Dawkins Report 58 democracy xvi, xix, xxi, 51, 79, 85, 141, 144, 145, 152, 153, 192, 196 American 80, 146 Anglophone 87

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1 Index 457 visas 2, 29, 36 7 Aborigines xi, xiii, xxiii, 2, 42, 43, 44, 54, 57, 58, 84, 135, 137, 147, 150, 159, 160, 162, 164, 167, 196, 197 acceptance 47, 138, 148, 171, 174, 195 access to services xviii, xxii, 5, 13, 14, 35, 42, 50, 83, 102, 119, 146, 164, 165, 195 acculturation xxi, 51, 193 4, 196 adaptation 95, 96, 122, 181, 183, 185, 187, 188, 196 Adelaide 29, 48, 54 Adult Migrant English Programme 138 Afghanistan 50, 109, 110, 147, 197 Afra, Sam 89, 90 Africa xv, xvii, 6, 49, 51, 52, 62, 63, 64, 192 Africans xiv, 21, 22, 26, 44 Albanians 137 Anglo-Australian xiv, 76, 84, 86, 87, 142, 171, 186 Anglo-Celtic 6, 35, 84, 85, 90, 96, 135, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175 anti-communist 47, 138 Arabic 55, 56, 62, 66, 67, 71, 123, 140, 168 Armenians 111, 144 Asia xxi, 6, 22, 38, 49, 51, 54, 62, 192, 194 Central xv East 21, 110 South xvii, 21, 110, 114, 140 South-East 21, 110, 112 Asian 21, 22, 26, 51, 56, 58, 84, 107, 108, 110, 112, 136, 137, 140, 141, 150, 159, 163, 164, 165 languages 56, 58 assimilate, failure to 140, 147, 179 assimilation xxii, 27, 41, 43, 77, 92, 138, 140, 147, 183, as concept 47, 59 challenge to 149 expectation of 51, 95 6, 100 indicators 53, 62, 104 meaning xi, 143, 147 phase 44 5, 62, 143, 148 policy xxi, 56, 153, 154 rejection of xx reverse 117 theory 101, 153, 154, 155 assimilationism 46, 83, 138, 144, 148, 154 assimilative nationalism 41 asylum seekers 29, 43, 50, 144, 195, 196, 197 see also displaced persons, refugees Australasia 140 Australian Capital Territory 8, 9, 10 Australian Labor Party (ALP) 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 79, 91, 136, 141, 148, 154, 188, 191, 192 3, 197 Australian Points Assessment Scheme/ Test 28, 29, 30 Australian Social Inclusion Agenda 154 Austria 44, 62, 65, 140, 175 Balkans 137 Belgium xv, 175 belonging 79, 153, 156, Betts, Katharine 90, 91, 97, 99, 100 Bjelke-Petersen, Joh 48 Blainey, Professor Geoffrey 90 Bolivia xv Bosnia-Herzegovina 19, 25, 34, 50, 70, 109, 110, 111 Bourne, Randolph 73 Brisbane 56 Bureau of Immigration Research 49 Bush, George W. 147 Calwell, Arthur 46 Cambodia 63, 64, 108, 109, 110 Canada xiii xix, xviii, 20, 25, 26, 34, 38, 42, 74, 82, 87, 92, 108, 135, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 147, 154, 167, 174, 191, 194, 197 Chile 64, 65, 68, 109 China 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 34, 63, 64, 65, 66, 107, 108, 109, 112, 114, 133, 137,

2 Multiculturalism and Integration Chinese xv, xx, 20, 22, 44, 45, 59, 62, 67, 68, 69, 107, 110, 111, 112, 114, 131, 133, 137, 159, 161, 197 citizenship xviii, 46, 47, 48, 76, 139, 144, 145, 148, 149, 156, 173, 174, 191, 192, 195, 196 Civics Education Group 76 Clark, Manning 136 cohesion, see social cohesion Cold War 45, 140 Cole, G D H 73 communism 45, 46, 137, 140, 141, 193, 194 Community Indicators Victoria (2007) 93, 97, 98 Congo 50 crime 141, 158, 168, 196 Croatia 25, 34, 55, 60, 109, 111, 135 Cronulla riots (2005) xxiii, 142, 158, 169, 170 cultural diversity, see diversity cultural cultural expression 53 cultural values 63 Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) xxii, xxiii, 147, 192 culture 75, 92, 93, 98, 99, 100, 105, 116, 117, 146, 183, 187, 188 Aboriginal 84 Anglo-Australian 76, 84, 86, 87 Australian xxiii, 78, 79, 80, 84, 85, 116, 148 definition 139 dominant 81, 83, 95, 121, 194 maintenance of xviii, 42, 94, 96, 102, 145, 147, 157, 171 national xvii, 75, 82, 83, 84, 85 public 81n.51, 83n.56 shared 152, 154 societal 81, 83n.55 traditional 158 Czechoslovakia 44, 111 Dawkins Report 58 democracy xvi, xix, xxi, 51, 79, 85, 141, 144, 145, 152, 153, 192, 196 American 80, 146 Anglophone 87 liberal xiii, xiv, xvi, xxiii, 74, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 140, 141, 143 plural 140 Scandinavian 146 secular 197 social xvi, xvii, xxiii Western xix, 145, 146 demography xi, xix, xxi, 20, 29, 40, 101 4, 107, 114, 118, 146, 179 Denmark xiv, xvi, xvii, 140, 145 Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC) xi, 4, 28, 30, 36, 42, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 138, 143, 144, 148, 191, 194 detention centres 50 disadvantage xviii, xxiii, 13, 27, 42, 154, 156, 157, 165, 167, 168, 174, 188, 196, 197 see also inequality discrimination xv, xviii, 44, 59, 137, 148, 156, 171, 172, 174, 176, 196, 197 see also inequality displaced persons xviii, 28, 44, 45, 46, 62, 138, 179, 193 see also asylum seekers, refugees diversity 53, 76, 77, 78, 80, 155, 170 changes to 6 cultural xix, 6, 35, 75, 78, 79, , 145, 148, 154, 155, 157 ethnic xiv, xv, 22, 24, 52, 102, 118, 152, 153, 155, 159 ethno-cultural 75 linguistic 55 7, 60 management of 136 9, 141, 151, 155, 195 organised 47 population xviii religious 140, 143 socio-cultural 170 Dunstan, Don 46, 47 Durkheim, Emile 152, 153 Dutch xx, 21, 44, 45, 46, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 106, 111, 138 see also Netherlands, the Egyptian 19, 23, 25, 34, 64, 67, 68, 109, 111,

3 Index elections xvi, 43, 47, 49, 79, 91, 147, 154, 188, 191, 192, 193, 197 equality 41, 42, 78, 79, 80, 85, 146, 147, 195 see also inequality Ethiopia 64, 141 Ethnic Communities Councils 89, 139 ethnic diversity, see diversity ethnic ethnic penalty 167 Europe xi, xiii, xvi, xxiii, 6, 13, 20, 27, 38, 44, 47, 54, 63, 87, 139, 140, 142, 145, 150, 154, 167, 175, 194 Central 62 Eastern 21, 44, 105, 107, 110, 112, 138, 194 Northern 45, 179 Southern xviii, 22, 44, 46, 48, 51, 105 6, 107, 110, 112, 138, 141, 179, 194 Western 26, 105, 106, 107, 110 European xiv, xvii, 54, 140 languages 56, 60 migrants xxiii, 22, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 105 6, 110, 112, 154, 159, 193 non-european xix, xxii, 135, 140 religions 144 European Union xv, xix, 154, 191 fascism 141 Federation of Ethnic Communities Councils of Australia (FECCA) 48, 50 Figgis, J N 73 Fiji 23, 25, 34, 109, 144 Filipino 22, 55, 56, 62, 111, 163, 164, 165 see also Philippines, the Finland xv, 45 France xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, xxiii, 64, 65, 107, 108, 140, 145, 146, 175 see also French Fraser, Malcolm 41, 47, 57, 139, 194 freedom xxiii, 45, 85, 110, 116, 158, 195 French xv, 55, 82, 111 see also France Galbally report (1978) (Migrant Services and Programs) xvii, 41, 42, 48, 139, 147, 191 gender 63, 64, 98, 99, 102, 105, 106, 108, 110, 112, 119, 147 8, 158, 169, 189 geography xiii, xix, xxii, 27, 39, 53, 102, 106, 190 Georgiou, Petro 49 German xx, 21, 44, 45, 54, 55, 56, 60, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 82, 92, 106, 111, 130, 135, 138, 161, 197 Germany xiv, xv, xvi, xxiii, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 34, 44, 64, 65, 92, 107, 108, 130, 140, 143, 146, 175 Nazi xiv, 43 4, 45, 137, 141 ghettoes 26, 44 Gillard, Julia 58, 91 Glazer, Nathan 73 globalisation 140, 152, 156, 158, 175, 194 Good Neighbour Councils 46, 47, 48, 138, 183 Gordon, Milton 73, Grassby, Al 47 Greece xv, xvi, xxii, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 34, 47, 62, 64, 65, 105, 109, 117, 179, 181 5, 187, 189, 190 Greek xxii, 45, 55, 56, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 71, 84, 106, 110, 111, 112, 123, 144, 149, 150, 160, , 192, 197 Greeks xx, 20, 21, 44, 45, 48, 77, 138, 141, 160, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 186, 187, 188, 189, 193, 194 Handlin, Oscar 73 Hanson, Pauline 43, 49, 90 Hawke, Bob 50, 90, 91, 194, 197 Herberg, Will 73 Higham, John 73 Hirst, John 76, 77, 78, 83, 85, 90, 91 history xix, 73, 75, 79, 81, 83, 85, 89, 90, 103, 136, 145, 195, 196 Holt, Harold 46 Hong Kong 19, 22, 23, 25, 34, 64, 65, 66, 68, 109, 114 Howard, John xvi, xx, xxii, 41, 42, 43, 49, 50, 58, 59, 80, 91, 140, 142, 144, 147, 148, 191, 192, 195 Hungary 62, 64, 65, 69, 109,

4 Multiculturalism and Integration ideology xvi, xxi, 41, 78, 90, 141, 151, 153, 155 Immigration Advisory Council xx immigration xvii, 103, 118, 138, 141, 193, 194, 198 and population growth 6, 8 Australian system xxi, 24, 36, 31 categories 35 controlled xxiii, 196 decline 47 department, see Department of Immigration and Citizenship diversification 159 dynamics of 40 FitzGerald Committee inquiry into (1988) 90 management of 136, 140 mass xiv, 43, 54 Muslim xxiii, 147 opposition to 43, 91 peaks xxii, 20 policy xviii, 1, 20, 27 8, 31, 32, 41, 42, 43, 49, 51, 146, 161, 176, 179, 191, 192, 197 politics of xxi postwar xx, 1, 6, 7, 13, 18, 20, 22, 24, 27, 43, 44, 45, 54, 62, 67, 138, 179 research xix, xx, 44, 49, 143 support for 90 uncontrolled xvii value of 92, 100 see also migration Index of Dissimilarity 25, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34 India xiii, xiv, xv, 19, 21, 23, 25, 34, 51, 63, 64, 107, 108, 109, 114, 137, 144, 145 Indian 20, 22, 107, 110, 111, 141, 144, 147, 161, 194 Indo-European 131 Indonesia 23, 25, 34, 55, 64, 109, 111, 161 inequality 152, 154, 157, 174, 176, 194 see also disadvantage, discrimination, equality Institute of Multicultural Affairs xx integration xi, xvi, xix xxii, 41, 45 7, 50, 51, 53 71, 73 87, , , 121 3, 131, 132, , 151 5, 176, 177, , inter-ethnic relations 152, 153, 154, 174 Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM) 180 intermarriage , 160 International Refugee Organization (IRO) 179 International Social Science Program survey (2003) 95 International Social Survey Program (ISSP) 92 Iran 109, 141 Iraq 19, 25, 26, 34, 50, 64, 109, 110, 197 Ireland 20, 22, 25, 26, 34, 108, 150 Irish xx, 42, 54, 111, 135, 136, 137, 141, 142, 144, 159, 164, 192, 193, 198 Islam xi, xiv, xix, xx, xxiii, 52, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143 4, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174 5, 192, 195, 197 fundamentalism xvi, 191 hostility towards xvii, 142, 144, 158 9, 171, 172, 174 militancy 140, 145, 191 Islamic Council of Victoria 148 Italian language 55, 56, 60, 69, 71, 121 4, 129 migrants 21, 26, 44, 45, 47, 48, 62, 111, 135, 138, 141, 142, 159, 162, 197 Italy xxiii, 22, 23, 25, 34, 47, 64, 65, 105, 109, 122, 194 Japan 25, 34, 63, 64, 65 Japanese 62, 66, 108, 110, 130, 131, 161, 162, 164 Jewish xiv, xx, 43, 44, 45, 48, 57, 61, 137, 139, 141, 143, 144, 145, 149, 150, 192, 193 Judeo-Christian xvii, 195 Kallen, Horace 73, 77 Keating, Paul 50, 90, 91,

5 Kennett, Jeff 63 Korean 55, 56, 63, 65, 66, 131, 160, 162 Kymlicka, Will 74, 79, 81, 83 Language Other Than English (LOTE) 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 19, 33, 35, 55, 58, 60, 192, 193 language, see linguistics, monolingualism, multiculturalism and language, National Policy on Language Laski, H J 73 Latham, Mark 79 Latin America xvii, 63 Latvia 62, 64 League of Nations xiv Lebanese 21, 69, 106, 110, 111, 112, 114, 137, 138, 141, 142, 158, 159, 160, 164, 165, , 174, 175 Lebanon 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 34, 64, 65, 68, 107, 108, 109, 114, 117, 141, 147, 176 Liberal Party of Australia 45, 48, 49, 51 Liberal National Coalition xvi, 195 linguistics xiii, xiv, xix, 42, 57, 60, 66, 67, 69, 80, 156, 189, 195 Lithuania 62, 64 Lo Bianco, Jo 48 Lyng, Jens 44 Macedonia 25, 26, 34, 55, 62, 63, 65, 70, 71, 109, 110, 111, 144, 149, 160, 192 Mainly English Speakers (MES) xxii, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 19, 20, 26, 168 Malaysia xv, 23, 25, 34, 51, 64, 109, 114, 141, 144 Malta 20, 23, 25, 34, 47, 64, 65, 109 Maltese xx, 44, 45, 48, 55, 56, 70, 71, 111, 138, 164 Maori xiii, 111, 164 marriage, see intermarriage Martin, Jean 44, 47, 77 media, the xv, 44, 46, 54, 56, 57, 81, 137, 158, 159, 171, 192, 194, 197 Melbourne 14, 18, 24, 37, 48, 55, 57, 61, 69, 70, 71, 96, 138, 139, 141 2, 143, 148, 158, 169, 170, 174, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 189, 190, 193 Index Menzies, Sir Robert 46 Middle East xvii, xxiii, 6, 26, 62, 63, 64, 106, 107, 110, 112, 114, 140, 141, 150, 169, 192, 194 Migrant Education Action 48 Migrant Resource Centres 48, 50 Migrant Workers Conference 48 migration xiv, 2, 107, 108, 137, 159, 161, 176, 183, 189 chain 69, 181 debates 154 expansion 152 experiences 62, 176 globalised 140 holiday-makers 1, 2, 37, 38, 39 humanitarian 110, 114 impacts of 30 international xiii, 8, 9, 31, 40 interstate 8, 9 labour 1, 36 marriage 104, 107, 108, 110, 112 return 22 skilled 24, 161 temporary 2, 36 9, 161 unskilled 24 see also immigration monolingualism xv, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 63, 69 multiculturalism 53, 74, 80, 87, 140, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, agenda xx, 42 3, 49, 79, 85, 86, 87, 154, 155 and intermarriage 102, and language 53, 57, 61, 62, 63, 131 and youth attitudes to , 142 Australian xiii, xiii, 41, 42, 43, 47 9, 56, 63, 77, 79, beneficiaries of 59 criticism of 76, 78, 90, 91, 139, 140, 191 discussion of 41, 75, 78 failure of 197 meaning of xi, xiii, xvi xix, 41, 74, 87, 91, 100, 188 need for xiv, xv 225

6 Multiculturalism and Integration policy xi, xxii, xxiii, 41, 42 3, 57, 58, 76, 77, 86, 90, 145, 153, 154 5, 161, 167, 176, 188, 191, 194, 196, 197 post-multiculturalism research xix, 75 support for 89, 90, 91, 99, 139, 191, 192, National Multicultural Advisory Council 79, 80 National Multicultural Affairs Council xx National Policy on Languages 58 nationalism 79n.38, 81, 83, 141 assimilative 41 civic 79, 85 cultural 76, 81 ethnic 76n.18 inclusive 56 liberal 76, 79, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86 post-nationalism 76, 78, 79, 85 see also transnationalism Netherlands, the xvi, xvii, xviii, 20, 25, 26, 34, 62, 64, 65, 105, 107, 108, 140, 145, 175, 179 see also Dutch New Australians xxii, 47, 144 New South Wales 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 18, 27, 32, 40, 43, 48, 49, 65, 143, 144, 184 New Zealand xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, 13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 34, 36, 38, 82, 108, 111, 112, 144, 164, 191 Non-English-Speaking Background (NESB) xi, xvii, xviii, xxii, 26, 35, 42, 48, 49, 69, 91, 97, 100, 147, 156, 157, 163, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 192 North America xi, xiii, xiv, xv, xix, 13, 27, 107, , 140, 142, 150, 194 Northern Ireland xiv Northern Territory 8, 9, 10 Norway xvi Oceania 22 Oeser, Oscar 45 One Nation xvi, xvii, xxiii, 43, 49, 90, 140 Pacific Islanders 52, 150 Pacific nations xv, 36, 38 Pakistan xv, 109 Papua New Guinea 20, 25, 34 Parsons, Talcott 152, 154 Peru xv Philippines, the 23, 25, 34, 64, 108 see also Filipino pluralism 27, 54, 57, 58, 73 4, 77, 146 Poland xx, 25, 26, 34, 55, 62, 64, 65, 105, 109, 111 policy, see assimilation policy, immigration policy, multiculturalism policy, National Policy on Languages, population policy, public policy, White Australia Policy population centroid 14, 40 change xxiii, 6, 8, 40, 86 distribution xix, 6 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 33, 36, 40 growth 6, 8, 9, 18, 26, 29 policy 31, 32 Portugal xvi, 64 prejudice xviii, xxiii, 42, 147, 156, 171, 176, 195, 196, 197, 198 see also racism Price, Dr Charles xx, 44, 47, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 115, 188 psychology xix, 45, 146 public opinion xix, xxi, 44, 45, 56, 75, 76, 83, 90, 92, 96, 100, 138, 145, 146, 158, 171, 174, 191, 197, 197, 198 public policy xi, xiii, xv, xvi, 41, 44 5, 47 8, 52, 58, 74, 139, 140, 144, 145, 196 Queensland 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 33, 43, 48, 51, 54, 55 6, 135 racism xviii, 35, 41, 47, 62, 82, 140, 146 see also prejudice Rawls, John

7 Index refugees xvii, xix, xxiii, 21, 24, 26, 29, 30, 36, 43 4, 45, 50, 51, 52, 59, 62, 110, 114, 137, 138, 146, 147, 191 see also asylum seekers, displaced persons religion Anglican 135, 138, 143, 147, 149, 150 Baha i 192 Baptist 135, 149, 150 Buddhism 143, 144, 145, 149, 150, 192 Catholic 106, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 149, 150, 192 Christian xvi, xxii, 44, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, , 174, 175, 192, 195 Hindu 143, 144, 144, 149, 150 Methodist 135 non-christian xix, 135, 137, 139, 143, 145 Orthodox 77, 137, 138, 140, 143, 144, 148, 149, 150, 182, 183, 185, 192 Presbyterian 135, 149, 150 Protestant xvi, 135, 137 Sikh 137 see also diversity religious, Islam, Jewish Returned Services League 138 Roma xiii Romania 60, 62 Rudd, Kevin 58, 80, 91, 191 Russia xiii, xv, 45, 64, 70, 71, 108, 109, 111, 137, 140 Saulwick, Irving 80, Scandinavia xvi, xvii, 135, 146 Scotland xvi, 111, 136, 164, 197 secularism xvii, 135, 136, 139, 141, 145, 146, 149, 194, 197 separatism 86, 94 Serbia 55, 62, 70, 71, 109, 111, 144, 149, 164, 165 settlement xxi, 1, 6 10, 13, 19, 25, 29, 35, 40, 42 4, 49, 54, 56, 61, 63, 91, 96, 99, 103 6, 110, 153, 155, 165, 180n.4, 187 8, 191, Singapore xv, 25, 34, 51, 63, 64, 108, 114 Sinhalese 111, 161 Slavs xx social cohesion xvi, xvii, xix, xxi, 23, 44, 76, 79, 86, 97, 102, 135 6, 142, 146, 148, 153, 154, 174, 196 socioeconomics 27, 73, 105, 152, 156, 163 7, 172, 176, 180, 187, 189, 190 sociology xi, xix, xx, 73, 136, 146, Somalia 64, 69 70, 71, 147 South Africa xiv, xv, 23, 25, 34, 109, 111, 112, 161 South America 64, 65 South Australia 7, 8, 9, 10, 28, 29, 30, 31, 47, 48, 58, 89, 90, 93, 136, 141, 181 South Korea 19, 22, 23, 25, 34, 109 Spain xiv, xv, xvi, xxiii, 64, 65, 68, 108, 140 Spanish 55, 56, 60, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 111 Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) 48, 139 Sri Lanka xv, 19, 23, 25, 34, 51, 63, 64, 84, 107, 108, 109, 141, 142, 197 State Specific and Regional Migration Scheme (SSRM) 1, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 Sudan 50, 109, 110, 141 Sweden xiii, xv, xvi, xxiii, 36, 130, 175 Switzerland xv, xvi, xvii, xxiii, 64, 77, 140, 145, 175 Sydney xxiii, 14, 18, 19, 21 4, 26, 27, 37, 39, 40, 48, 51, 55, 57, 69 71, 137, 138, 141, 143, 147, 158, , 174, 180 6, 189, 190 Taiwan 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 Tamil 70, 71, 142, 193 Tasmania 7, 8, 9, 10 terrorism xvi, xvii, xix, 132, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 158, 169, 195, 196 see also war Thailand 25, 34, 108, 110, 161 Torres Strait Islanders

8 Multiculturalism and Integration transnationalism 39, 40, 102, 152, 156, 158, 175, 176 Turkey xv, 19, 25, 34, 64, 65, 107, 108, 109, 117, 176 Turkish 55, 62, 70, 71, 111, 160, 162, 164, 165, 169, 170, 172, 174, 175 Turks 20, 21, 110, 137, 138, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175 youth 35, 102, 151, 155, 156 9, 163, 167 9, 171, 174, 175, 176 Yugoslavia xiii, xiv, 19, 21, 47, 49, 64, 106, 138, 140, 141 Zangwill, Israel 73 Zubrzycki, Professor Jerzy (George) xx, 44, 47, 104, 105, 107 United Kingdom xiv, xv, xvi, xviii, xx, 13, 23, 25, 34, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 54, 82, 85, 86, 92, 107, 108, 112, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 145, 150, 179, 191, 192, 198 United Nations xiv, 195 United States xiv iv, xvi, xvii, xxiii, 20, 25, 26, 34, 38, 44, 45, 73, 75, 77, 80, 82, 84n.60, 101, 108, 112, 115, 130, 131, 135, 139, 140, 143, 145 6, 193 Van Le, Hieu 89 Victoria 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 18, 32, 46, 47, 48, 49, 54, 55, 58, 89, 93, 97, 98, 99, 136, 141, 148, 184 Vietnam 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 34, 64, 108, 109, 110, 112, 117, 141 Vietnamese 20, 22, 26, 36, 55, 56, 62, 64, 71, 110, 111, 138, 141, 142, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165 war xxi, 50, 140, 141, 142, 144, 147, 158, 169, 197 see also terrorism, World War I, World War II Welsh xiii, 54, 111, 136, 197 Western Australia 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 43, 191 White Australia Policy xviii, xxii, 44, 46, 47, 76n.18, 137, 148, 193 Whitlam, Gough 46, 47, 48, 56, 194 Wood, Alan 90 World War I xiv, 54, 73 World War II xiv, 54, 105, 135, 179 Wran, Neville