Congress. J. Alexander Branham Fall 2016
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1 Congress J. Alexander Branham Fall 2016
2 Representation
3 Who elects representatives? Constituency the people in the district that an MC represents 1
4 Principal - Agent Principal constituency 2
5 Principal - Agent Principal constituency Agent elected representative 2
6 Representational styles Delegate represents preferences of the constituency 3
7 Representational styles Delegate represents preferences of the constituency Trustee represents based on what the MC thinks is best 3
8 Descriptive representation House Senate US population Age Women 20% 20% 50% Black 10% 2% 12% Hispanic 8% 4% 16% LGBT 1.3% 1%???? 1 1 Probably somewhere between 1 and 10% 4
9 House and senate - differences Bicameral legislature 5
10 House and senate - differences Bicameral legislature House is closer to the people 5
11 House and senate - differences Bicameral legislature House is closer to the people Money bills in House 5
12 House and senate - differences Bicameral legislature House is closer to the people Money bills in House 435 members, of House, 100 in Senate 5
13 House and Senate: differences House Senate Minimum age 25 years 30 years Length of citizenship 7 years 9 years Term length 2 years 6 years (rotates) Represents how many? ~700,000 today max: CA 39 million ~30,000 in 1789 min: WY 500,000 6
14 House and senate - differences 7
15 House and senate - differences 7
16 House and senate - differences House of Representatives 7
17 House and senate - differences House of Representatives Organized 7
18 House and senate - differences House of Representatives Organized Centralized 7
19 House and senate - differences House of Representatives Organized Centralized Strong leadership 7
20 House and senate - differences House of Representatives Organized Centralized Strong leadership Members specialized 7
21 House and senate - differences House of Representatives Organized Centralized Strong leadership Members specialized 7
22 House and senate - differences House of Representatives Organized Centralized Strong leadership Members specialized Senate 7
23 House and senate - differences House of Representatives Organized Centralized Strong leadership Members specialized Senate Senate more deliberative (historically) 7
24 House and senate - differences House of Representatives Organized Centralized Strong leadership Members specialized Senate Senate more deliberative (historically) Leadership weaker 7
25 House and senate - differences House of Representatives Organized Centralized Strong leadership Members specialized Senate Senate more deliberative (historically) Leadership weaker Less specialization 7
26 The electoral system Who runs? 8
27 The electoral system Who runs? Don t really know. The ambitious? 8
28 The electoral system Who runs? Don t really know. The ambitious? Incumbency - provides an advantage through 8
29 The electoral system Who runs? Don t really know. The ambitious? Incumbency - provides an advantage through Casework - constituency services 8
30 The electoral system Who runs? Don t really know. The ambitious? Incumbency - provides an advantage through Casework - constituency services Patronage - pork-barrel legislation 8
31 The electoral system Who runs? Don t really know. The ambitious? Incumbency - provides an advantage through Casework - constituency services Patronage - pork-barrel legislation Franking privilege 8
32 The electoral system House districts redrawn every 10 years 9
33 The electoral system House districts redrawn every 10 years House fixed at 435 members since 1929 law 9
34 The electoral system House districts redrawn every 10 years House fixed at 435 members since 1929 law West and South generally gain seats, NE and Midwest generally lose 9
35 The electoral system House districts redrawn every 10 years House fixed at 435 members since 1929 law West and South generally gain seats, NE and Midwest generally lose TX gained 4 seats post
36 The electoral system Gerrymandering - drawing districts to (dis)favor a party or incumbents 2 Supreme Court later orders TX to redraw lines as the plan violated rights of Latino voters 10
37 The electoral system Gerrymandering - drawing districts to (dis)favor a party or incumbents 2003: TX Republicans redraw districts 2 Supreme Court later orders TX to redraw lines as the plan violated rights of Latino voters 10
38 The electoral system Gerrymandering - drawing districts to (dis)favor a party or incumbents 2003: TX Republicans redraw districts Democrats fled to Oklahoma to delay vote 2 Supreme Court later orders TX to redraw lines as the plan violated rights of Latino voters 10
39 The electoral system Gerrymandering - drawing districts to (dis)favor a party or incumbents 2003: TX Republicans redraw districts Democrats fled to Oklahoma to delay vote 2004: Republicans gain five seats, defeating 4 Democratic incumbents 2 2 Supreme Court later orders TX to redraw lines as the plan violated rights of Latino voters 10
40 What kinds of bills pass Congress?
41 How does Congress decide? Constituency 11
42 How does Congress decide? Constituency Interest groups 11
43 How does Congress decide? Constituency Interest groups Party discipline 11
44 How does Congress decide? Constituency Interest groups Party discipline Committee assignments 11
45 How does Congress decide? Constituency Interest groups Party discipline Committee assignments Access to the floor 11
46 How does Congress decide? Constituency Interest groups Party discipline Committee assignments Access to the floor Whips 11
47 How does Congress decide? Constituency Interest groups Party discipline Committee assignments Access to the floor Whips Logrolling 11
48 How does Congress decide? Constituency Interest groups Party discipline Committee assignments Access to the floor Whips Logrolling President 11
49 Increased polarization - House 12
50 Increased polarization - Senate 13
51 Increased polarization 14
52 Congressional organization
53 Leadership in the House Party caucus/conference at the beginning of each Congressional session to select nomination for Speaker 15
54 Leadership in the House Party caucus/conference at the beginning of each Congressional session to select nomination for Speaker Speaker of the House chosen at the beginning of each Congress 15
55 Leadership in the House Party caucus/conference at the beginning of each Congressional session to select nomination for Speaker Speaker of the House chosen at the beginning of each Congress Presides over House meetings 15
56 Leadership in the House Party caucus/conference at the beginning of each Congressional session to select nomination for Speaker Speaker of the House chosen at the beginning of each Congress Presides over House meetings Most important leader of House and party 15
57 Leadership in the House Party caucus/conference at the beginning of each Congressional session to select nomination for Speaker Speaker of the House chosen at the beginning of each Congress Presides over House meetings Most important leader of House and party Majority leader, minority leader, whips 15
58 Leadership in the House and Senate - current Republicans have held the House since
59 Leadership in the House and Senate - current Republicans have held the House since 2010 Republicans have held the Senate since
60 Leadership in the House and Senate - current Republicans have held the House since 2010 Republicans have held the Senate since
61 Leadership in the House and Senate - current Republicans have held the House since 2010 Republicans have held the Senate since
62 Leadership in the House and Senate - current Republicans have held the House since 2010 Republicans have held the Senate since 2014 Republicans 16
63 Leadership in the House and Senate - current Republicans have held the House since 2010 Republicans have held the Senate since 2014 Republicans Speaker: Paul Ryan (WI) 16
64 Leadership in the House and Senate - current Republicans have held the House since 2010 Republicans have held the Senate since 2014 Republicans Speaker: Paul Ryan (WI) Majority leader: 16
65 Leadership in the House and Senate - current Republicans have held the House since 2010 Republicans have held the Senate since 2014 Republicans Speaker: Paul Ryan (WI) Majority leader: House: Kevin McCarthy (CA) 16
66 Leadership in the House and Senate - current Republicans have held the House since 2010 Republicans have held the Senate since 2014 Republicans Speaker: Paul Ryan (WI) Majority leader: House: Kevin McCarthy (CA) Senate: Mitch McConnell (KY) 16
67 Leadership in the House and Senate - current Republicans have held the House since 2010 Republicans have held the Senate since 2014 Republicans Speaker: Paul Ryan (WI) Majority leader: House: Kevin McCarthy (CA) Senate: Mitch McConnell (KY) 16
68 Leadership in the House and Senate - current Republicans have held the House since 2010 Republicans have held the Senate since 2014 Republicans Speaker: Paul Ryan (WI) Majority leader: House: Kevin McCarthy (CA) Senate: Mitch McConnell (KY) Democrats 16
69 Leadership in the House and Senate - current Republicans have held the House since 2010 Republicans have held the Senate since 2014 Republicans Speaker: Paul Ryan (WI) Majority leader: House: Kevin McCarthy (CA) Senate: Mitch McConnell (KY) Democrats Minority leader: 16
70 Leadership in the House and Senate - current Republicans have held the House since 2010 Republicans have held the Senate since 2014 Republicans Speaker: Paul Ryan (WI) Majority leader: House: Kevin McCarthy (CA) Senate: Mitch McConnell (KY) Democrats Minority leader: House: Nancy Pelosi (CA) 16
71 Leadership in the House and Senate - current Republicans have held the House since 2010 Republicans have held the Senate since 2014 Republicans Speaker: Paul Ryan (WI) Majority leader: House: Kevin McCarthy (CA) Senate: Mitch McConnell (KY) Democrats Minority leader: House: Nancy Pelosi (CA) Senate: Harry Reid (NV) 16
72 The committee system Congress has to deal with a huge number of issues, so created the committee system to allow for specialization 17
73 The committee system Congress has to deal with a huge number of issues, so created the committee system to allow for specialization Standing committee - permanent committee with formal rules 17
74 Standing committees - House 18
75 Standing committees - House 18
76 Standing committees - House Agriculture 18
77 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations 18
78 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services 18
79 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget 18
80 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget Education & workforce 18
81 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget Education & workforce Energy & commerce 18
82 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget Education & workforce Energy & commerce Ethics 18
83 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget Education & workforce Energy & commerce Ethics Financial services 18
84 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget Education & workforce Energy & commerce Ethics Financial services Foreign affairs 18
85 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget Education & workforce Energy & commerce Ethics Financial services Foreign affairs Homeland security 18
86 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget Education & workforce Energy & commerce Ethics Financial services Foreign affairs Homeland security 18
87 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget Education & workforce Energy & commerce Ethics Financial services Foreign affairs Homeland security House administration 18
88 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget Education & workforce Energy & commerce Ethics Financial services Foreign affairs Homeland security House administration Judiciary 18
89 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget Education & workforce Energy & commerce Ethics Financial services Foreign affairs Homeland security House administration Judiciary Natural resources 18
90 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget Education & workforce Energy & commerce Ethics Financial services Foreign affairs Homeland security House administration Judiciary Natural resources Oversight & gvt reform 18
91 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget Education & workforce Energy & commerce Ethics Financial services Foreign affairs Homeland security House administration Judiciary Natural resources Oversight & gvt reform Rules 18
92 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget Education & workforce Energy & commerce Ethics Financial services Foreign affairs Homeland security House administration Judiciary Natural resources Oversight & gvt reform Rules Science, space, & tech 18
93 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget Education & workforce Energy & commerce Ethics Financial services Foreign affairs Homeland security House administration Judiciary Natural resources Oversight & gvt reform Rules Science, space, & tech Small business 18
94 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget Education & workforce Energy & commerce Ethics Financial services Foreign affairs Homeland security House administration Judiciary Natural resources Oversight & gvt reform Rules Science, space, & tech Small business Transport & Infrastructure 18
95 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget Education & workforce Energy & commerce Ethics Financial services Foreign affairs Homeland security House administration Judiciary Natural resources Oversight & gvt reform Rules Science, space, & tech Small business Transport & Infrastructure Veteran s affairs 18
96 Standing committees - House Agriculture Appropriations Armed services Budget Education & workforce Energy & commerce Ethics Financial services Foreign affairs Homeland security House administration Judiciary Natural resources Oversight & gvt reform Rules Science, space, & tech Small business Transport & Infrastructure Veteran s affairs Ways & Means 18
97 Standing committees - Senate 19
98 Standing committees - Senate 19
99 Standing committees - Senate Agriculture, nutrition, & forestry 19
100 Standing committees - Senate Agriculture, nutrition, & forestry Appropriations 19
101 Standing committees - Senate Agriculture, nutrition, & forestry Appropriations Armed services 19
102 Standing committees - Senate Agriculture, nutrition, & forestry Appropriations Armed services Banking, housing, & urban affairs 19
103 Standing committees - Senate Agriculture, nutrition, & forestry Appropriations Armed services Banking, housing, & urban affairs Budget 19
104 Standing committees - Senate Agriculture, nutrition, & forestry Appropriations Armed services Banking, housing, & urban affairs Budget Commerce, science, & transportation 19
105 Standing committees - Senate Agriculture, nutrition, & forestry Appropriations Armed services Banking, housing, & urban affairs Budget Commerce, science, & transportation Energy & natural resources 19
106 Standing committees - Senate Agriculture, nutrition, & forestry Appropriations Armed services Banking, housing, & urban affairs Budget Commerce, science, & transportation Energy & natural resources Environment & public works 19
107 Standing committees - Senate Agriculture, nutrition, & forestry Appropriations Armed services Banking, housing, & urban affairs Budget Commerce, science, & transportation Energy & natural resources Environment & public works 19
108 Standing committees - Senate Agriculture, nutrition, & forestry Appropriations Armed services Banking, housing, & urban affairs Budget Commerce, science, & transportation Energy & natural resources Environment & public works Finance 19
109 Standing committees - Senate Agriculture, nutrition, & forestry Appropriations Armed services Banking, housing, & urban affairs Budget Commerce, science, & transportation Energy & natural resources Environment & public works Finance Foreign relations 19
110 Standing committees - Senate Agriculture, nutrition, & forestry Appropriations Armed services Banking, housing, & urban affairs Budget Commerce, science, & transportation Energy & natural resources Environment & public works Finance Foreign relations Health, education, labor, & pensions 19
111 Standing committees - Senate Agriculture, nutrition, & forestry Appropriations Armed services Banking, housing, & urban affairs Budget Commerce, science, & transportation Energy & natural resources Environment & public works Finance Foreign relations Health, education, labor, & pensions Homeland security & governmental affairs 19
112 Standing committees - Senate Agriculture, nutrition, & forestry Appropriations Armed services Banking, housing, & urban affairs Budget Commerce, science, & transportation Energy & natural resources Environment & public works Finance Foreign relations Health, education, labor, & pensions Homeland security & governmental affairs Judiciary 19
113 Standing committees - Senate Agriculture, nutrition, & forestry Appropriations Armed services Banking, housing, & urban affairs Budget Commerce, science, & transportation Energy & natural resources Environment & public works Finance Foreign relations Health, education, labor, & pensions Homeland security & governmental affairs Judiciary Rules & administration 19
114 Standing committees - Senate Agriculture, nutrition, & forestry Appropriations Armed services Banking, housing, & urban affairs Budget Commerce, science, & transportation Energy & natural resources Environment & public works Finance Foreign relations Health, education, labor, & pensions Homeland security & governmental affairs Judiciary Rules & administration Small business & entrepreneurship 19
115 Standing committees - Senate Agriculture, nutrition, & forestry Appropriations Armed services Banking, housing, & urban affairs Budget Commerce, science, & transportation Energy & natural resources Environment & public works Finance Foreign relations Health, education, labor, & pensions Homeland security & governmental affairs Judiciary Rules & administration Small business & entrepreneurship Veterans affairs 19
116 The committee system Jurisdiction is important in determining which committee has power over an issue 20
117 The committee system Jurisdiction is important in determining which committee has power over an issue Does tobacco regulation go to the health committee or the agriculture committee? 20
118 The committee system Jurisdiction is important in determining which committee has power over an issue Does tobacco regulation go to the health committee or the agriculture committee? Gatekeepers - decides if a bill will make it out of committee 20
119 The committee system Jurisdiction is important in determining which committee has power over an issue Does tobacco regulation go to the health committee or the agriculture committee? Gatekeepers - decides if a bill will make it out of committee Can also amend 20
120 The committee system Jurisdiction is important in determining which committee has power over an issue Does tobacco regulation go to the health committee or the agriculture committee? Gatekeepers - decides if a bill will make it out of committee Can also amend Responsible for oversight 20
121 The committee system Jurisdiction is important in determining which committee has power over an issue Does tobacco regulation go to the health committee or the agriculture committee? Gatekeepers - decides if a bill will make it out of committee Can also amend Responsible for oversight Subcommittees 20
122 Committee chairs Decides on a committees agenda 21
123 Committee chairs Decides on a committees agenda Usually (though not always) the senior member of the majority party 21
124 How do committees decide? By vote! 22
125 How do committees decide? By vote! Median voter examples 22
126 How a bill becomes a law
127 Schoolhouse Rock a little simplified 23
128 Regular procedure Bill received by Speaker/president of Senate 24
129 Regular procedure Bill received by Speaker/president of Senate Assigned to a committee, and/or subcommittee 24
130 Regular procedure Bill received by Speaker/president of Senate Assigned to a committee, and/or subcommittee (Sub)committee markup 24
131 Regular procedure Bill received by Speaker/president of Senate Assigned to a committee, and/or subcommittee (Sub)committee markup (House) Rules committee 24
132 Regular procedure Bill received by Speaker/president of Senate Assigned to a committee, and/or subcommittee (Sub)committee markup (House) Rules committee closed rule versus open rule 24
133 Regular procedure Bill received by Speaker/president of Senate Assigned to a committee, and/or subcommittee (Sub)committee markup (House) Rules committee closed rule versus open rule Floor debate 24
134 Regular procedure Bill received by Speaker/president of Senate Assigned to a committee, and/or subcommittee (Sub)committee markup (House) Rules committee closed rule versus open rule Floor debate Senate: filibuster, cloture, and 60-vote Senate 24
135 Regular procedure Bill received by Speaker/president of Senate Assigned to a committee, and/or subcommittee (Sub)committee markup (House) Rules committee closed rule versus open rule Floor debate Senate: filibuster, cloture, and 60-vote Senate Senate: holds and amendments 24
136 Regular procedure Bill received by Speaker/president of Senate Assigned to a committee, and/or subcommittee (Sub)committee markup (House) Rules committee closed rule versus open rule Floor debate Senate: filibuster, cloture, and 60-vote Senate Senate: holds and amendments Floor vote (possible conference committee) 24
137 Regular procedure Bill received by Speaker/president of Senate Assigned to a committee, and/or subcommittee (Sub)committee markup (House) Rules committee closed rule versus open rule Floor debate Senate: filibuster, cloture, and 60-vote Senate Senate: holds and amendments Floor vote (possible conference committee) Presidential action (sign or veto) 24
138 Regular procedure Bill received by Speaker/president of Senate Assigned to a committee, and/or subcommittee (Sub)committee markup (House) Rules committee closed rule versus open rule Floor debate Senate: filibuster, cloture, and 60-vote Senate Senate: holds and amendments Floor vote (possible conference committee) Presidential action (sign or veto) If veto, return for another vote, two-thirds of both houses needed to override 24
139 Unorthodox procedure 25
140 Unorthodox procedure 25
141 Unorthodox procedure Example (Obamacare) 25
142 Unorthodox procedure Example (Obamacare) House passes 25
143 Unorthodox procedure Example (Obamacare) House passes Scott Walker 25
144 Unorthodox procedure Example (Obamacare) House passes Scott Walker House passes Senate (as amended) 25
145 Unorthodox procedure Example (Obamacare) House passes Scott Walker House passes Senate (as amended) Reconciliation 25
146 Unorthodox procedure Example (Obamacare) House passes Scott Walker House passes Senate (as amended) Reconciliation 25
147 Unorthodox procedure Example (Obamacare) Example (Omnibus bills) House passes Scott Walker House passes Senate (as amended) Reconciliation 25
148 Unorthodox procedure Example (Obamacare) House passes Scott Walker House passes Senate (as amended) Reconciliation Example (Omnibus bills) Usually pass 13 separate appropriations 25
149 Unorthodox procedure Example (Obamacare) House passes Scott Walker House passes Senate (as amended) Reconciliation Example (Omnibus bills) Usually pass 13 separate appropriations More common to package them all together as one omnibus bill 25
150 Unorthodox procedure Example (Obamacare) House passes Scott Walker House passes Senate (as amended) Reconciliation Example (Omnibus bills) Usually pass 13 separate appropriations More common to package them all together as one omnibus bill Omnibus bill not great, but gvt shutdown otherwise 25
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