5. From "Jazz Age" to Depression: The Tragedy of the 1920's
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1 5. From "Jazz Age" to Depression: The Tragedy of the 1920's
2 5.1. "The Age of Wonderful Nonsense" 5.2. "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
3 5.1. "The Age of Wonderful Nonsense"
4 5.1.1 "The Business of America Is Business" A Return to Normalcy Silent Cal
5 5.1.4 The Consumer Age Demographic Trends Age of Wonderful Nonsense
6 5.1.7 America in Transition Age of Intolerance From Lost Generation to Harlem Renaissance
7 5.1.1 "The Business of America Is Business"
8 Big Business and America Era starts with brief postwar economic decline Growth -> installment buying Oligopolies A few businesses control entire industries U.S. Steel, G.E.
9
10 Associations & New Lobbying Trade organizations swap info Lobbying: organizations work to convince legislators to support their interests
11 Court Cases Hinder Organized Labor Coronado Coal Company v. United Mine Workers (1922) Strikers guilty of illegal restraint of trade
12 Maple Floor Association v. U.S. (1929) Trade organizations that distributed anti-union info were not acting in restraint of trade Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Company (1922) Voided restrictions on child labor
13 Adkins v. Children s Hospital (1923) Overturned minimum wage law affecting women because it infringed on right to contract
14 5.1.2 A Return to Normalcy
15 Politics Scandals under Harding Illegitimate child Cronies used offices for personal gain Albert Fall: took bribes to lease government property to oil companies (Teapot Dome)
16 Coolidge Prosperity Reduced federal debt, lowered income tax rates, built national highway Business of America is business.
17
18
19 5.1.3 Silent Cal
20 Calvin Coolidge & the Jazz Age Coolidge s hands-off policies were sweet music to big business.
21
22 Women and Politics 19 th Amendment (1919) Lobbied on issues such as birth control, peace, education, lynchings
23 Sheppard-Towner Act (1921): Allotted funds to states to create maternity and pediatric clinics to reduce infant mortality The Cable Act (1922): U.S. woman who married a foreigner retains U.S. citizenship
24 5.1.4 The Consumer Age
25 Consumer Society Cars become a necessity Wages and salaries grow Keeping up with the Joneses People buy beyond their means
26 Advertising Manipulated people s tastes Radio Focused on entertainment, economic promotion Government-owned airwaves
27
28
29
30
31 5.1.5 Demographic Trends
32 Migration: Cities and Suburbs 1920s: For the first time, a majority of Americans lived in urban areas Great Migration 1.5 million African Americans moved to N. cities
33 Marcus Garvey Blacks should separate themselves from whites UNIA: Universal Negro Improvement Association Suburbs on the rise
34
35 5.1.6 Age of Wonderful Nonsense
36 Social Trends Women at work, women at play More women joined the workforce Others challenged gender perceptions (flappers)
37 Rise of Sport Baseball (Babe Ruth, Bill Tilden, Black Sox) Boxing (Jack Dempsey) Prohibition and Organized Crime Era of prohibition was marred by organized crime Al Capone
38
39
40 The Flapper New dance styles, like the Charleston, flamboyantly displayed the new social freedom of the flapper, whose dress and antics frequently flummoxed the guardians of respectability.
41
42 5.1.7 America in Transition
43 The Guardian of Morality Women s new onepiece bathing suits were a sensation in the 1920s. Here a check is carefully made to ensure that not too much leg is showing.
44
45 5.1.8 Age of Intolerance
46 Immigration Quotas Emergency Quota Act of % of the number of immigrants from that nation residing in the U.S. in 1890
47 National Origins Acts (1924 and 1927) 150,000 people annually, quotas at 2% in 1900, 1920
48
49 Fundamentalism and Scopes Fundamentalists sought salvation from hedonistic modern society Tried to control what schools taught
50 Scopes (Monkey) Trial Tennessee law banned the teaching of evolution Scopes taught it anyway Found guilty, fined $1 Modernists claimed victory
51
52 5.1.9 From Lost Generation to Harlem Renaissance
53 Cultural Currents Literature Lost Generation abandoned U.S. for Europe Hemingway, Pound, Eliot, Lewis, Fitzgerald
54 Harlem Renaissance Intellectuals and artists literary and social movement New Negro: assertive and celebratory of African American culture The Jazz Age
55 King Oliver s Creole Jazz Band Joseph ( Joe ) King Oliver arrived in Chicago from New Orleans in Chicago s first important black jazz ensemble
56 Honoré Dutrey (trombone), Baby Dodds (drums), King Oliver (cornet), Lil Hardin (piano), Bill Johnson (banjo), Johnny Dodds (clarinet) A young Louis Armstrong kneels in front.
57
58 Langston Hughes ( ) Raised in the Midwest, Hughes arrived in New York City in 1921 to attend Columbia University. He spent most of his life in Harlem the Poet Laureate of Harlem.
59
60 5.2 "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
61 5.2.1 The Election of The Great Crash From Hero to Goat The Depression in a Nutshell
62 5.2.1 The Election of 1928
63 The Most Popular Man in America Herbert Hoover wins presidential election (1928) Cabinet full of millionaires
64 The Most Popular Man in America American opinion Poverty suggests personal weakness Business cycle is natural, not the business of government
65 Herbert Hoover on the Road Typical whistle-stop campaign Candidate speaks from the rear platform of a train Commonplace before television.
66
67 Presidential Election of 1928 (electoral vote) Runner-up Smith polled almost as many votes as the victor Coolidge Attracting an huge urban vote, the New Yorker foreshadowed Roosevelt s New Deal victory in 1932.
68
69 5.2.2 The Great Crash
70 Stock Market Crash Black Thursday (October 24, 1929) Stock Market prices plunge Prices hit record low
71 Black Tuesday (October 29) Prices fall further Hoover: The crisis will be over in 60 days.
72 Pride Comes Before a Fall The Great Crash humbled high-flying investors. This desperate curbside seller of this brand-new Chrysler paid $1,550 for it just months before.
73
74
75 5.2.3 From Hero to Goat
76 Hoover s Response Voluntarism Business and social leaders will voluntarily help get the nation out of the Depression
77 Limited Solutions Reconstruction Finance Corporation (loans to banks) Money would trickle down to average citizens Hawley-Smoot Tariff (support American farmers) Boulder (Hoover) Dam: Bureau of Reclamation
78
79 Response to Hoover Hoovervilles: shantytowns erected in open areas Hoover flags: Pockets turned inside-out to show that they are empty
80 Hoover blankets: newspaper covers to try to stay warm Bonus Army WWI veterans demanded their bonus early Hoover ordered federal troops to disband them
81 The Bonus Army in Washington, D.C., 1932 World War I veterans from Muncie, Indiana, were set up camp in the capital during the summer of 1932 Determined to remain until they received full payment of bonuses due in 1945.
82
83 Hooverville in Seattle, 1933 All over the country, desperate, homeless people constructed shacks out of scavenged materials.
84
85 5.2.4 The Depression in a Nutshell
86
87
88 Lampooning Hoover, 1932
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