Part I Dimensions of Variation

Transcription

1 Democratic representation in Europe: diversity, change, and convergence Contents List of Figures List of Tables Notes on Contributors Preface 1. Parliamentary Representatives from Early Democratization to the Age of Consolidated Democracy: National Variations and International Convergence in a Long-term Perspective Maurizio Cotta and Heinrich Best 1.1. A long-term perspective on the democratization of Europe: political representation and the great change of European societies 1.2. Research bases 1.3. Theoretical perspectives 1.4. Previous findings: variations and common trends in the long-term change of European parliamentary recruitment and careers 1.5. Mapping differences arid similarities: research questions and guidelines for this book 1.6. Searching for explanations 1.7. The plan of the book, chapters, and their contents x xv xviii xxii Part I Dimensions of Variation 2. The Decline of the Nobility Michael Rush 2.1. Introduction 2.2. The pre-democratic role of the nobility 2.3. The nobility and democratization 2.4. Conclusion 3. From Servants of the State to Elected Representatives: Public Sector Background among Members of Parliament Maurizio Cotta and Pedro Tavares de Almeida 3.1. Preliminary remarks 3.2. Two perspectives for understanding the weight of the étatiste background among parliamentary elites

2 3.3. The variables and data in the DATACUBE 3.4. An historical trend 3.5. Components of the public service 3.6. Variations across countries 3.7. Variations across parties 3.8. Concluding remarks 4. Why so Few and Why so Slow? Women as Parliamentary Representatives in Europe from a Longitudinal Perspective Verona Christmas-Best and Ulrik Kjœr 4.1. Introduction 4.2. The concept of gender parity 4.3. Research findings from the literature 4.4. Hypotheses and methods 4.5. Data analysis 4.6. Conclusion: why so slow, and why so few? Gender parity in the European Parliaments 5. Cultural Capital and Political Selection: Educational Backgrounds of Parliamentarians Daniel Gaxie and Laurent Godmer 5.1. Historical transformations of educational backgrounds of parliamentarians 5.2. The causes of the elevation of parliamentarians' education level 5.3. Consequences: towards new forms of political professionalization and new channels of representation 6. A Career through the Party: The Recruitment of Party Politicians in Parliament Stefaan Fiers and Ineke Secker 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Parties and 'party politicians' 6.3. Recruitment of party officials 6.4. Recruitment of party functionaries 6.5. The role of the parties 6.6. Concluding analysis and discussion 7. The Geographical Dimension of Parliamentary Recruitment among Native Sons and Parachutists Mogens N. Pedersen, Ulrik Kjœr, and Kjell A. Eliassen 7.1. Geography and recruitment 7.2. A conceptual framework 7.3. A micro approach 7.4. A quick tour of Western Europe

3 7.5. The longitudinal perspective A two-country exploration: Denmark and Norway Propositions for future research 187 Part II. Variations across Party Families 8. The Changing Nature and Role of European Conservative Parties in Parliamentary Institutions from 1848 to the Twenty-first Century 193 Valerie Cromwell and Luca Verzichelli 8.1. Questions, expectations, and rationale of the chapter The fortunes of conservative parties within European parliaments 1% 8.3. The original profile of conservative parliamentary recruitment Conservative politicians in the age of 'catch-all parties': towards a 'centre-right' pattern of recruitment? The recent 'neoconservative' elite Conclusions Restructuring of the European Political Centre: Withering Liberal and Persisting Agrarian Party Families 217 Ilkka Ruostetsaari 9.1. The liberal party family The agrarian party family Transformation of the agrarian parties into centre parties Hypotheses Education Occupation Political experience Female representation Conclusions Christian Democratic Parliamentarians: From a Century of Multifaceted Recruitment to the Convergence within a 'Larger Family'? 253 Luca Verzichelli Introduction: research questions and structure of the chapter The emergence of a Christian Democratic parliamentary elite: When and how? Parliamentary recruitment of the European Christian democratic parties: long-term trends Recent developments: new types of Christian Democratic representation? 276

4 10.5. Conclusion: from the multifaceted recruitment patterns of an historical party family to converging but 'less Christian Democratic' elites Socialist and Communist Members of Parliament: Distinctiveness, Convergence, and Variance 284 Gabriella Ilonszki Framework and hypotheses The beginning how to be distinctive Socialists, communists, and the others Variations within the party family Conclusions The Extreme Right 316 Juan J. Linz, Miguel Jerez Mir, and Carmen Ortega Introduction:extremisms on the right From the late nineteenth century to the Second World War Post-war extremists and neo-fascists Conclusions Parliamentary Elites of New European Party Families: Unsuccessful Challenges or Chaotic Signs of Change? 353 Filippo Tronconi and Luca Verzichelli Anarchists, alternatives, beginners?'new politics' representative elites after The impact of three 'new' party families within parliamentary representation in European countries How to deal with data on new parties: the small 'N' problem and the significance of 'challengers' MPs Working hypotheses and data exploration Towards a tentative interpretation Final remarks 387 Part III. Comprehensive Analyses 14. Cleavage Representation in European Parliamentary History 393 Heinrich Best The cleavage concept and elite theory Research concepts and methods Elite structure and cleavage development: France in comparative perspective Strategies and dynamics of cleavage representations: a comprehensive view 413

5 15. Paths of Institutional Development and Elite Transformations 417 Maurizio Cotta and Luca Verzichelli Democratization and the transformation of parliamentary elites Searching for explanations: some preliminary hypotheses The dependent variables The independent variables What empirical evidence for our hypotheses? Between discontinuity and adaptation: the effects of regime changes on the European parliamentary elites of the late twentieth century Conclusions Conclusions 474 Maurizio Cotta References 483 Index 509