[ 4.1 ] National Legislature Overview

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1 [ 4.1 ] National Legislature Overview

2 [ 4.1 ] National Legislature Overview Key Terms bills, floor consideration oversight function term session convenes adjourns recess prorogue special session franking privilege

3 [ 4.1 ] National Legislature Overview The National Legislature is created by Article 1 of the US Constitution, and as known as Congress. Congress is made up of two chambers: the House of Representatives & the Senate.

4 [ 4.1 ] National Legislature Overview Congress: The Job Members of Congress are elected to be representatives of the people There are four general types of Congress Member Delegate - See themselves as the agent of the people who elect them. Trustee - Believe that each issue should addressed based on it s merits Partisan - Vote the way their political party wants them to vote Politico - Attempts to combine traits of a Delegate, Trustee and Partisan to have a balance of all three

5 [ 4.1 ] National Legislature Overview Congress: The Job

6 [ 4.1 ] National Legislature Overview Terms and Sessions of Congress Each term of Congress lasts two years and they are numbered consecutively Each term starts on January 3rd of the odd numbered year after the November election Sessions of Congress are the time within each year that they conduct their business Special Sessions can be called by Congressional Leadership or the President so that Congress can address an urgent issue

7 [ 4.1 ] National Legislature Overview Congressional Compensation Salary US Representatives & Senators earn roughly $174,000 annually Leadership positions earn more, Speaker of the House earns $223,500 and the Vice President (President of the Senate) earns $230,700 Nonsalary Compensation Pensions, Health Care, Travel & Housing Budget, etc.

8 Congressional Compensation (Not Needed in Notes) This chart shows the salaries of members of Congress from a different perspective. Analyze Charts How do Congress salaries compare to the salaries of C.E.O.s and the average American?

9 Terms and Sessions of Congress (Not Needed in Notes) The Senate is divided into three equal classes so that only a third of the Senate seats may change hands in an election. Analyze Charts How does the Senate arrangement differ from the House?

10 [ 4.2 ] The Two Houses

11 [ 4.2 ] The Two Houses Key Terms apportioned reapportion single-member district at-large gerrymandered off-year elections incumbent continuous body constituencies

12 [ 4.2 ] The Two Houses The House Number of Representatives Term - 2 Years Age - 25 Years Old or Older Citizen - At least 7 Years Residency - Must Live in the State that You are Representing Representatives are elected from Single Member Districts - one Representative per District

13 [ 4.2 ] The Two Houses The House Elections take place in even numbered years in November every two years Seats in the House are apportioned, or distributed, based on the population... each state gets at least one Representative Every 10 years the Congress reapportions the 435 seats based on the Census

14 [ 4.2 ] The Two Houses The House Gerrymandering - Drawing Congressional Districts for political advantage Off Year Election - A Congressional Election that takes place when the President is not up for Election All 435 seats in the House are up for election every two years

15 [ 4.2 ] The Two Houses The Senate Number of Senators Term - 6 Years Age - 30 Years Old or Older Citizen - At least 9 Years Residency - Must Live in the State that You are Representing Two Senators are elected from each state

16 [ 4.2 ] The Two Houses The Senate Elections take place in even numbered years in November The Senate is a continuous body as only 1/3 of the Senators are up for election at a given time Senators tend to serve a larger constituency because they represent an entire state rather than a single district

17 [ 4.2 ] The Two Houses Party Affiliation of the 115th Congress Democrats Republicans Vacant House of Represtatives Democrats Republicans Independent Senate

18 [ 4.2 ] The Two Houses Gender of the 115th Congress Men Women House of Represtatives Men Senate Women 19% 21% 81% 79%

19 [ 4.2 ] The Two Houses Ethnic Make Up of the 115th Congress White Hispanic / Latino African American Asian American House of Represtatives Senate 11% 8% 3% 4%3% 3% 79% 90%

20 [ 4.2 ] The Two Houses Other Demographics of the 115th Congress LGBT Members of the House - 6 / Senate -1 Non-Christian Religious Affiliation in the House Jewish - 22 Hindu - 4 Buddhist - 2 Muslim - 2 Non-Christian Religious Affiliation in the Senate Jewish - 8 Buddhist - 1

21 [ 4.2 ] The Two Houses Representation in the 115th Congress Congressional Representation for Southeast High School Senior US Senator Richard Durbin (D) Junior US Senator Tammy Duckworth (D) US Representative 13th District Rodney Davis (R)

22 [ 4.3 ] The Expressed Powers

23 [ 4.3 ] The Expressed Powers Congress Expressed Powers Establish & Collect Taxes Borrow Money Regulate Interstate & Foreign Trade Create Naturalization Laws Create Bankruptcy Laws Print & Coin Money & Regulate It Regulate Weights & Measures

24 [ 4.3 ] The Expressed Powers Congress Expressed Powers (cont) Establish Post Offices Punish Counterfeiters Grant Copyrights & Patents Create Courts Inferior to the Supreme Court Define & Punish Sea Crimes & International Law Jurisdiction over Wash. DC & other territories Make all Laws Necessary & Proper to Execute their Expressed Powers

25 [ 4.3 ] The Expressed Powers The Commerce Power The commerce power the power of Congress to regulate interstate and foreign trade is vital to the welfare of the nation. Its few words have prompted the growth of the greatest open market in the world. The Commerce Clause proved to be more useful for the building of a strong and United States out of a weak confederation than any other provision in the Constitution. In Gibbons v. Ogden, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce, and that federal laws take precedence over State laws.

26 [ 4.3 ] The Expressed Powers The Money Powers Congress has several expressed powers related to money, including the power to tax, the power to borrow, the power to establish laws on bankruptcy, and the power to coin money. These congressional powers have played an important role in the forming of our nation. The Power to Tax The Borrowing Power The Bankruptcy Power The Currency Power

27 [ 4.3 ] The Expressed Powers Other Domestic Powers Copyrights and Patents The Postal Powers Territories and Other Areas Weights and Measures Naturalization Judicial Powers

28 [ 4.3 ] The Expressed Powers Congress and Foreign Policy The Federal Government has greater powers in the field of foreign affairs than it does in any other area of public policy. The 50 States that comprise the Union are not sovereign, so they have no standing in international law. In short, the Constitution does not allow them to take part in foreign relations. (See Article I, Section 10, Clauses 1 and 3.)

29 [ 4.3 ] The Expressed Powers The War Powers Six of the 27 expressed powers set out in Article I, Section 8 deal explicitly with the subject of war and national defense. Remember that here, too, Congress shares power with the chief executive. The Constitution makes the President commander in chief of the nation s armed forces, (Article II, Section 2, Clause 1) and, as such, the President dominates the field.

30 [ 4.4 ] The Implied and Nonlegislative Powers

31 [ 4.4 ] The Implied and Nonlegislative Powers Key Terms Necessary and Proper Clause strict constructionist liberal constructionist consensus appropriate impeach acquit perjury censure subpoena successor

32 [ 4.4 ] The Implied and Nonlegislative Powers The Necessary and Proper Clause The Necessary & Proper Clause gives Congress the ability to exercise its implied powers

33 [ 4.4 ] The Implied and Nonlegislative Powers The Necessary and Proper Clause

34 [ 4.4 ] The Implied and Nonlegislative Powers Non Legislative Powers of Congress Congress can propose an Amendment to the Constitution The House of Representatives can elect the President if no candidate gets a majority of electoral votes The Senate can elect a Vice President is no candidate gets a majority of electoral votes

35 [ 4.4 ] The Implied and Nonlegislative Powers Impeachment The House votes to impeach or bring charges against the official The Senate conducts the trial and votes whether the official is guilty or innocent The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court presides over the trial The standard for impeachment and conviction is Treason, Bribery or Other High Crimes and Misdemeanors

36 [ 4.4 ] The Implied and Nonlegislative Powers Other Non Legislative Powers Senate must approve all Treaties and Presidential Appointments Congress can also hold hearings and conduct investigation into government related matters

37 [ 4.5 ] Congress at Work Organization and Committees

38 [ 4.5 ] Congress at Work Organization and Committees Key Terms party caucus floor leaders majority leader minority leader whips committee chairmen seniority rule standing committees subcommittees select committee joint committee conference committee

39 [ 4.5 ] Congress at Work Organization and Committees Presiding Officers & Party Leadership - House The presiding officer of the House of Representatives is the Speaker of the House The Speaker of the House is selected by the Representatives at the start of each new term Each political party in the House has its own leadership positions Majority Leader Majority Whip Minority Leader Minority Whip

40 [ 4.5 ] Congress at Work Organization and Committees Leadership of the 115th Congress House of Representatives Leadership Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan (R) Wisconsin House Majority Whip Steve Scalise (R) Lousiana House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy (R) California House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D) California House Minority Whip Steny Hoyer (D) Maryland

41 [ 4.5 ] Congress at Work Organization and Committees Presiding Officers & Party Leadership - Senate The presiding officer of the Senate is the President of the Senate, who is also the Vice President of the United States. The President of the Senate Pro Tempore, the longest serving Senator from the majority party, serves as President of the Senate in the Vice President s absence The leader and most powerful figure in the Senate is the Majority Leader. Each political party in the Senate has its own leadership positions Majority Leader & Majority Whip Minority Leader & Minority Whip

42 [ 4.5 ] Congress at Work Organization and Committees Leadership of the 115th Congress Senate Leadership Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R) Kentucky President of the Senate Mike Pence (R) Indiana President of the Senate Pro Tempore Orin Hatch (R) Utah Senate Majority Whip John Cornyn (R) Texas Senate Minority Leader Charles Schumer (D) New York Senate Minority Whip Richard Durbin (D) Illinois

43 [ 4.5 ] Congress at Work Organization and Committees Other Leadership Positions in the House & Senate The bulk of Congress work is done in various committees Representatives and Senators that are chosen to lead these various committees are called Chairmen or Chairwomen and often play an influential role in legislation getting passed.

44 [ 4.6 ] Congress at Work Making Laws

45 [ 4.6 ] Congress at Work Making Laws Key Terms bill Joint resolutions Concurrent resolutions Resolutions rider pigeonholed discharge petition quorum engrossed filibuster cloture veto pocket veto. Omnibus measures

46 [ 4.6 ] Congress at Work Making Laws How a Bill Becomes a Law Introducing a Bill in Congress Anyone may draft a bill; however, only members of Congress can introduce legislation and by doing so become the sponsor(s). There are four basic types of legislation: bills, joint resolutions, concurrent resolutions, and simple resolutions. The official legislative process begins when a bill or resolution is numbered H.R. signifies a House bill and S. a Senate bill.

47 [ 4.6 ] Congress at Work Making Laws How a Bill Becomes a Law Step 1. Referral to Committee With few exceptions, bills are referred to standing committees in the House by the Speaker or in the Senate by the Majority Leader. Step 2 - Committee Action Both - Bills are assigned to specific committees that review each Bill Both - Committees can request input from govt. agencies, call hearings, or make changes to a Bill with the sponsor s approval Both - Committees must vote on whether the Bill can go to the floor for full vote

48 [ 4.6 ] Congress at Work Making Laws How a Bill Becomes a Law Step 3 - Floor Action House - Debate is limited on the floor, amendments must be germane. Senate - Debate is unlimited unless cloture is approved, Filibuster is when a Senator tries to kill a bill by talking non stop about a bill until its sponsor removes it Once a Bill is voted on and approved it goes to the other chamber to be voted on

49 [ 4.6 ] Congress at Work Making Laws How a Bill Becomes a Law Step 4 - Conference Committee Members from both the House & Senate form a group to review the Bill passed by both the House & Senate and make any changes needed to make the passed Bill one uniform Bill Once all the details are hammered out the House & Senate must vote again on the Bill

50 [ 4.6 ] Congress at Work Making Laws How a Bill Becomes a Law Step 5 - The President If the President signs the Bill it becomes Law If the President Vetoes the Bill it is sent back to the House & Senate and must get a 2/3 vote in each to become law. If it does not get the needed vote the Bill is dead If the President doesn t sign the Bill and Congress is adjourned it does not become law this is called a Pocket Veto

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