INDIA AND COMMUNISM NATIONAL BOOK AGENCY PVT. LTD. SECRET BRITISH DOCUMENTS EDITED BY ASHOKE KUMAR MUKHOPADHYAY

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "INDIA AND COMMUNISM NATIONAL BOOK AGENCY PVT. LTD. SECRET BRITISH DOCUMENTS EDITED BY ASHOKE KUMAR MUKHOPADHYAY"

Daniel Perkins
5 years ago
Views:

1 INDIA AND COMMUNISM SECRET BRITISH DOCUMENTS EDITED BY ASHOKE KUMAR MUKHOPADHYAY NATIONAL BOOK AGENCY PVT. LTD.

2 CONTENTS Glossary Editor's note Preface PART ONE. Introductory ' CHAPTER 1. THE PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT WORK. A Wrong Diagnosis - 1; The Method of this Book - I; What Communism Means - 1; Russian Methods - 2; Its Application to India - 3; Communist Training Schools - 4; Russian Methods in India - 4; A Concrete Example - 5; The Role of the Soviet Trader - 5; The Amtorg Trading Corporation - 6; Soviet Flag Follows Soviet Trade - 7 CHAPTER 2 THE LESSONS OF THE CHINESE REVOLUTION China, a Base for Operation in India - 9; Communist Penetration - 9; Some Fallacies - 10; Communist China - A Danger to India - 10; Present Operations in Central China - 11; Indigenous Communism - 11; The Central Soviet Government - 12; Local Adaptations - 12; Early Methods - 13; Apostles of Communism - 14; Application to India - 14 : CHAPTER3 A PRELIMINARY APPRECIATION Sir David Petrie's Book - 16; A Comparison of Symptoms Then and Now -16; The Danger of Success -17 '

3 PART TWO India's Neighbours CHAPTER4 PERSIA Agabekov's Revelations - 23; Communist Activity - 23; Present Methods - 24; Communist Agents at Work - 24; Anti-British Propaganda -25; Indians in Persia -25; Some Specific Cases ' -..' ;'., -. CHAPTER 5, AFGHANISTAN Early Bolshevik Plans - 28; Penetration of Afghanistan - 28; Soviet Elation - 29; India the Objective - 29 A Change of Policy - 30; The Accession of Nadir Shah - 31; Leonide.N, Stark - 31; Propaganda in Favour of Amanullah - 31; Attempts at Penetration -32; Other Methods -3 3; The Continuance of Indian Sedition - 33; Mitha Singh - 34; Gurmukh Singh and Rattan Singh - 35; Rattan singh's Reappearance- 35; Discussions in Moscow - 36; Operations in Kabul - 36; A Projected Rising - 36;' A More Concrete Proposal - 37; The Communist Motif - 38; Rattan Singh's Letter - 38; Afghan Intervention - 39; The Future - 39 : ' "" CHAPTER 6. SINKIANG AND TIBET Soviet Designs in Central Asia - 41; The First Step Towards Soviet Domination - 42; India the Objective 42: Relations with Nanking - 42; The Genesis of. the RefenJ.Rebel.iion - 43; Russian Aid to the Rebels - 44; Russian Aid to the Chinese - 44; "The Independcni Islamic Republic r of Eastern Turkistan" -45;. The Tungan Conquest of the South - 46; Soviet Interference - 46; The Price of Russian Assistance - 47; The Campaign Against Britain - 48; Conclusions - 49; Communist Designs on Tibet - 50; Customary Propaganda - 50; Tibet's Future Alliances - 51

4 IX CHAPTER7. THE FAR EASTERN BUREAU, SHANGHAI " (52-56) Direction from Shanghai - 52; Joseph Diicfoux, the Trader - 52; The Functions of the F. E. B and the P. P. T. U. S. 52;- Conspiratorial Methods - 53; The Magnitude of the Efforts - 54; The Results Achieved - 54; A Future Programme - 54; A Recovery - 55 CHAPTER 8. WESTERN CHINA AND BURMA Early Attentions from Moscow - 57; Misrepresentation of British Intentions - 57; Some Results of Propaganda - 58; Yunnan, a Base for Attacks on India- 58; A Set-back to Communism- 59; Burma-59; Chinese Communists in Rangoon - 59; The "Burma Committee" - 60; Tuan Tson'g Kwai--''60; Plans- for ''the Future-61; A Second Line of Attack - 61; J Saklatvala f s'activities- 62; The Burmese Students' Union - 62; The Responsein~Burrha- 62; The Dobama Society and the All-Burma Youths' League-63; "Manifesto on the Burma Reforms"- 63; Activity Amongst Students- 64 Industrial Activities - 64; Volunteer Organisations-65; CHAPTER 9. FRENCH INDOCHINA AND SIAM Early Nationalist Tendencies - 67; A Communist Complexion - 67; Nguyen Ai Quoc - 67; Quoc's Work at Home - 68; Work Abroad - 68; The 1930 Rebellion - 69; Survival of the Party - 69; Open Letter from the Communist Party of China 70 Relations with France - 70; Wider Implications - 71; Siam's Early Freedom from Taint - 71; Luang Pradit's "Communism" -72; Attentions from Moscow- 72; Siam's Future - 73

5 CHAPTER 10. THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS AND THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES. The Advent of Communism -75; Subdivision of Duties-75; Joseph Ducroux, the Communist - 75; Re-establishment of Contact-76; Directions from ' Shanghai -77; Internal Reconstruction-77; An Emissary -78; Some Results of Propaganda - 79; The Racial Movement -80; Possible Dangers-81 CHAPTER 11. THE DUTCH EAST INDIES Similarity of Conditions - 83; Sir David Petrie's Views on the 1926 disorders - 83; Method of Organising - 84; The Timing of the Outbreak - 84; The Survival of Communism - 8-5; Moscow's Nationalist Policy in Operation - 85; Mohamed Hatta's Return-86; An Exposition of Official Policy - 87; The Foreign Bureau - 87; The Eastern Line of Attack - 88; The Response from Within - 89; Tan Malaka - 8 PART THREE. India's Own Troubles. CHAPTER 12. THE BIRTH OF INDIAN COMMUNISM Some Early Communist Pronouncements - 93; Manabendra Nath Roy's Early History -93; Roy as Moscow's Indian Adviser-94; The Foundations of Communism in India - 94; The Cawnpore Conspiracy Case and After - 95 CHAPTER 13., THE PERIOD OF REGENERATION An Estimate of Roy's Early Achievements; Doubts of Roy's Ability - 97; Changed Tactics - European Supervision - 97; Spratt, Bradley and Hutchinson - 98; Other Agents from abroad - 98; Indian Leadership - 99

6 XI... CHAPTER 14. THE APPROACH TO MEERUT The Success of the New Methods -100; The Intermediate Stages of Communism in Operation - 100; An Appreciation of Spratt's Activities - 101; Spratt's Colleagues and Lieutenants - 102;, The Bombay Group - 102; B. F. Bradley - 103; S. V. Ghate - 103; The Calcutta Group-104; Gopal Basak-105; The Group in Northern India - P. C. Joshi - 105; Punjabi leaders - 106; The Limitations of the Preceding Sketches - 107; A Summary of Achievements -107; The Youth Movement - 107; The Effect on the Indian National Congress-108; The Effect on the Communists Themselves,- 108; Neglect of the Communist Party of India - 108; The Assembly Letter - 110; Party Organisation International Affiliation^ 12; The Foreign Bureau - 112; Financial Aid from Moscow - 113; The Calcutta Meeting of the Communist Party of India -113; Conclusions -114 CHAPTER 15. THE MEERUT CONSPIRACY CASE. Preliminaries - 115; A Summary of the Charges - 115; The Sentences - 116; The Scope of the Conspiracy - 117; Outside Assistance -117; Revision on Appeal -118; The Duration of the Trial - 119; The Future - 121; The. Indian Communist Programme - 121; Other Items in the Programme - 122; Violent Methods of Revolution - 123; Violence an Immediate Objective-124 CHAPTER 16. foreign direction and assistance. The Conspiracy Abroad - 125; The Colonial Bureau of the C. P. G. B ; Roy's Relations with the Colonial Bureau - 125; The Amsterdam Conference 'and After - 126; The Foreign Bureau 126 Methods of Transmission - 127; The Pondicherry-Madras Post Office - 128; Secret Writing 129 Financial Aid from Abroad - 129; Moscow, the Probable Source - 130: Some Remittances from London ; Donations from "Russian Works" -131; Conclusions -132

7 Xll CHAPTER 17 THE PERIOD OF DEGENERATION A Blow at Communism -134; A Peaceful Year-134; The Nagpur Congress and After - 135; Civil Disobedience as Moscow's Opportunity - 136; S. V. Deshpande's Downfall - 136; M. N. Roy's Reappearance; The Reception of Roy's Doctrines; Introspective Criticism";- More Widespread Efforts; Roy's Failure in the Punjab; Roy's Arrest and Conviction; The Effect of Roy's Removal; The Comintern's Designs; "Draft Platform of Action for India"; Communist Propaganda Abroad; The League Against Imperialism -145; Other Propagandist Bodies' ^ 145; Anti-War Bodies- 146; A More Subdued Note - 146; The Communist Programme for ; Communist Agents - 147;- William Nathan Kweit and Harry Somers - 148; Khushi Muhammad - 148; Henry G. Lynd - 148; Amir Haidar Khan - 149; John Magnus Clark and William Bennett - 151; The Standard of Moscow's Emissaries -151 ' CHAPTER 18 After Meerut A Review of the Position at the Beginning of ; New Developments-152; Criticism from Meerut-^ 153:. Recommendations for Future Reorganisation - 154: Suggestions to'the Comintern -454; Some Results of the Recommendations -155; The Contents of the Open Letter -156; Further Failures - 156; The Ahmedabad Union - 157; The Release of the Meerut Prisoners - 157; Adhikari the Specialist in Reorganisation - 158; The Provisional Central Committee - 158; Work in the Provinces - 159; Activities in Furtherance of the New Programme - 160; A New Thesis on Indian Communism - 161;"'The Course of the Revolution - 161; Relations with Other Groups -162; Relations with the Terrorists-163; Work in the -Trades-Unions -163; The United Front in Operation ; 'The Strike Movement in ; The Political Aspect - 166; The Educational Aspect - 168; Activities in Bengal - 169: The Proscription of the ' Communist Party of India -170; Secretive Methods ;.Philip- Spratt's Reappearance -172; Financial Assistance from Abroad -173; An Indian Section of the League Against Imperialism - 173; Other Form's of Assistance 1-174; A Second Meeting; of the Provisional Central Committee - 174; Plans for the Immediate Future - 175

8 X1I1 CHAPTER 19. OVERTURES TO THE NATIONAL CONGRESS Mukunda Lai Sircar's Efforts - 177;' 'Some Results - 177; Work in the Trades-Unions - 177; The Pursuit of Unity - 178; The Annual Session at Cawnpore - 178; The Textile Strike - 178; The All-India Socialist Party ; - 179; A Review,of "the Year's Achievements - 180; The Principles of Communist Opposition - 180; Roy's Particular Differences, - 181; The Leavening of the National Congress - 182; Jawahar Lai Nehru's Co-ordinating Influence - 182; The First Fruits of Peaceful Penetration - 183; The Emergence of the Congress Socialist Party -184; A Party Within the Congress - 184; Rebuffs from Congress Leaders - 184; Brazen Impenitence - 185; Jawahar Lai Nehru to the Rescue - 186; Preparations for the Annual Session of the Congress - 186; The Trial of Strength at Bombay - 187; An Outline of Future Activity ; Roy's Promptings-189; "Whither Congress?" -189; Other Documents ; _- CHAPTER 20 A DANGEROUS COMBINATION Personalities of the Early Twenties 192 The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association - 193; The Genesis of Bengali Communism -194; The Anushilan's New Programme -195; The Prosecution of the Programme - 196; the' Communist Attitude towards Terrorism - 196; Other.Bengali Terrorists - 197; Goswami and Tagore - 198; Lasting Effects of Dharani Goswami's Influence - 199; Widespread Terrorist Acceptance of Communist Theory -'200; The ^Manifesto of the Hindustan Samyavadi Sangha - 200; The Sangha's Programme - 201;.The Madras Conspiracy Case - 203; The Absence of Official Communist Inspiration - 204; Moscow and Indian, Students in England - 204; The University Students Group - 205; Marxian Training in Berlin - 206; The Return to India - 207; Activities of Trained Students - 207; Continued Efforts -208; A clear Exposition of the Party's Aims -208; Niharendu Dutt Mazumdar and the Labour Party -209; Work in Northern India -210; Overt Communism - 120; The Cause of Mazumdar's Downfall - 211; Dangers.of the Future - 212;

9 CHAPTER 21. SIKH MILITANCY The Kabul Centre-214; The Origin of the Ghadr Party -214; Early Communist Connexions -215; Rattan Singh's Second Visit to India -216; Sir David Petrie's Appreciation -217; A Diversion of Interest -218; The Sustenance of Effort in America -218; A Revival of Plotting -218; Teja Singh's Programme -219; Returning Emigrants -200; Reactions in the United States of America to. Events in India -221; An Official Offensive; Sikh Students in Moscow -222; The Indian End -223; Outside Assistance-224; After Meerut -224; The Lahore Congress -224; Civil Disobedience' -225; Harjap singh Again -226; Dasaundha Singh -226; TheKarachi Congress and After -226; The, Collapse of the Movement -227; Internal.Strife -228; Funds from Abroad -228; Communist Emissaries -229; The Release of the Meerut Prisoners-230: The" Communist-Control Board -23,1; Returning "Graduates" -232: Baba Jawala Singh -233; The Proscription of Communist Bodies in the Punjab-234; Conclusion -234; PART FOUR. Conclusions., CHAPTER 22. INDIA'S LEGAL ARMOURY AGAINST COMMUNISM. Conspiracy -239; Cumbrous Procedure -239; Seditious Speeches and Writings -240; Promotion of Class Warfare -240; The Difficulties of Definition r240; Conflicting Opinions -241; A Sufficiently Clear Case -241; A Case in the United Provinces -242;. The Present Position -242; A Canadian Parallel -243; Communism, a Species of Treason -243; The Calcutta Carters' Strike -244; Incitement to Rioting r244; Security for Maintenance of the Peace -245; Urgent Prevention of Apprehended Danger -246 Propaganda Material -246; Internal Propaganda -247; An Effective. Qrder in Bengal -248; Emissaries, from Britain -248: The Passport Act -249; Foreign Agents -249; The Legal Position. Past, Present and lutuie-250: Provincial Acts -251; The Indian Press Act-251 A Specific Case -252; Unlawful Associations -252; The Efficacy of Special Legislation -253; Supplementary Measures -254; Legitimate Trade-Unionism -255; Rural Indebtedness -256; Other Indirect Method of Attack -257

10 XV CHAPTER 23. INDIA'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES. Self Praise is no Recommendation -258; Russia's Foreign Policy; The Fight against Communism not Solely Waged by the Law and Police; The Future ; APPENDICES. Appendix I 265; Appendix II 274; Appendix III 289; Appendix IV 299; Appendix V 301; Appendix VI 304; Appendix VII 307; (Special supplement) Note on Communist Situation in India 309 INDEX: 341

Importance of Dutt-Bradley Thesis

The Marxist Volume: 13, No. 01 Jan-March 1996 Importance of Dutt-Bradley Thesis Harkishan Singh Surjeet We are reproducing here "The Anti-Imperialist People's Front In India" written by Rajni Palme Dutt