Welcome to History 44 The Mexican-American in the History of the United States II Prof. Valadez

For course info, syllabus, assignments, readings, lectures, and grades http://www.professormgvaladez.com/

Locate the following on your map San Francisco Los Angeles San Diego Gila River Tucson El Paso Santa Fe Rio Grande San Antonio Introduce yourself to 2 people Get into groups or 3 or 4 Find the follow terms on the map 3

Recent Grow of the Hispanic American Population

2000 Census Mexican-American Population Language Spoken Home 21.2% Only English 35.7% English/Spanish 43.1% Mostly Spanish

Latino Population of the U.S. by Origin, 2007 South American 6% All Others 10% Central American 8% Cuban 4% Puerto Rican 9% Mexican 63%

Population by Race and Ethnicity, Actual and Projected: 1960, 2005, and 2050

2009 First Mexican-American to tweet from space.

Themes Immigration Struggle for Equality Identity

Race & Ethnicity in 21 st Century How do you describe yourself? How do your friends describe themselves? Text 163928 and your message to 37607 Are you Chicano? Are you Hispanic? Are you Latino? Are you Mexican-American? Are you Mexican? Are you American?

Selena 1997 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npfu5jp3zau

Being Mexican American is tough We got to be twice as perfect as everybody else! Our family has been here for centuries, and yet they treat us as if we just swam across the Rio Grande. I mean we got to know about John Wayne and Pedro Infante. We got to know about Frank Sinatra and Agustín Lara. We got to know about Oprah and Cristina! Japanese Americans, Italian Americans, German Americans: their homeland is on the other side of the ocean. Ours is right next door and we have to prove to the Mexicans how Mexican we are, we got to prove to the Americans how American we are. We got to be more Mexican than the Mexicans and more American than the Americans. Both at the same time! It s exhausting! Damn, nobody knows how tough it is to be Mexican American! Do you agree with Selena s father? Why or why not?

I. 1848-1900 the 1 st Mexican- American Generation II. 1900-1929 Mexico Lindo Generation or Immigrant Gen. III. 1930-1964 Mexican-American Generation IV. 1965-1979 Chicano Generation V. 1980-2000 Hispanic/Latino Gen.

American Progress 1872 John Cast

Causes of Mexican-American War Annexation of Texas Texas border dispute U.S. Expansionist policy (Manifest Destiny) Thornton Affair (immediate cause) 23

Feb. 2, 1848 25

1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Peace treaty signed February 2, 1848 at the Cathedral of Guadalupe Hidalgo Ended the Mexican-American War. Mexico ceded 55% of its territory for $15 million. Mexicans under the legal jurisdiction of the U.S. Article VIII granted U.S. citizenship to Mexicans and stipulated that property of every kind shall be respected. Article IX guaranteed Mexicans the free enjoyment of property, Liberty, and freedom of religion. Article X, which specifically mentioned that the land grants that were awarded by the Spanish and Mexican government would be respected, was eliminated by U.S. Senate. 26

Explain how the 1 st generation of Mexican-Americans dealt with the political and social changes in the U.S. Southwest after the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848. 27

We Didn t Cross the Border 28

Agency: the human capacity to make choices Migration: voluntary or forced. Towns south of the Gila River and Mexico s northern border towns. Assimilation/Acculturation : the elite, married into American families, sent their children to be educated back East, so they could come home and defend their family s economic interests. Some established newspapers to inform the community of their rights as U.S citizens. Organizing: organize the community to fight the injustices, bring about lawsuits, form mutual aid associations etc. Resistance: Violent: social banditry 30

Assimilation Acculturation to adopt the ways of another culture : to fully become part of a different society, country, etc. cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture; also : a merging of cultures as a result of prolonged contact 31

Gadsden Purchase 1854 $10,000,000 33

From Ranchero to Peon Proletarianization: the social process where one moves from being an employer to an employee. This process explains the experience of Mexican-Americans in the Southwest. The lost of land in American courts led to their loss of status: from landowner to a wage laborer. 35

http://www.pbs.org/latino-americans/en/watch-videos/#2365075996 What did U.S. expansion mean for them? Was the Mexican elite successful in preserving their status, property, and rights? Mariano Vallejo Juan Seguin Apolinaria Las Gorras Blancas 36

Congressional Scales, 1850 Library of Congress 37

Compromise of 1850 California was a free state New Mexico & Utah would decide status Texas s debt and claim Ban the slave trade in Washington, D.C. Amended Fugitive Slave Act 39

Compromise of 1850 40

Rail Roads 1870 42

Gadsden Purchase 1854 $10,000,000 43

Election 1852 44

After 1852 Election Whig Party splits into the Republican Party and the American Know-Nothing Party. 45

Nativism Heavy Catholic immigration produces Protestant backlash; nativist, anti-catholic 1850s, a nativist society, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, becomes Know-Nothing Party, an important political party native-born workers fear job competition from Catholic immigrant workers. Know-Nothing Party in Texas involved an instigating race wars in Texas. 46

Texas and New Mexico 47

Cart War CART WARS 1855-1857 By the mid-1850s, Tejanos are successful arrerios (Cartmen) Violence breaks at as Tejanos are attacked Texan authorities end the conflict 48

El Cheno Juan Cortina 1824-1894 49

CORRIDO DE JUAN CORTINA - OSCAR CHAVEZ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmf5jrzjsh0 1859 para ser preciso por andar debiendo ajeno se agarraron bien macizo dizque muy serio tratado de Guadalupe-Hidalgo la tierra se han robado México sufre un despojo y dijo Juan cortina ahorita yo me enojo. leyes y tratados sirven solo a los americanos Cortina es de Tamaulipas y paga las ofensas con balas en las tripas Si dicen que soy un bandido por defender mi raza 1859 to be precise To walk around with other people s stuff They locked horns Supposedly the very serious treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo the land has been stolen Mexico suffers a despoliation Juan Cortina said right now I am angry. Laws and treaties serve only Americans Cortina is of Tamaulipas, and pays the offenses with bullets in the guts They said I am a bandit For defending my people 50

Mexican-Americans in Civil War 51