1 Power From Virginia to West; Rise of Jacksonian Democracy,1810 to 1840s Summary: by 1820 the following developments are established: Politically:

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1 1 Power From Virginia to West; Rise of Jacksonian Democracy,1810 to 1840s Summary: by 1820 the following developments are established: Politically: fighting over constitutions and in pol parties creates new republic with three main features: 1) popular sovereignty government or power resides with the people 2) activist legislatures politicians enact policies for the public good (govt for the people) 3) democratic decision-making most white men govt by the people Diplomacy: Americans of Euro descent fight: two wars against Great Britain; undeclared war with France many battles with Native Americans and confederations cultural disaster to Indian peoples; war, Euro diseases and alcohol by 1820, had pushed European powers out of U.S. ready for extreme expansionism Economy: strong national economy (see parts on various sections); various sections have different, but interconnected economies land and labor cause continued conflict Social Issues: rights of women growing - in Protestant Churches, education, schoolteachers religious revivalism and moralist reformism shared religious background helps unify status of slavery and African Americans (African Americans = 20% of population) meaning of free speech and religious liberty public/state responsibility for social inequality (the poor etc.) By 1820 to be an American meant, for the dominant white population, being a republican, a Protestant, and an enterprising individual in a capitalist-run market system (textbook, 177). Broad Overview: Three areas of action, called sections by historians: 1) American West moving west past Mississippi a. seat of democracy but, What kind of democracy? Who included? b. liberal capitalism particular economic system; econ laissez faire produce raw materials (leather; wool) for growing manufacturing; handicraft workers c. continued expansionism against Native Americans; against Mexico d. slavery in new states? and political republicanism? e. militant nationalism, expansionism f. lure of the frontier what represents? cult of masculinity; hope of economic success; meritocracy g. demographic changes West is thinly populated but growing # of states six Western states join Union, ; universal white manhood suffrage will be Mexican War ( ) north vs. south over political future of west 2) Antebellum South (discussed in next lecture) a. seat of Virginia political power (4 of 5 first presidents were from Virginia), but power begins to move west with cotton expansion Virginia dynasty; King Caucus b. slavery system based on holding African-Americans as chattel c. expansionism enact slavery in new states d. plantation economy monoculture, neocolonial, based on cotton production south will become rural, slaveholding society dependent on export of cotton 3) Northern states most Northerners are small farmers and/or free wage workers North becoming urban, industrialized society based on free labor N.Y. City 4) National, broad issues found in U.S. as a whole (national vs. regional concerns) a. liberal capitalism how each region fits into larger capitalist system from agricultural to industrial economy industry provides 5% of wealth to 30% in 1877 b. extreme or ardent nationalism ; often coupled with racist notions of White Supremacy c. most Americans are small, independent property owners d. early urbanization and population shift to cities (initial movement)

2 e. Native Americans land grab ; capitalism; illegality of Trail of Tears National Politics closed political corporations based on a small social elite and career politicians, ex. John Quincy Adams ex. Andrew Jackson s opposition of this w/ corrupt bargain popular classes consider these political technicians as abuse of rights of people rotation in office = Jackson s leading principle in the Republican creed 2 Neo-Federalism & American System leads to the Era of Good Feelings (Presidents James Monroe & John Quincy Adams; architects Henry Clay, KY & John C. Calhoun, South Carolina period of one-party politics with little conflict over public policy; personal, local, sectional conflicts replace conflict over public policy) Values/Objectives of Era of Good Feelings 1) sanctity of contracts 2) protection of property rights 3) supremacy of national/federal government over state governments 4) superiority of business over agriculture Era of Good Feelings replaced with Jacksonian Democracy A. Jackson creates Democratic Party two party system replaces one-party of Good Feelings Jackson/Democrats: advance interests of southern planters, farmers and urban workers two political parties creates more open, democratic society which stresses equal opportunity slowly, lower classes involved in politics, esp. for protective labor legislation Andrew Jackson Jackson as a person defies any simplistic assumptions complicated experiences and personality ambiguities as profound as Jefferson contradictions in their political ideas as well as personal vs. political -life is a series of contradictions which shows problems of era -personal economic history -presidential election vs. John Quincy Adams (1822) - corrupt bargain Revolution of 1828 and Presidential Election/Term of A. Jackson Jackson has two mandates in this election: i. militant nationalism ii. equal access to political office is elected to office without a political platform; not economic rev, but cont. laissez-faire Mexican-American War -twenty years in the making; protracted struggle -American nationalism militant, gradations in it, -Mexican domestic politics: threatened social revolution with Independence from Spain Church vs. State; elite vs. poor; Enormous Foreign Immigration most immigrants come from Western Europe Irish 1 million; little money or education; Catholic; suffer tremendous prejudice constitute lowest levels of urban, industrial immigrants forced to combat nativism and reformers

3 3 Jefferson as Pres: Yeoman farmer as opposite of industrial rev in England J sees this as hell his first land sales too much land for too much $ Land Act of acres for $1.25 per acre Jefferson s policies with Native Americans: agriculture or move further west as president: takes power frm Federalists; elim many taxes strong supporter of western expansionism - ideal of small farmers does not want war BUT British and French seize American ships, sailors Louisiana Purchase Purchase Louisiana from Napoleon (who has trb in Euro) reinterp Csuj pwr Lewis and Clear doubles size of nation New Engs feel threatened try secession War of 1812 huge loss for US; fright British in Canada typically represented as war over Anglo-American tensions, played out in high seas New Englanders secede; Embargo of 1807 peaceful coercion naïve and similar to strategies used in revary war crippled US exports Madison stops embargo important role of the West Treaty of Vincennes; Governor William Henry Harrison vs. Benjamin Hawkins Embargo of 1807 does not change policies of warring nations + along with pbms of Indian Wars and expansionism Madison goes to war w/ War 1812 l war split the country secession of New England BUT negotiated peace to end military stalemate and Jackson wins Btl of New Orleans J. Q. Adam annex Florida AND settle Spanish Texas Treaty of Ghent: restore US to prewar boundaries figure out rest later; treaty by J.Q. Adams ECON: w/ huge increase in size of U.S. - capism formed by: protective legis for i/merchants; states help transportation cos, manu and banks strong regional econs beginning of national market system wealthiest control much of policy making BUT idea of public good vs. private gain Neo-Federalism & American System leads to the Era of Good Feelings (Presidents James Monroe & John Quincy Adams; architects Henry Clay, KY & John C. Calhoun, South Carolina period of one-party politics; personal, local, sectional conflicts replace conflict over public policy) 1) sanctity of contracts 2) protection of property rights 3) supremacy of national/federal government over state governments national govt provides internal improvements to states to support power of federal/national govt 4) superiority of business over agriculture protective legislation to stimulate/protect American industry (how capitalist is this kind of govt. intervention in economy?)

4 4 BUT, through most of 1800s state governments, not federal, impact avg person s life -rewrite csujs to enkag democ lwr prop ownership to vote -elected not appoint officials -regulate social life -end slavery in north federalism dying with rise of west Jacksonian Capitalism and Democracy Jackson as a person defies any simplistic assumptions complicated experiences and personality ambiguities as profound as Jefferson contradictions in their political ideas as well as personal vs. political a. debitor and creditor; democrat and aristocrat (inc slave owner); failure and success econ; life is a series of contradictions which shows problems of era b. economic loss with David Allison; Eastern econ power and paper system c. Panic of 1819 changes Jackson (Jackson as creditor and debtor) d. presidential election vs. John Quincy Adams (1822) what is appealing about Jackson: econ record unknown; humble birth; mil success popular vote vs. electoral college; intervention by Clay; corrupt bargain Revolution of 1828 and Presidential Election/Term of A. Jackson Jackson has two mandates in this election: i. militant nationalism ii. equal access to political office is elected to office without a political platform; not economic rev, but cont. laissez-faire Mexican-American War -twenty years in the making; protracted struggle -American nationalism militant, gradations in it, -Mexican domestic politics: threatened social revolution with Independence from Spain Church vs. State; elite vs. poor;

5 Economic Revolution and Sectional Strife, transition from primarily agricultural economy to growing industrialization begins in Northeast and accelerates through midwest and north 5 Industrial Economy industrial production factory owners with high-speed machines new system of labor discipline to boost production canals and railroads beginning of tremendous technological advances Society spurred class-based society wealthy elite of merchants, manufacturers, bankers etc. elite try to create social stability with paternalistic religious-based reforms BUT distinct, urban middle class (different material and religious culturlte) grew in size and political power BUT increasing numbers of propertyless workers (many imms fm Germany and Ireland) worked for wages in factories, canals and rr s by 1860, half of America s free workers labor for wages; wealth w/ a relative few Government political parties and more open, democ. Society lower classes involved in politics, esp. for protective labor legislation imms fight attacks from nativists and reformers Andrew Jackson: Democratic Party advance interests of southern planters, farmers and urban workers democratic political and constitutional revolution --- reduced scope of govt authority laissez-faire ags Jackson, (Whig Republican Pty) --- reform and vision of society w/: few class barriers high rate of social mobility leads to two party system that engages most voters and unifies fragmented social order Culture reform movements, most with religious roots temperance observance of Sunday prison reform Utopian Communities midwestern states vs. more radical activists equal rights for women, end of slavery ABOLITIONISTS: condemned slavery as a religious, moral sin so, planters say slavery beneficial for masters and slaves 1840s and 1850s: anti-slavery to political action free soil in western territories southern Slave Power threatens free labor and republican ideals Sectionalism

6 6 The War of 1812, Power From Virginia to West; Jacksonian Democracy,1810 to 1840s Summary: by 1820 the following is established: Politically: fighting over constitutions and in pol parties creates new republic with three main features: 4) popular sovereignty government or power resides with the people 5) activist legislatures politicians enact policies for the public good (govt for the people) 6) democratic decision-making most white men govt by the people Diplomacy: Americans of Euro descent fight: two wars against Great Britain; undeclared war with France many battles with Native Americans and confederations cultural disaster to Indian peoples; war, Euro diseases and alcohol by 1820, had pushed European powers out of U.S. ready for extreme expansionism Economy: strong national economy (see parts on various sections); various sections have different, but interconnected economies Social Issues: rights of women growing - in Protestant Churches, education, schoolteachers religious revivalism and moralist reformism status of slavery and African Americans (African Americans = 20% of population) meaning of free speech and religious liberty public/state responsibility for social inequality (the poor etc.) By 1820 to be an American meant, for the dominant white population, being a republican, a Protestant, and an enterprising individual in a capitalist-run market system (textbook, 177). Broad Overview: Three areas of action, called sections by historians: 2) American West moving west past Mississippi b. seat of democracy but, what kind of democracy? Who included? c. liberal capitalism a particular economic system; econ laissez faire produce raw materials (leather; wool) for growing manufacturing; handicraft workers d. continued expansionism against Native Americans; against Mexico e. slavery in new states? and political republicanism? f. militant nationalism, expansionism g. lure of the frontier what represents? h. demographic changes West is thinly populated but growing # of states will be Mexican War ( ) north vs. south over political future of west 3) Antebellum South (discussed in next lecture) a. slavery system based on holding African-Americans as chattel b. expansionism enact slavery in new states c. plantation economy monoculture, neocolonial, based on cotton production south will become rural, slaveholding society dependent on export of cotton 4) New England a. more established socio-economic relations than rest of U.S. b. seat of Virginia political power (4 of 5 first presidents were from Virginia) Virginia dynasty; King Caucus closed political corporations based on a small social elite and career politicians popular classes consider these political technicians as abuse of rights of people rotation in office = Jackson s leading principle in the Republican creed north will become urbanizing, industrializing society based on free labor National, broad issues found in U.S. as a whole (national vs. regional concerns) c. liberal capitalism how each region fits into larger capitalist system from agricultural to industrial economy industry provides 5% of wealth to 30% in 1877

7 7 d. extreme or ardent nationalism ; often coupled with racist notions of White Supremacy e. most Americans are small, independent property owners f. early urbanization and population shift to cities (initial movement) g. Native Americans land grab ; capitalism; illegality of Trail of Tears War of 1812 typically represented as war over Anglo-American tensions, played out in high seas Jefferson as president Neo-Federalism & American System leads to the Era of Good Feelings sanctity of contracts protection of property rights supremacy of national/federal government over state governments superiority of business over agriculture Jacksonian Capitalism and Democracy Jackson as a person defies any simplistic assumptions complicated experiences and personality ambiguities as profound as Jefferson contradictions in their political ideas as well as personal vs. political -life is a series of contradictions which shows problems of era -personal economic history -presidential election vs. John Quincy Adams (1822) - corrupt bargain Revolution of 1828 and Presidential Election/Term of A. Jackson Jackson has two mandates in this election: i. militant nationalism ii. equal access to political office is elected to office without a political platform; not economic rev, but cont. laissez-faire Mexican-American War -twenty years in the making; protracted struggle -American nationalism militant, gradations in it, -Mexican domestic politics: threatened social revolution with Independence from Spain Church vs. State; elite vs. poor;