2. Which of the following most directly resulted from the Progressive Era reform movements?

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1 Set #1 Thematic; based on secondary source Questions 1-3 refer to the following quotation. I believe that progressivism was a radical movement, though not by the common measures of economic and political radicalism.... Progressives were radical in their conviction that other social classes must be transformed and in their boldness in going about the business of that transformation.... The sweep of progressivism was remarkable, but because the progressive agenda was so often carried out in settlement houses, churches, and schoolrooms, in rather unassuming day-to-day activities, the essential audacity of the enterprise can be missed. Progressivism demanded a social transformation that remains at once profoundly impressive and profoundly disturbing a century later. Michael McGerr, A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, , Which of the following activities from the middle of the nineteenth century would compare most closely to the description of Progressivism that McGerr provides? (A) Participation by women in moral reform efforts (B) Calls for the annexation of Texas (C) Efforts by nativists to restrict immigration (D) Removal of American Indians from the Southeast to the West Key A Comparison KC 7.1, II, A WXT-7 Compare the beliefs and strategies of movements advocating changes to the U.S. economic system since industrialization, particularly the organized labor, Populist, and Progressive movements 2. Which of the following most directly resulted from the Progressive Era reform movements? (A) The consolidation of large corporations (B) The establishment of voting rights for women (C) The decline in migration from southern and eastern Europe (D) The development of an extensive social welfare system by the federal government Key B CCOT/Causation KC 6.2 I D; 7.1, II, B POL-3 Explain how activist groups and reform movements, such as antebellum reformers, civil rights activists, and social conservatives, have caused changes to state institutions and U.S. society 1

2 3. Which of the following movements from the period of 1870 to 1920 would most directly support McGerr s argument in the excerpt above? (A) The movement for temperance and Prohibition, which sought to limit consumption of alcohol (B) The movement by good-government advocates, who sought to eliminate public corruption (C) The movement by the federal government to conserve and protect environmental resources (D) The movement to protect consumers from unfair practices by businesses Key A Argumentation KC 6.2 I D; 7.1, II, A POL-3 Explain how activist groups and reform movements, such as antebellum reformers, civil rights activists, and social conservatives, have caused changes to state institutions and U.S. society 2

3 Set #2 Primary Source Questions 1-2 refer to the following excerpt. As the greed of the Spaniards... urged them on so that they did not sow in order to have bread but rather to gather the gold which they had not sown... they ordered the men and women to work. And it is true, as I have said before... one told us... that with the Indians given to him they had plowed many fields and made mounds of earth, and that he had sent them every third day or every other day to the hills to eat whatever berries and fruits they could find there. After that he would make them work two or three days more at this task without giving them anything to eat. Bartolomé de Las Casas, Spanish priest, mid-1500s 1. The passage above was most likely written in response to the (A) (B) (C) (D) problems Spaniards faced when attempting to cultivate Old World crops in the Americas exploitation of Native Americans by Spanish conquistadors emergence of a racially mixed population in the Americas Spanish monarchy s attempts to convert Native Americans to Christianity Key B Key Concept 1.2 I D Theme 2 Skill: Contextualization WXT-1 Explain how patterns of exchanging commodities, peoples, diseases, and ideas around the Atlantic World developed after European contact and shaped North American colonial-era societies WXT-2 Analyze how innovations in markets, transportation, and technology affected the economy and the different regions of North America from the colonial period through the end of the Civil War 2. The passage above best serves as evidence of which of the following? (A) A debate among the Spanish over how Native Americans should be treated (B) Growing conflict between the Spanish and Native Americans (C) Efforts by Native Americans to maintain their cultural and economic independence (D) The lack of Spanish interest in the development of a plantation economy Key: A Key Concept 1.3, I Theme 2 Skill: Contextualization Learning Objective : ID-4 Explain how conceptions of group identity and autonomy emerged out of cultural interactions between colonizing groups, Africans, and Native Americans in the colonial era 3

4 Set #3 Primary Source intended to illustrate what a short set focused on period 9 might look like Questions 1-2 refer to the following quotation from President Ronald Reagan. In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem. President Ronald Reagan, first inaugural address, Which of the following actions of the Reagan administration best exemplifies the belief expressed in the quotation above? (A) The administration s support for overturning Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court decision that affirmed abortion rights (B) The firing of thousands of striking federally employed air-traffic controllers (C) Investment in the Strategic Defense Initiative, which sought to create a space-based shield against missiles (D) The Interior Department s easing of regulations on oil and mining companies Key: D KC 9.1. I, 9.1 II Use of Evidence 1980-present L.O. POL-4 Analyze how the New Deal, the Great Society, and the modern conservative movement all sought to change the federal government s role in U.S. political, social, and economic life LO POL-5 Analyze how arguments over the meaning and interpretation of the Constitution have affected U.S. politics since The belief expressed by Reagan in the quotation above has the most in common with which of the following? (A) Support in South Carolina for nullification in the late 1820s and early 1830s (B) The nativist response to migration from abroad in the 1840s and 1850s (C) Laissez-faire economic policies during the Gilded Age (D) Isolationist sentiments during the period between the First and Second World Wars Key: C CCOT, Synthesis Cross-period K.C I, 9.1 II, 6.3. I L.O. POL-4 Analyze how the New Deal, the Great Society, and the modern conservative movement all sought to change the federal government s role in U.S. political, social, and economic life LO POL-5 Analyze how arguments over the meaning and interpretation of the Constitution have affected U.S. politics since

5 Set #4 Primary Source Questions 1-4 refer to the following quotation. Our... destiny [is] to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.... The Anglo-Saxon foot is already on [California s] borders. Already the advance guard of the irresistible army of Anglo-Saxon emigration has begun to pour down upon it, armed with the [plow] and the rifle, and marking its trail with schools and colleges, courts and representative halls, mills and meetinghouses. A population will soon be in actual occupation of California.... Their right to independence will be the natural right of self-government belonging to any community strong enough to maintain it. John L. O Sullivan, The United States Magazine and Democratic Review, The ideas expressed in the passage above most clearly show the influence of which of the following? (A) Models of limited government inherent in the Articles of Confederation (B) Beliefs in separation of powers articulated in the United States Constitution (C) Concerns about foreign alliances expressed in George Washington s Farewell Address (D) Concepts of republican self-rule found in the Declaration of Independence Key D Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization KC 4.3, 5.1 ID-2 Assess the impact of Manifest Destiny, territorial expansion, the Civil War, and industrialization on popular beliefs about progress and the U.S. s national destiny in the nineteenth century WOR-6 Analyze the major aspects of domestic debates over U.S. expansionism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries 5

6 2. The ideas expressed in the passage above most directly reflect which of the following continuities in United States history? (A) Debates over the relationship between federal and state governments (B) A sense of cultural superiority and unique national mission (C) Periodic bursts of religious reform and revivalism (D) An ongoing process of migration from abroad Key B Historical Thinking Skill: Change and Continuity over Time/Contextualization KC 4.3, 5.1 ID-2 Assess the impact of Manifest Destiny, territorial expansion, the Civil War, and industrialization on popular beliefs about progress and the U.S. s national destiny in the nineteenth century WOR-6 Analyze the major aspects of domestic debates over U.S. expansionism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries 3. The process described in the passage above most directly led to political controversies in the 1840s and 1850s over the (A) expansion of slavery into newly acquired territories (B) authority of the Supreme Court to overturn federal laws (C) role of the federal government in economic development (D) use of natural resources in newly acquired territories Key A Historical Thinking Skill: Causation KC 4.3, 5.1 ID-2 Assess the impact of Manifest Destiny, territorial expansion, the Civil War, and industrialization on popular beliefs about progress and the U.S. s national destiny in the nineteenth century POL-6 Analyze how debates over political values (such as democracy, freedom, and citizenship) and the extension of American ideals abroad contributed to the ideological clashes and military conflicts of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries WOR-6 Analyze the major aspects of domestic debates over U.S. expansionism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries 6

7 4. Which of the following events in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries represents the continuation of the process described in the passage above? (A) Efforts to restrict immigration to the United States (B) The Supreme Court s endorsement of racial segregation (C) The United States gaining possession of overseas territories (D) Political parties attempts to regulate economic activities Key C Historical Thinking Skill: Change and Continuity over Time/Comparison/Synthesis KC 4.3, 5.1, 7.3 ID-2 Assess the impact of Manifest Destiny, territorial expansion, the Civil War, and industrialization on popular beliefs about progress and the U.S. s national destiny in the nineteenth century WOR-6 Analyze the major aspects of domestic debates over U.S. expansionism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries 7

8 Set #5 Secondary Source Questions 1-4 refer to the following quotation. The invention of [the telegraph in the 1830s] represented a climactic moment in a widespread revolution in communications. Other features of this revolution included improvements in printing and paper manufacturing; the multiplication of newspapers, magazines, and books; and the expansion of the postal system.... Closely related to these developments occurred a simultaneous revolution in transportation: the introduction of steamboats, canals, and railroads, shortening travel times and dramatically lowering shipping costs. Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, , The changes described in the excerpt above contributed most directly to debates about the role of the federal government in (A) preventing strikes and other forms of labor unrest (B) stimulating economic development and internal improvements (C) acquiring colonies in the Caribbean and the Pacific (D) developing urban transportation systems Key B Historical Thinking Skill: Change and Continuity over Time/Causation KC 4.2 WXT-2 Analyze how innovations in markets, transportation, and technology affected the economy and the different regions of North America from the colonial period through the end of the Civil War 2. Which of the following would best support Howe s argument that the revolutions in communications and transportation from the period of 1815 to 1848 had profound social and economic impacts? (A) Letters between a Boston family and their relatives in Virginia (B) A graph that shows the growth of interstate commerce (C) Election results showing the emergence of a two-party political system (D) Correspondence between diplomats concerning Mexico and the Republic of Texas Key B Historical thinking skill: Argumentation / Use of evidence KC 4.2 WXT-2 Analyze how innovations in markets, transportation, and technology affected the economy and the different regions of North America from the colonial period through the end of the Civil War 8

9 3. In the period of 1815 to 1848, the changes described in the excerpt above created the strongest links between the (A) Northeast and Midwest (B) Northeast and Southeast (C) Midwest and the West (D) Southeast and the West Key A Historical thinking skill: Causation KC 4.2 II A&B WXT-2 Analyze how innovations in markets, transportation, and technology affected the economy and the different regions of North America from the colonial period through the end of the Civil War 4. Suppose Howe were to apply his model of explaining historical change, as expressed in the excerpt above, to the present-day United States. Which of the following topics would he most likely emphasize? (A) Mass transit (B) International trade agreements (C) Overseas military interventions (D) Digital technology and the Internet Key D Historical Thinking Skill: Synthesis/comparison KC 4.2, 9.3 WXT-2 Analyze how innovations in markets, transportation, and technology affected the economy and the different regions of North America from the colonial period through the end of the Civil War WXT-3 Explain how changes in transportation, technology, and the integration of the U.S. economy into world markets have influenced U.S. society since industrialization 9

10 Multiple Choice Set #6 This set is based on a visual stimulus. Questions 1-5 refer to the following 1865 cartoon by Thomas Nast. Courtesy of Harpweek Courtesy of Library of Congress #LC-USZ

11 1. Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the perspective of the cartoon? (A) Southern politicians (B) Radical Republicans (C) Northern opponents of the war (D) Veterans of the Confederate Army Key B Use of Evidence KC 5.3 II POL-5 Analyze how arguments over the meaning and interpretation of the Constitution have affected U.S. politics since 1787 POL-6 Analyze how debates over political values (such as democracy, freedom, and citizenship) and the extension of American ideals abroad contributed to the ideological clashes and military conflicts of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries CUL-2 Analyze how emerging conceptions of national identity and democratic ideals shaped value systems, gender roles, and cultural movements in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries VE The sentiments expressed in the cartoon above most directly contributed to which of the following? (A) The passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to establish civil rights for African Americans (B) The movement of African Americans away from the farms where many had been held as slaves (C) The prevalence of sharecropping by former slaves who used planters land in return for a share of the crop produced (D) The passage of Jim Crow laws mandating racial segregation in Southern states Key A Causation KC 5.3 II POL-5 Analyze how arguments over the meaning and interpretation of the Constitution have affected U.S. politics since 1787 POL-6 Analyze how debates over political values (such as democracy, freedom, and citizenship) and the extension of American ideals abroad contributed to the ideological clashes and military conflicts of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries CUL-2 Analyze how emerging conceptions of national identity and democratic ideals shaped value systems, gender roles, and cultural movements in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries 11

12 3. The controversy highlighted in the cartoon above most directly led to the (A) emergence of more vigorous Southern resistance to African American rights (B) industrialization of some segments of the Southern economy (C) issuance of court rulings such as Plessy v. Ferguson sanctioning racial segregation (D) development of African American efforts to support vocational education Key A Historical Thinking Skill: Causation KC 5.3 II POL-5 Analyze how arguments over the meaning and interpretation of the Constitution have affected U.S. politics since 1787 POL-6 Analyze how debates over political values (such as democracy, freedom, and citizenship) and the extension of American ideals abroad contributed to the ideological clashes and military conflicts of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries CUL-2 Analyze how emerging conceptions of national identity and democratic ideals shaped value systems, gender roles, and cultural movements in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries 12

13 4. The ideas expressed in the cartoon above most directly reflect which of the following continuities in United States history? (A) Debates about federalism and states rights (B) Debates about access to voting rights (C) Debates about the role of the federal government in the economy (D) Debates about the proper role of political parties Key B Historical Thinking Skill: Change and Continuity over Time/Contextualization KC 5.3 II POL-5 Analyze how arguments over the meaning and interpretation of the Constitution have affected U.S. politics since 1787 POL-6 Analyze how debates over political values (such as democracy, freedom, and citizenship) and the extension of American ideals abroad contributed to the ideological clashes and military conflicts of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries CUL-2 Analyze how emerging conceptions of national identity and democratic ideals shaped value systems, gender roles, and cultural movements in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries 5. Which of the following twentieth-century issues most closely parallels the controversy depicted in the cartoon above? (A) The opposition to the Vietnam War in the 1960s and 1970s (B) The growth of conservatism in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s (C) The Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s (D) The expansion of migration to the United States after 1965 Key C Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison/Synthesis ; KC 5.3 II; 8.2 I POL-5 Analyze how arguments over the meaning and interpretation of the Constitution have affected U.S. politics since 1787 POL-6 Analyze how debates over political values (such as democracy, freedom, and citizenship) and the extension of American ideals abroad contributed to the ideological clashes and military conflicts of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries CUL-2 Analyze how emerging conceptions of national identity and democratic ideals shaped value systems, gender roles, and cultural movements in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries POL-7 Analyze how debates over civil rights and civil liberties have influenced political life from the late nineteenth through the twentieth century ID-8 Explain how civil rights activism in the twentieth century affected the growth of African American and other identity-based political and social movements 13

14 Multiple Choice Set #7 This set is based on two paired stimuli. Questions 1-6 refer to the following quotations. This Nation asks for action, and action now.... Our greatest primary task is to put people to work.... It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the Government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war, but at the same time, through this employment, accomplishing greatly needed projects to stimulate and reorganize the use of our natural resources.... It is to be hoped that the normal balance of executive and legislative authority may be wholly adequate to meet the unprecedented task before us. But it may be that an unprecedented demand and need for undelayed action may call for temporary departure from that normal balance of public procedure. Franklin D. Roosevelt s first inaugural address, 1933 I have come today from the turmoil of your Capitol to the tranquility of your campus to speak about the future of your country.... Your imagination, your initiative, and your indignation will determine whether we build a society where progress is the servant of our needs, or a society where old values and new visions are buried under unbridled growth. For in your time we have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but upward to the Great Society. The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice, to which we are totally committed in our time. But that is just the beginning.... We are going to assemble the best thought and the broadest knowledge from all over the world to find those answers for America. I intend to establish working groups to prepare a series of White House conferences and meetings on the cities, on natural beauty, on the quality of education, and on other emerging challenges. And from these meetings and from this inspiration and from these studies we will begin to set our course toward the Great Society. Lyndon B. Johnson s Great Society speech at the University of Michigan,

15 1. President Roosevelt proposed the measures described in his inaugural address largely in response to (A) social movements advocating measures to reduce inequality (B) the growing loss of manufacturing jobs to other countries (C) the rising unemployment rates and bank failures (D) inflation and a rising national deficit Key: C Causation KC 7.1, III, POL-4 Analyze how and why the New Deal, the Great Society, and the modern conservative movement all sought to change the federal government s role in U.S. political, social, and economic life WXT-6 Explain how arguments about market capitalism and government policies influenced economic policies from the late eighteenth century to the early twentieth century 2. In its efforts to address the challenges noted above by President Roosevelt, the New Deal succeeded in (A) bringing an end to the Great Depression (B) cutting business taxes sharply to encourage hiring (C) balancing the federal budget to restore business confidence (D) creating government programs to provide relief to the poor Key: D Causation KC 7.1, III POL-4 Analyze how the New Deal, the Great Society, and the modern conservative movement all sought to change the federal government s role in U.S. political, social, and economic life 3. The goals expressed by President Johnson in his Great Society speech were largely inspired by (A) rapidly growing unemployment rates throughout the country (B) increasing awareness of poverty amid prosperity (C) a fear that conservative political movements were gaining strength (D) a concern that the Soviet Union was gaining strength Key: B Causation KC 8.2, III POL-4 Analyze how the New Deal, the Great Society, and the modern conservative movement all sought to change the federal government s role in U.S. political, social, and economic life 15

16 4. Which of the following is a major difference in the contexts in which the New Deal and the Great Society took shape? (A) Johnson faced the opposition of most business interests, while Roosevelt had the widespread support of the business community. (B) Roosevelt s speech was given during a major economic downturn, while Johnson s address occurred during a time of prosperity. (C) In the 1930s, the United States was at war, while in the 1960s, the nation was at peace. (D) In the 1930s, the nation was in the midst of a baby boom, while in the 1960s, the population was aging. Key: B Contextualization KC 7.1, III, KC 8.2.III POL-4 Analyze how the New Deal, the Great Society, and the modern conservative movement all sought to change the federal government s role in U.S. political, social, and economic life 5. An important source of continuity between the New Deal and the Great Society was that (A) they shared a common commitment to laissez-faire capitalism (B) the Supreme Court supported both reform movements (C) they both focused on stimulating economic recovery (D) the earlier set of programs helped to inspire Johnson s initiatives Key: D CCOT KC 7.1, III, KC 8.2.III POL-4 Analyze how the New Deal, the Great Society, and the modern conservative movement all sought to change the federal government s role in U.S. political, social, and economic life 6. The two speeches quoted above would be most useful to historians analyzing the (A) emergence of a limited welfare state (B) rise of the Civil Rights movement (C) changes to the structure of the executive branch (D) influence of state governments on federal policies Key: A Comparison KC 7.1, III, KC 8.2.III POL-4 Analyze how the New Deal, the Great Society, and the modern conservative movement all sought to change the federal government s role in U.S. political, social, and economic life 16

17 Multiple Choice Set #8 This set is based on two paired stimuli. Questions 1-3 address the following two passages. The occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.... With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence, and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power, in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States. President James Monroe s message to Congress, 1823, expressing the Monroe Doctrine It is not true that the United States feels any land hunger or entertains any projects as regards the other nations of the Western Hemisphere save such as are for their welfare. All that this country desires is to see the neighboring countries stable, orderly, and prosperous. Any country whose people conduct themselves well can count upon our hearty friendship. If a nation shows that it knows how to act with reasonable efficiency and decency in social and political matters, if it keeps order and pays its obligations, it need fear no interference from the United States. Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power. President Theodore Roosevelt, message to Congress, 1904, expressing the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 17

18 1. The Monroe Doctrine is related most closely to which of the following trends in the early nineteenth century? (A) Federal government efforts to assert authority over the states (B) Federal initiatives to support the development of a national economy (C) The development of both religious and secular social reform movements (D) The United States push for dominance over the North American continent Key: D Skill: Contextualization KC 4.3 I WOR-5 Analyze the motives behind, and results of, economic, military, and diplomatic initiatives aimed at expanding U.S. power and territory in the Western Hemisphere in the years between independence and the Civil War WOR-6 Analyze the major aspects of domestic debates over U.S. expansionism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries WOR-7 Analyze the goals of U.S. policymakers in major international conflicts, such as the Spanish-American War, World Wars I and II, and the Cold War, and explain how U.S. involvement in these conflicts has altered the U.S. role in world affairs 2. The Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary are linked in their approach to foreign affairs by (A) their commitment to providing financial and technical aid to other nations in the Americas (B) the United States commitment to international standards of justice (C) their open and direct advocacy of imperialism (D) the assertion of United States preeminence in the affairs of the Americas Key: D CCOT KC4.3 I, KC 7.3 I WOR-5 Analyze the motives behind, and results of, economic, military, and diplomatic initiatives aimed at expanding U.S. power and territory in the Western Hemisphere in the years between independence and the Civil War WOR-6 Analyze the major aspects of domestic debates over U.S. expansionism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries WOR-7 Analyze the goals of U.S. policymakers in major international conflicts, such as the Spanish-American War, World Wars I and II, and the Cold War, and explain how U.S. involvement in these conflicts has altered the U.S. role in world affairs 18

19 3. The Roosevelt Corollary was different from the Monroe Doctrine in which of the following ways? (A) It focused on foreign policy. (B) It was mainly addressed to European nations. (C) It endorsed the use of force by the United States in other nations in the Americas. (D) It emphasized the need for effective international organizations to maintain peace. Key: C Skill: Comparison KC4.3 I, KC 7.3 I WOR-5 Analyze the motives behind, and results of, economic, military, and diplomatic initiatives aimed at expanding U.S. power and territory in the Western Hemisphere in the years between independence and the Civil War WOR-6 Analyze the major aspects of domestic debates over U.S. expansionism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries WOR-7 Analyze the goals of U.S. policymakers in major international conflicts, such as the Spanish-American War, World Wars I and II, and the Cold War, and explain how U.S. involvement in these conflicts has altered the U.S. role in world affairs 19