionaries? 40. What was the attitude of the Revolutionary government towards Christianity? 3
41. What did the Revolutionary government do regarding the calendar, and why? 42. What was the attitude of the Revolution towards slavery? 43. Who was Toussaint L Ouverture, and what happened in Haiti? 44. Why did the Committee of Public Safety turn on the Paris Commune? 45. What became of Robespierre? 46. How was the Thermidorean Reaction a response to the Revolution s excesses? 47. What did the Constitution of 1795 do to reform French government? 48. How did life under the Directory embody a reaction against the Revolution? 49. What were Napoléon s origins? What sort of education did he receive? 50. How did Napoléon rise to prominence? 51. What qualities made Napoléon a great leader? 52. How did Napoléon gain control of the French government? 53. What were Napoléon s relations with the Catholic Church like? 54. How did Napoléon reform France s laws? How did those reforms relate to the ideals of the Revolution? 55. How did Napoléon reform the French bureaucracy and taxation? 56. In what ways did the War of the Third Coalition show Napoléon s military brilliance? 57. How did Napoléon s Grand Empire embody the principles of the Revolution? 58. Why were Great Britain and Nationalism such problems for Napoléon? 59. What role did the Russian Campaign play in Napoléon s downfall? 60. Why is Waterloo significant? 61. What are the importance of coke and puddling for iron-working? 62. What is the difference between pig iron and wrought iron? 63. How did the creation of factories change work? 64. How did evangelical churches work with factory owners to encourage factory discipline? 65. What was the importance of the Crystal Palace Exhibition in 1851? 66. Why did industrialization lag in Continental Europe before 1815? 67. How was the process of industrialization different in Continental Europe than in England? 68. Which three countries were the major Continental European industrial states in 1815-1850? 69. What was the so-called American system? 70. How did the Industrial Revolution impact America in the first half of the 19 th century? 71. How did the Industrial Revolution affect the distribution of wealth in America? 72. Why did Europe s population increase so dramatically between 1790 and 1850? 73. What caused the Great Famine in Ireland? 74. Where did European emigrants come from, why did they leave, and where did they go? 75. What were urban living conditions like in the early Industrial Revolution? 76. What problems affected sanitary conditions in industrial cities, and why? 77. In what ways was food adulterated, why, and what role did government play? 78. What did Edwin Chadwick discover about living conditions in English cities? 79. How did meaning of bourgeois change thanks to the Industrial Revolution? 80. What were the social origins of the early industrial entrepreneurs? 81. What were working conditions like for the industrial working class? 82. To what extent were children used as industrial workers? Why were children used? How were they treated? 83. To what extent were women used as industrial workers? How were they treated? 84. What were workhouses, and what was the rationale behind them? 4
85. How did the Industrial Revolution affect the distribution of wealth in Britain? 86. Why did workers form trade unions? 87. Who were the Luddites? What did they seek to accomplish? 88. What reforms did the Chartists seek? What was the government s response? 89. What reforms did the Factory Acts institute? 90. What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna? 91. Who was Metternich and what goals did he pursue? 92. What role did the principles of legitimacy and balance of power play in diplomacy? 93. How did Joseph de Maistre and his ideas compare to those of Edmund Burke? 94. What gave rise to the Concert of Europe? 95. What nations formed the Quadruple Alliance? What was its relation to the Concert? 96. What was the principle of intervention? 97. Who were the creoles? 98. What roles did Simón Bolívar and José de San Martin play in liberating Latin America? 99. What role did the British play in guaranteeing Latin American independence? 100. What was the Monroe Doctrine and how important was it in securing Latin American independence? 101. How was the principle of intervention applied in the Greek Revolt? 102. Who were the Tories and the Whigs and how did they differ? 103. What were the Corn Laws? What did they seek to accomplish? 104. What gave rise to the Peterloo Massacre? 105. What was the program of the ultraroyalists in France? 106. What is the principle of ministerial responsibility? 107. Who comprised the Burschenschaften, and what were their goals? What was the government s response? 108. What role did multinationalism play in the Austrian empire? 109. What turned Russia toward repression under Nicholas I? How did he use the secret police? 110. What were the doctrines of economic liberalism? 111. What ideas did Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo advance in their writings? 112. Limited suffrage restricted the right to vote based on what? 113. What role did John Stuart Mill play as an advocate for liberalism? 114. What ideas lay at the heart of utopian socialism? What utopian socialists sought to implement those ideas, and how did they seek to implement them? 115. What caused the July Revolution of 1830, and what were its results? 116. How did Belgium come into being? 117. How did the Reform Act of 1832 respond to the Industrial Revolution? 118. What was the intent of the Poor Law of 1834? 119. What led to the Revolutions of 1848? 120. Why did the 1848 Revolution fail in France? 121. What was the makeup of the Frankfurt Assembly, and what controversies did it face over the composition of the German state? 122. Who was Louis Kossuth? 123. What led to the collapse of the liberal 1848 rebellion in the Austrian empire? 124. What was the risorgimento and why did the 1848 Revolution fail in Italy? 125. On what issues did the Federalists and the Republicans in America differ? Who were their leaders? 5
126. How was John Marshall important for the development of American government? 127. How was Andrew Jackson important for the development of American government? 128. What led to the origin of regular police forces in Europe? 129. Who were the serjents, the bobbies, and the Schutzmannschaft? 130. What did people think the causes of crime were? What did they do to address those causes? 131. Who were the dangerous classes? 132. What efforts were made in the 19 th century to reform the punishment of criminals? 133. What major authors manifested the historical consciousness of Romanticism? 134. What is distinctive about Gothic literature? Who were the major Gothic authors? 135. What characteristics distinguished Romantic poetry? Who were the major Romantic poets? 136. What is pantheism? 137. What was the attitude of Romantic poets toward science? How did this manifest itself? 138. How do Friedrich, Turner, and Delacroix embody Romanticism in art? 139. What characteristics distinguished Romantic music? How did Beethoven and Berlioz embody Romantic music? 140. How did Romanticism express itself in religion? 6